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GEORGE WASHINGTON
BICENTENNIAL EDITION
THE WRITINGS OF
GEORGE WASHINGTON
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Letter from the Trustees of the Alexandria Academy, Acknowledging
Washington's Endowment, Dec. 17, 1785
THE WRITINGS OF
George
Washington
from the
Original Manuscript Sources
1745-1799
Prepared under the direction of the United States
George Washington Bicentennial Commission
and published by authority of Congress
John C. Fitzpatrick, Editor
Volume 28
December 5, 1784-August 30, 1786
United States
Government Printing Office
Washington
c-
>W 3b, W
PRINTED
OCTOBER, 1938
UNITED STATES GEORGE WASHINGTON
BICENTENNIAL COMMISSION
(The Commission expired December 31, 1934)
President of the United States
Chairman
Vice President of the United States
Speaker of the House of Representatives
United States Senate
SlMEON D. Fess,* Vice Chairman
Ohio
Arthur Capper
Kansas
Carter Glass
Virginia
Millard E. Tydings
Maryland
House of Representatives
Willis C. Hawley
Oregon
John Q. Tilson
Connecticut
Joseph W. B yrns *
Tennessee
R. Walton Moore
Virginia
Presidential Commissioners
Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook
Pennsylvania
Mrs. John Dickinson Sherman *
Colorado
Henry Ford
Michigan
George Eastman *
New York
Executive Committee
The Senate and House
Commissioners
C. Bascom Slemp
Mrs. Anthony Wayne Cook
Joseph Scott
C. Bascom Slemp
Virginia
Wallace McCamant
Oregon
Albert Bushnell Hart
Massachusetts
Joseph Scott
California
Historian
Prof. Albert Bushnell Hart
Director
Representative Sol Bloom
Executive Secretary
William Tyler Page
* Deceased.
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
ON THE WRITINGS
Dr. J. Franklin Jameson, Chairman*
Chair of American History and Chief of Manuscripts Division
Library of Congress
Professor Randolph G. Adams
Librarian William L. Clements Library
University of Michigan
President J. A. C. Chandler*
William and Mary College
President Tyler Dennett
Williams College
Dr. Charles Moore
Chairman United States Commission of Fine Arts
George W. Ochs-Oakes, Esq.*
Editor New York Times
Brigadier General John M. Palmer
United States Army, Retired
Dr. Victor H. Paltsits
Chief of American History Division
and Chief of Manuscripts Department
New York Public Library
* Deceased.
[v]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1784
Page
To Chevalier de La Luzerne, December 5 1
Visit to France — Prospect of war in Europe — Treaty with the Six
Nations — Acknowledgments to the King and Queen of France.
To Henry Knox, December 5 3
Correspondence — Westward tour — Potomac and James Rivers navi-
gation— Treaty with the Six Nations — Lafayette's departure.
To Governor George Clinton, December 8 . . . . 6
Letters from France — Tree seeds.
To Marquis de Lafayette, December 8 .... . 6
Parting from Lafayette — Friendship.
To George Plater, Charles Carroll, John Cadwalader,
and Samuel Chase, December 11 8
A nephew's Principio stock.
To George Mason, December 13 8
A loan needed by his brother.
To the President of Congress, December 14 ... 9
Treaty with the Six Nations — His election — British retention of the
western posts — Navigation of the Potomac and James Rivers — Mine
rights — Sale of western lands.
To Richard Claiborne, December 15 12
Unable to speculate on his proposition and unwilling to mislead by
hazarding an opinion.
To George Chapman, December 15 13
Sentiments on education.
To Thomas Blackburn, December 19 14
Meeting of commissioners at Annapolis.
To Reverend William Gordon, December 20 14
Thanks for fish — Colonel Ward's passion.
To Lieutenant Governor Beverley Randolph, Decem-
ber 20 15
The meeting at Annapolis.
To Melancton Smith, December 20 16
Arrival of plated ware — Account with Mr. Parker.
[vii]
vin WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Page
To Marquis de Lafayette, December 23 17
The meeting at Annapolis — Lafayette made a citizen of Maryland.
To James Madison, December 28 18
Proceedings of the Annapolis commissioners — -Tolls and toll rates —
Lack of time for accomplishment.
To the General Assembly of the Commonwealth of Vir-
ginia, December 28 20
Report of the Annapolis meeting on Potomac navigation — Feeling in
Maryland.
I785
To Reverend Jeremy Belknap, January 5 22
His history of New Hampshire.
To the Secretary at War, January 5 23
Correspondence — Feels the want of exercise — The meeting at An-
napolis— Private adventurers to aid in the Potomac navigation — Intends
to build at Alexandria — -Asks the prices of limestone — Lafayette.
To Samuel Chase, January 5 26
Forwarding copies — Maryland public schools.
To George Augustine Washington, January 6 . 27
Sending clothes — His return — Lack of news — Seeds.
To Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, January 10 . . . 29
Extension of Potomac navigation.
To John Filson, January 15 30
Map- of Kentucky — Map of the western territory — Potomac naviga-
tion.
To Thomas Johnson, January 17 31
Subscription books for the Potomac navigation — James River.
To Samuel Chase, January 17 32
Passage of the Potomac Bill by the Virginia Legislature.
To John Fitzgerald and William Hartshorne, Jan-
uary 18 32
Papers of the Potomac navigation — Printing of the Virginia act —
General arrangements.
To Benjamin Harrison, January 22 34
The gift of shares by the Assembly in the Potomac and James Rivers
companies — Grateful for the proof of good opinion and affection — ■
Wishes his actions to be wholly free and not suspected of being influ-
enced by other motive than the public good — Shares may be considered
a pension — Asks for advice.
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix
Page
To William Grayson, January 22 37
Books and papers of the Potomac Company — Virginia's gift of navi-
gation shares — Doubt of how it will be considered — Asks advice —
Aspen, yew, and hemlock shoots.
To Bushrod Washington, January 22 38
Payment of Ryan's note — An ordinance of 1776.
To Matthew Campbell, January 22 39
Plaster of Paris — Purchase price.
To Thomas Clarke, January 25 40
Thanks for a gold-headed cane.
To Sir James Jay, January 25 41
Lady Huntingdon's communications — Christianizing the Indians —
Method — Her plan will be sent to the President of Congress.
To Mrs. Patience Wright, January 30 44
Her letter — Pier son's bust.
To Joseph Wright, January 30 45
Receipt of the bust.
To iEneas Lamont, January 31 45
Dedication of his works — Is not a marshal of France.
To Elias Boudinot, January 31 46
Orchard grass seed.
To Governor William Paca, January 31 46
Forwarding a copy of the printed act of Virginia respecting the
Potomac navigation.
To Udny Hay, January 31 ... 47
Sends a certificate.
To Robert Morris, February 1 48
Opening the Potomac and James Rivers navigation — Toll charges —
Morris's subscription — The Potomac navigation and that of the Sus-
quehanna— Commerce with the west — Transportation charges.
To Clement Biddle, February 1 55
Orchard grass seed — Dunlap and Claypoole's papers — Need of a
miller — A business matter.
To Robert Lewis & Sons, February 1 57
A drunken miller — -Need of a competent one.
To Clement Biddle, February 2 58
Answer to a letter.
To Otho Holland Williams, February 2 59
Expense of Cincinnati diplomas.
WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Page
Agreement with Benjamin Dulany and Wife, Febru-
ary 4 60
To Battaile Muse, February 5 62
Whiting's bonds — Payment of taxes by tenants.
To Benjamin Vaughan, February 5 62
Dr. Price's commendation — The chimney piece from his father.
To Samuel Vaughan, February 5 63
The chimney piece.
To Benjamin Lincoln, February 5 64
Mr. Porter — Cheese and cranberries — Potomac navigation.
To David Humphreys, February 7 65
Letters that must be written — Health — Potomac and James Rivers
navigation — War in Europe — Letters from Humphreys.
To the President of Congress, February 8 67
Assemblies of Virginia and Maryland pass acts for inland naviga-
tion— The scheme of the Countess of Huntingdon — Refers the papers
to him, and gives his own views — Temporary and permanent seat of
government.
To Marquis de Lafayette, February 15 71
Navigation of the Potomac and James Rivers — Virginia Legislature's
gift embarrassing — Subscriptions — Need of an engineer — Canals —
Jackass from Spain — Seeds from Kentucky — Livingston's cipher —
French subscribers.
To Charles Lee, February 20 76
French's and Dulany's land — Changes suggested in the convey-
ance— The deed.
To Thomas Jefferson, February 25 77
Acts of Virginia and Maryland for the Potomac navigation — Sub-
scriptions— Value as an investment — Foreign subscribers — Embarrass-
ing act of the Virginia Legislature — Asks advice.
To George William Fairfax, February 27 81
Lady Huntingdon's letter — Case of Mrs. Briston — Wishes he and
Mrs. Fairfax would return to Virginia — Belvoir — Present drudgery —
Accounts — Potomac and James Rivers navigation acts — Embarrassing
act of the Virginia Legislature — Wishes deer.
To the Countess of Huntingdon, February 27 . . . 86
Delay of her letters — Her plan for introducing religion among the
Indians — Lands for emigrants.
To Governor Patrick Henry, February 27 ... 89
Act of the legislature presenting shares in the Potomac and James
Rivers companies — Embarrassment — Asks Henry's opinion.
TABLE OF CONTENTS xi
Page
To Mrs. Hannah Moore, February 28 91
Mrs. Savage's will.
To Henry Knox, February 28 91
Introductory letters for Mr. Swan — Finances not equal to building
in Alexandria — Limestone — Potomac and James Rivers navigation —
Embarrassing gift of the Virginia Legislature — British and the St.
Croix River — Composition for walks.
To James Keith, March 1 94
His court-martial sentence.
To Charles Mclver, March 1 95
His plan.
To Reverend William Gordon, March 8 96
Miniature cuts — Du Simitiere's likenesses — Col. John Laurens's char-
acter— Recollection of the surrender of Fort Washington — Preserva-
tion of young plants — War between the Austrians and Dutch.
To Reverend John Witherspoon, March 8 . . . 98
Mr. Bowie's wish to write Washington's memoirs — Condition of his
papers.
To John Filson, March 15 100
Map of Kentucky.
To Mrs. Sarah Bomford, March 15 101
Mrs. Savage's will — Hannah Moore — Doctor Savage.
To Mathew Carey, March 15 103
His newspaper.
To Frederick Weissenfels, March 15 . . . . . 104
Pain that deserving officers are not provided for — Certificate.
To Jacob Gerhard Diriks, March 15 105
Inability to write a letter to Count de Maasdam — Certificate.
To Arthur Lee, March 15 106
Treaty with the western Indians — Ceded lands.
To Hugh Williamson, March 15 107
Rumsey's boat — The Indian treaty and ceded lands — Compact and
progressive seating of them — Marking off a new State.
To the President of Congress, March 15 108
The Indian treaty — Progressive seating of the ceded lands — Navi-
gation of the Mississippi.
To Edmund Randolph, March 19 109
Ryan's note.
xii WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Page
To John Har vie, March 19 no
Ejectment of tenants on Pennsylvania land — Information of legal
status desired — Colonel Crawford's proceedings — Title — Question of
preoccupancy.
To Sir Edward Newenham, March 20 115
His coming to America — Roads in the south — Transportation.
To John Francis Mercer, March 27 117
Financial straits — Requests money due from his father's estate.
To John Craig, March 29 118
Value of land in the Monongahela country.
To Lucretia Wilhemina Van Winter, March 30 ... 119
Her poem — Has been only an instrument in the hands of Providence.
To Bushrod Washington, April 3 120
Has written to the Attorney General about Ryan's note — Dismal
Swamp meeting.
To Charles Thomson, April 5 121
Report of the Commissioners supervising the British embarkation
at New York.
To Governor George Clinton, April 5 122
Delay in obtaining a bill of exchange.
To Christopher Richmond, April 6 123
Difference in audit of his Continental certificates.
To James Duane, April 10 123
Rutgers versus Waddington — Evils of local and independent poli-
cies— The 5 percent impost — Personals.
To James Duane, April 10 125
Freedom of the city of New York.
To the Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and Commonalty
of the City of New York, April 10 ... 126
To Doctor John Walker, April 10 127
Meeting of the Dismal Swamp Company.
To Thomas Freeman, April 11 128
Wishes a detail of his proceedings — Persons with knowledge of
Colonel Crawford's proceedings.
To Robert Lewis & Sons, April 12 129
Joseph Davenport's terms as a miller — Roberts — The mill.
To Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, April 12 ... 130
Payment of certificates — The bill of exchange.
TABLE OF CONTENTS xm
Page
To Charles Washington, April 12 131
Irregularity of the post — Mr. Balch's letter — School expenses.
To Marquis de Lafayette, April 12 132
Mr. Duche — His chances of employment.
To Governor George Clinton, April 20 133
Delay in writing — Sends a second bill of exchange — State of the
account — Oriskany purchase — Lime trees, nuts, etc. — Balm and pines — ■
Loss of vines — Potomac and James Rivers navigation.
To Mathew Carey, April 20 136
Willingness to render a service.
To William Grayson, April 25 136
Consideration of his letter — Report of the committee of Congress
on the disposal of the western lands — Chances of stock jobbing in
township sales — Other observations.
To Chevalier de La Serre, May 12 139
Accident to his letter — His request for a recommendation.
To Marquis de Lafayette, May 12 140
Chevalier de La Serre.
To Francis Hopkinson, May 16 140
At the beck of portrait painters — Mr. Pine.
To Clement Biddle, May 16 141
His failure — Trouble caused by Washington's commissions — Grass
seeds and miller — Dunlap and Claypoole's gazettes — Payment of his
account.
To Thomas McKean, May 16 142
Mr. Pine.
To Governor William Paca, May 18 143
Introducing Mr. Pine.
To Christopher Richmond, May 19 ..... . 143
Subscription books of the Potomac Company.
To Nathanael Greene, May 20 144
Approves his declining a duel with Gunn — Greene's affair with
Banks — Back lands — Intelligence from Europe — Subscriptions to the
Potomac Company — Virginia's gift of shares.
To William Fitzhugh, May 21 146
Mr. Boulton to finish the large room — Turpentine, etc. — Offers the
service of his jacks.
To Jacquelin Ambler, May 22 148
Subscriptions to the Potomac Company.
xiv WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Page
To Tench Tilghman, May 23 148
Colvill's legacy to Miss Anderson — Confused condition of Washing-
ton's papers — Applications made to him — Efforts to get a secretary —
Reverend Mr. West — Needs pine plank.
To John Swan, May 23 150
Colonel Colvill's estate — His recollection.
To Burwell Bassett, May 23 151
Disappointed in not seeing him in Richmond — Return of George
Augustine Washington — His attentions to Fanny Bassett — Washing-
ton's attitude.
To Governor David Parry, May 25 153
Thanks for kindness shown his nephew.
To Robert Lewis & Sons, May 25 153
Discharge of William Roberts — Delay in Davenport's coming.
To William Minor, May 27 154
His charges for what was not done in the schooling of Lawrence
Posey.
To John Har vie, May 31 155
Claim of the heirs of Michael Cresap to the Round Bottom — Pro-
tests against the issue of a patent.
To Tench Tilghman, June 2 157
Mr Falconer's terms — Need for a secretary — What is expected of one.
To David Stuart, June 5 159
Invitation to dinner.
To James Rumsey, June 5 159
Ryan's debt — The house building at Bath — Rumsey's boat — Potomac
navigation.
To William Carmichael, June 10 160
Spanish jackasses — British trade restrictions.
To William Goddard, June 11 162
Publication of the manuscripts of General Lee — Washington's dif-
ference was on public, not private, grounds — Will not recriminate.
To Edmund Richards, June 15 163
His inquiry.
To Samuel Powel, June 15 163
Doctor Moyes — Wishes information of an author.
To Robert Howe, June 15 164
Pleased at Congress dealing honorably by Howe.
TABLE OF CONTENTS XV
Page
To William Minor, June 16 165
Lawrence Posey's school expenses — General Roberdeau as umpire.
To the Secretary at War, June 18 166
Congratulations upon his appointment as Secretary at War — Knox's
sentiment on the gift of the Potomac and James Rivers shares — Con-
gress and the western posts — Suggestions for depositories — Distribution
of troops.
To Barbe Marbois, June 21 169
De Corny's bill — Navigation of the Mississippi.
To John Rumney, June 22 170
A joiner — Flagstone ordered — Stowage care needed.
To William Grayson, June 22 172
Congress and sale of the western lands — The permanent seat of
government — Soldiers should receive what is their due — Potomac
Navigation Company.
To the President of Congress, June 22 173
The ordinance for sale of lands in the western territory — The
Macaulay Grahams — Inadequacy of the powers of Congress.
To Richard Boulton, June 24 175
His creditors — His delay — Injuries sustained.
To Governor Patrick Henry, June 24 176
Sunken lands of Albermarle Sound — Unable to increase his expenses
at this time.
To Thomas Montgomerie, June 25 177
Qualifications of the assistant wanted — Mr. Shaw.
To Reverend Stephen Bloomer Balch, June 26 . . . 178
Nephews wish to attend a Georgetown dancing school.
To Thomas Montgomerie, June 30 178
Mr. Shaw's expectations — Term of service.
To the Countess of Huntingdon, June 30 180
Her request for western lands for emigrants.
To William Washington, June 30 181
Thanks for kindness to his nephew — Acorns, nuts, etc.
To William Blake, June 30 182
Seeds of the palmetto royal.
To George William Fairfax, June 30 182
Copies of receipts — Pictures and Mr. Pine — Disposition of the Brit-
ish court — Commercial policy of Great Britain — Likely to unite the
States — Potomac navigation — Wishes to improve his methods of farm-
ing, and would like to obtain an English farmer — Personal mentions.
xvi WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Page
To Charles Vancouver, June 30 188
Declines his dedication.
To James Rumsey, July 2 188
Handbill of the Potomac Company — Mentioned his name to the
company as manager of construction.
To Robert Hanson Harrison, July 3 190
Reason for not appointing Mr. Brisco.
To William Shaw, July 8 190
His terms of pay accepted.
To Thomas Corbin, July 8 191
Colonel Fairfax's letter — Invitation to Mount Vernon.
To the President of Congress, July 9 192
Introducing Mr. Dorham.
To Thomas Smith, July 14 192
Proclamation — Posey's bond — Act of Virginia Assembly — Survey of
land — Crawford's proceedings — Mr. Wilson's readiness to serve.
To Alexander White, July 14 196
Fraunces's letters — His demand against General Lee's estate.
To William Fitzhugh, July 14 197
Richard Boulton — Payment for lock, glue, etc. — Guinea grass seed.
To Israel Shreve, July 15 199
Ohio and Kanawha lands — Terms.
To Tench Tilghman, July 17 199
Payment for plank — Papers in the Pennsylvania land suit.
To Samuel Powel, July 19 200
Election to the Agricultural Society.
To George Weedon, July 23 . . 201
Bill of exchange — Colonel de Corny.
To David Humphreys, July 25 . . 202
His letters — Wishes to see the plague of war banished from the
earth — Has neither talents nor leisure to write commentaries on
the Revolution — Humphreys's qualifications — Domestic intelligence —
Inland navigation schemes — Mississippi and the Ohio.
To Marquis de Lafayette, July 25 205
Correspondence — Increase and multiply — Progress of the Potomac
navigation — Commercial policy of Great Britain towards America — ■
Results in the States — Ordinance for disposing of lands in the western
territory — The Spanish jacks from Cadiz and Malta and French
hounds — Seeds from the west for Versailles — Marriage of George Au-
gustine Washington, and Francis Bassett — Picture of the Lafayette
family.
TABLE OF CONTENTS xvn
Page
To Clement Biddle, July 27 211
Money from Gilbert Simpson — Work on the Potomac navigation.
To Battaile Muse, July 28 212
Leases in Frederick County — Mr. Snickers promises — Accounts ar-
ranged.
To Edmund Randolph, July 30 214
Disposition that will be made of the shares voted him by the As-
sembly— Probable interpretations of his conduct — The James River
meeting.
To Noah Webster, July 30 216
Letters of recommendation.
To William Bailey, August 2 ........ 217
Articles for George and Lawrence Washington.
To John Sedgwick, August 8 217
No writ has issued against the executors of the estate of Sedgwick's
father — Payment of bonds.
To Edmund Randolph, August 13 218
The Potomac and James Rivers improvements — Wishes them to pro-
gress equally — His subscriptions — Presidency of the James Company —
Claim against his western lands — Expectations.
To The Sheriff of Hampshire County, August 15 . . 221
The widow of Michael Cresap.
To Benjamin Ogle, August 17 221
Offer of fawns.
To Clement Biddle, August 17 . 222
Money for Mr. Boudinot — A housekeeper.
To Tench Tilghman, August 17 223
Ship from China — Purchase of articles — Cincinnati china — Nan-
keens.
To Thomas Ridout, August 20 224
Wine and sundries — Letters and packages.
To Jean Baptiste, Baron de Secondat, August 20 . 225
Wine and walnuts.
To Baron de Montesquieu, August 20 226
Invitation to visit.
To Van Drillon, August 22 226
Admission to the Society of the Cincinnati.
xviii WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Page
To James McHenry, August 22 227
Lafayette's character — The Longchamp case — The powers of Con-
gress— Reasons for increasing them — Policy of the southern mem-
bers— Unreasonable jealousies — A war of imposts — A navigation act —
One nation today and thirteen tomorrow.
To the President of Congress, August 22 230
La Barbier's drama — European intelligence — Great Britain and the
western posts — Navigation of the Mississippi — No cement to the union
but interest — Paper money in Virginia.
To William Grayson, August 22 232
Hounds from Lafayette — Jefferson's ideas on coinage — Always a
friend to adequate congressional powers — The ordinance for the sale
of western lands — Potomac navigation work.
To Battaile Muse, August 22 235
Clover seed — Wheat and the purchase price — Alexandria price —
Butter.
To John Rawlins, August 29 ........ 237
Finish of a new room.
To Tench Tilghman, August 29 238
Bargains desired — Jaconette muslin — Chinese — Papers sent Smith —
Rawlins's ability.
To Arthur St. Clair, August 31 239
The change in the institution of the Cincinnati — Happy over St.
Clair's appointment.
To Doctor John Cochran, August 31 240
His care of the hounds — His request for a recommendation.
To Reverend William Gordon, August 31 .... 241
Forwards memoir from a Member of Congress — Lafayette.
To Marquis de Lafayette, September 1 242
Good wishes — Mr. Adams and the British retention of the western
posts — Hounds — Marquis de St. Simon and the Cincinnati — The Span-
ish jacks — Copies of Lafayette's letters — Potomac work commenced.
To Marie Gabriel Eleanor, Comte d'Oilliamson, Sep-
tember 1 245
Thanks for hounds.
To David Humphreys, September 1 246
Indians — Congress, coinage, and corn — Medal.
To Lamar, Hill, Bissett & Co 247
Madeira shipment.
TABLE OF CONTENTS xix
Page
To Thomas Newton, Junior, September 3 . . . . 248
Confused condition of his papers — Statement of the account be-
tween them — Drought — Debt due from Balfour & Baran.
To Chevalier de La Luzerne, September 5 . . . . 250
Effort of mercantile interests to give controlling power to Congress —
Great Britain's restraint of trade — Disposal of the western lands —
Indian treaty — Coinage — Situation in Europe.
To David Henley, September 5 252
Their charge for servants' clothing.
To Marquis de Chastellux, September 5 253
Compliments — Pleasure at the prospects of European peace — Po-
tomac and James Rivers navigation.
To Comte de Rochambeau, September 7 255
The French Cincinnati — Rural amusements — American affairs.
To Clement Biddle, September 7 256
Need of a steward — Mr. Fraunces.
To Samuel Fraunces, September 7 257
Need of a steward.
To John de Neufville, September 8 258
Reported desire to obtain a loan for the Dismal Swamp Com-
pany— Money and labor needed.
To Governor Patrick Henry, September 10 ... 260
An appointment to the Potomac Company
To Thomas Johnson and Thomas Sim Lee, Septem-
ber 10 . . . . . 260
Purchase of servants for the Potomac Company — Work at Seneca
and Shenandoah.
To Thomas Smith, September 10 261
The Ohio lands — Washington's tide — Report that the defendants
are moving off the land.
To William Hartshorne, September 14 263
Colonel Fitzhugh's subscription.
To Tench Tilghman, September 14 263
Arrival of Mr. Rawlins — Muslin for Mrs. Washington.
To Edmund Randolph, September 16 264
Declines the presidency of the James River Company — Surveys be-
tween the James and Kanawha — Hire of slaves and an engineer —
Plans of the Potomac Company — Results of Rumsey's discovery —
Locks — Cost of miners — Subscriptions for the James River project.
xx WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Page
To Battaile Muse, September 18 267
Inattention to tenants — The situation — Thompson's lease — Advan-
tage taken — Power of attorney.
Power of Attorney, September 18 270
To Levi Hollingsworth, September 20 271
His letter — Mud as manure — Donaldson's hippopotamus.
To Thomas Freeman, September 22 272
Lease for Jonathan Johnson.
To Captain de Genevy de Pusignan, September 25 . 273
Inability to comply with his request in regard to the Cincinnati.
To J. L. Le Barbier, Junior, September 25 274
His drama.
To Benjamin Franklin, September 25 274
His return to America.
To Barbe Marbois, September 25 275
Congratulations on his appointment.
To Otho Holland Williams, September 25 ..... . 275
Miscarriage of Cincinnati diplomas.
To Vicomte D'Arrot, September 25 276
His letter — British continuing to hold the western posts.
To Jean Antoine Houdon, September 26 277
His arrival- — Will be glad to see him at Mount Vernon.
To Thomas Jefferson, September 26 278
Houdon — Subscriptions to the Potomac and James Rivers compa-
nies-— Dismal Swamp surveys — Disposition of his Potomac and James
shares — Kentucky — Bushnell's torpedo in 1776.
To Richard Varick, September 26 281
Rutgars versus Waddington — Varick's health.
To Benjamin Franklin, September 26 282
Houdon's arrival.
To the Secretary for Foreign Affairs, September 27 . 283
His return — Appointment as Secretary for Foreign Affairs.
To Jonathan Trumbull, October 1 283
Death of his father — Sympathy.
To George Mason, October 3 285
The assessment bill in the Virginia Assembly.
TABLE OF CONTENTS xxi
Page
To John Page, October 3 286
Friendship — Importation of Germans — Loan for the Potomac Com-
pany in Holland.
To Lucretia Wilhemina Van Winter, October 5 . . . 287
Miscarriage of his letter.
To Charles Armand-Tufnn, October 7 288
His prospect of a command — Tranquillity in America — Is against
the profession of arms.
To James Warren, October 7 289
Friendship — Weakness of the Confederation — -Refusal to give power
to government — Prospects — Foreign commerce — Trade — An agricul-
tural society — Potomac and James Rivers navigation.
To Thomas and Mrs. Blackburn, October 10 . . . . 292
A wedding invitation.
To Thomas Freeman, October 16 292
Ohio and Kanawha lands — The mill and Mr. Simpson — At a loss
to decide if Simpson has moved — -Captain Crawford — Baggage —
Statement of account.
To Arthur Donaldson, October 16 296
His hippopotamus.
Certificate to John Fairfax, October 26 296
To John Fairfax, October 26 297
Instruction for a journey to Boston to bring back the Spanish jack-
asses.
To Lieutenant Governor Thomas Cushing, October 27 . 300
Mr. Fairfax to bring the Spanish jackasses to Mount Vernon.
To Governor Patrick Henry, October 29 302
Appointment of Colonel Neville — Cut between Elizabeth River and
North Carolina waters.
To James Madison, October 29 302
Thanks for his management of the gift of navigation shares — Will
thank him for further information.
To Governor Patrick Henry, October 29 303
Thanks to the Assembly for the Potomac and James shares — His
uniform policy not to receive pecuniary recompense for public service —
Wishes to be allowed to apply the shares to some object of a public
nature.
To David Humphreys, October 30 . 305
Houdon's mission — Poem — Lassitude in government.
xxii WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Page
To George Gilpin, November i 306
His scow.
To Samuel Powel, November 2 306
Cape of Good Hope wheat.
To Edmund Randolph, November 5 307
Proceedings of the Potomac Company sent him.
To Marquis de Lafayette, November 8 308
Houdon's stay — Doctor Franklin — Copying of Lafayette's letters.
To George Chapman, November 10 309
Need of a tutor for his step grandchildren — Terms, etc.
To George William Fairfax, November 10 ... . 310
Education of the Custis children — A preceptor wanted — Require-
ments and wages — Gentlemen of the cloth — Progress of the naviga-
tion companies — His wish for a trained farmer — Fairfax's estate.
To William Fitzhugh, November 11 314
Deer.
To George William Fairfax, November 11 .... 314
A tutor from New England.
To John Marsden Pintard, November 18 315
Citron, lemons, and onions.
To Charles Vaughan, November 18 316
Rum — Sends flour.
To John Rumney, November 18 317
Selection of flagstones — House joiner.
To Lund Washington, November 20 318
The plans of George Augustine Washington — Overseer at Mount
Vernon — A grateful sense of his services.
To Reverend Stephen Bloomer Balch, November 22 319
Expense of his nephews in Georgetown — Bills for board, etc. —
Nephews brought to Alexandria.
To William Bailey, November 22 320
Removal of his nephews to Alexandria — Expense.
To Mrs. Daniel Dulany, November 23 320
Present of the horse "Blueskin."
To Doctor William Brown, November 24 ... 321
Formation of the Alexandria Academy — A future matter.
TABLE OF CONTENTS xxm
Page
To Sir Edward Newenham, November 25 ... 322
Ireland's opposition to British restrictions — Precedents are dangerous
things — Situation in Ireland — Danger of an aerial voyage — Mr. Thorpe,
the stucco worker.
To Lawrence Kortright, November 25 324
Impress of vessels in 1776 — The sloop Hester.
To Chevalier John Paul Jones, November 25 . . . 325
Captains Stack and Macarthy and the Cincinnati.
To Wakelin Welch, November 28 326
Watch for Mrs. Washington.
To Samuel Vaughan, November 30 326
Mirabeau's pamphlet on the Cincinnati — Purpose of the Society —
Rum for Jamaica.
To David Stuart, November 30 328
Commerce powers of Congress — Separation of eastern and western
Virginia — Other matters — Canal at Great Falls.
To Tench Tilghman, November 30 330
Mr. Rawlins and the new room — Cost — Only one jackass survived
the voyage from Spain.
To John Rawlins, November 30 332
Cost of his plan exceeds his expectation — Work to be done.
To Governor Patrick Henry, November 30 ... 333
The cut from Elizabeth River to Albemarle Sound — The Dismal
Swamp — Potomac and James Rivers navigation — Cost of road work.
To James Madison, November 30 335
Revision of the laws — Reference to Congress of the regulation of
a commercial system — Public faith — Port and assize bills — Pennsyl-
vania and internal improvements.
To Comte de Rochambeau, December 1 338
Friendship — Franklin's election to Governor — State of affairs —
Commercial treaty with Great Britain.
To Charles Simms and David Stuart, December 3 . 339
Petition of the Potomac Company.
To Charles Carroll and Thomas Stone, December 3 . 340
Petition of the Potomac Company.
To Battaile Muse, December 4 341
Collection of rents.
To Comte de Damas, December 5 342
Compliments.
xxiv WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Page
To Louis Guillaume Otto, December 5 342
Acknowledgments.
To Richard Thomas, December 5 343
Edmund Richards under a delusion.
To Louis Dominique Ethis de Corny, December 5 . . 344
Receipt and lack of Cincinnati diplomas.
To Reverend William Gordon, December 5 .... 344
The memoir — Lafayette at Barren Hill — -Troop movements — Pres-
ent of a fish and flower roots.
To Thomas Smith, December 7 346
Trespass actions and ejectments — Has not viewed the defendants as
wilful and obstinate sinners.
To Captain Thomas Bibby, December 10 347
Invitation to Mount Vernon.
To David Stuart, December 10 348
Purchase of corn necessary — Prices on the Eastern Shore or in New
Kent and King William.
To Clement Biddle, December 11 349
Payment for Cary's and Oswald's newspapers — Sheet copper.
To the Secretary at War, December 11 350
British retention of the western posts — The Society of the Cincin-
nati— Limestone.
To Alexander Hamilton, December 11 351
Prejudice against the Cincinnati carried to an unreasonable length —
Fears of the people not yet removed — Baron Steuben.
To Battaile Muse, December 16 353
Tenant accounts — Rents — Neglect experienced — Payments — Vacant
lots — Advertisement — Lots on Chattins Run — Wheat agreement.
To the Trustees of the Alexandria Academy, Decem-
ber 17 356
His intentions to endow a school in Alexandria for orphan chil-
dren— Offers an annuity — Suggestions on its application.
To Noah Webster, December 18 . . . . . . 358
His offer — Education of the children, aid in correspondence and
keeping accounts — Sketches of American policy.
To Benjamin Harrison, December 18 359
Act of the General Assembly permitting disposal of the donated
navigation stock.
TABLE OF CONTENTS xxv
Page
Pass for Pedro Tellez, December 19 359
To Count Florida Blanca, December 19 360
Thanks to the King for the Spanish jackasses.
To Francisco Rendon, December 19 360
Return of Pedro Tellez — His journey to New York.
To William Carmichael, December 19 362
His thanks for the Spanish jackass — Pedro Tellez.
To John Francis Mercer, December 20 362
His delay in payment — Washington's want of money.
To Lund Washington, December 20 363
George Augustine Washington — The mill — Taxes.
To Thomas Johnson, December 20 364
Potomac Company business — Hire of Negroes and purchase of serv-
ants— Spanish chestnuts.
To David Stuart, December 24 366
Oats contract — Interest on loan certificates.
To Samuel Powel, December 27 367
Requests agricultural information.
I786
To Battaile Muse, January 5 367
Isaac Jenny's land on Chattin's Run — Boundaries — Landon Carter
and the Ashby's Bent land — Clover seed — Butter.
To Tench Tilghman, January 7 369
Agrees to Rawlins's terms to finish the new room.
To Catherine Macaulay Graham, January 10 . 370
Flattered by her letter — Pier journey to New York.
To James Mercer, January 20 371
Courses of lots — Doctor Gordon's advertisement.
To Diego de Gardoqui, January 20 . . 372
Friendship.
To John Francis Mercer, January 30 373
Payment — Mr. Pine.
To James Rumsey, January 31 374
His mechanical boat — Houses at Bath.
xxvi WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Page
To Battaile Muse, February 4 375
Butter — Indulgence to tenants — Abner Grigg and others — Jenny's
lines — Clover seed — Fauquier rents — Muse's powers to act.
To David Stuart, February 5 378
Oats — Corn from York River.
To Benjamin Lincoln, February 6 379
The fitness of Mr. Lear — Duties to be performed by him — Fresh
water from salt.
To William Lyles& Co., February 8 380
A she ass from Surinam — Flour, etc., in payment.
To George Savage, February 8 381
Oats — Corn from Pamunky.
To William Lyles & Co., February 10 382
A she ass from Surinam — Mr. Branden.
To Samuel Branden, February 10 382
A jackass from Spain — Purchase of a she ass in Surinam — Flour
in payment.
To Clement Biddle, February 10 383
Boots, shoes, and other articles desired — Payment for gazettes.
To William Hartshorne, February 20 384
Payment of transportation charges for the Spanish jackass — Captain
Pearce's charge.
To Robert Townsend Hooe, February 21 .... 386
Misunderstanding over employing hands to drain the Great Dismal
Swamp.
To Robert Edge Pine, February 26 386
Portraits received.
To Joseph Hawkins, February 27 387
Mr. Booth's character.
To William Hunter, February 27 388
Money for Mr. Pine.
To Governor Patrick Henry, March 5 388
Declination of felons by the Potomac Company.
To John Francis Mercer, March 6 389
Payment to bearer.
To John Murray & Co., March 8 389
Contract for herrings.
TABLE OF CONTENTS xxvii
Page
To Battaile Muse, March 8 390
Impartial justice to tenants— Other rental matters — Collection of
certain accounts.
To Hugh Holmes, March 10 391
Naming his child after Washington.
To Samuel Purviance, March 10 392
The settlements on the Kanawha — Navigation of the stream — Con-
venient points of settlement — Political consequences— Nature of the
soil — Importance of the Great Kanhawa River.
To William Drayton, March 25 394
Honor conferred by the South Carolina Agricultural Society.
To John Augustine Washington, March 27 ... 395
His overseer's apprehensions — Absentee tenants — Corn.
To Sir Edward Newenham, March 30 396
Expectation of his visit.
To John Fitzgerald and George Gilpin, March 31 . . 397
Brindley and Harris view the Great Falls — Suggestions — A profes-
sional mail much wanted — Mr. Brindley may be available.
To Reverend Timothy Dwight, April 1 399
Thanks for his poem, "Conquest of Canaan."
To Lieutenant Governor Thomas Gushing, April 5 . 399
Obligation for his attention to the Spanish jack — The expense.
To Charles Carroll, Robert Morris, and Samuel Powel,
April 5 400
Rev. David Griffith's wish to borrow.
To Henry Lee, April 5 401
Correspondence — Progress of canal and locks at the Great Falls —
Success assured— Conduct of the States — The Jay-Littlepage pamphlet.
To David Ramsay, April 5 403
Thanks for his history of the Revolution in South Carolina.
To Thomas Newton, Junior, April 9 403
Wine received — State of the account — Flour sale at Norfolk.
To Benjamin Lincoln, April 10 405
Agreement with Mr. Lear.
To William Washington, April 10 405
Acorns and young trees — Palmetto seeds.
To Jonathan Trumbull, April 10 406
His contemplated tour — -Acknowledgment for Mr. Dwight.
xxviii WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Page
To Robert Morris, April 12 407
The Philadelphia Quakers and their attempt to free Mr. Dalby's
slave — Mischievous and illegal conduct of their society — He is himself
strong in favor of abolishing slavery — Oppressive features of the anti-
slavery movement.
To Bushrod Washington, April 13 409
Use of "Royal Gift."
To Noah Webster, April 17 409
Instructor for the children.
To John Armistead, April 17 410
Payment of a debt — Washington's need of money.
To William Hartshorne, April 19 410
Seeds, buckwheat and flaxseed.
To Reverend William Gordon, April 20 411
Lund Washington's retirement — Subscriptions to Gordon's history.
To Benjamin Lincoln, April 20 412
Doctor Gordon's subscription paper.
To Thomas Brereton, April 20 . 413
Mrs. Savage's estate.
To Martin Cockburn, May 3 414
Truro taxables — A Negro tailor.
To Thomas Smith, May 8 414
Valentine Crawford's debt.
To Thomas Cresap, May 8 415
Is not a member of the Ohio Company.
To Thomas Freeman, May 8 415
Sale of Mrs. Crawford's Negroes.
To Marquis de St. Simon, May 10 416
His membership in the Cincinnati.
To Thomas Ringgold Tilghman, May 10 . . . 417
Discharge of the debt to his brother — Regard for his brother.
To Marchionesse de Lafayette, May 10 417
Delay in receipt of her letter — Tokens of regard from the young
Lafayettes.
To Reverend Joseph Eckley, May 10 419
The Boston Independent Chronicle and Doctor Gordon.
TABLE OF CONTENTS xxix
Page
To Marquis de Lafayette, May 10 420
Lafayette's European tour — Policy of Great Britain towards the
States — People must feel before they will see — Impost and commercial
regulation — A proposed meeting of commissioners from the States —
General convention talked of — British occupation of the western ports —
The Maltese and Spanish jacks — Philanthropic scheme of the marquis
and his Cayenne estate — Abolition of slavery in the States — Jefferson —
Invitation to America.
To Battaile Muse, May 12 425
Loss by delay of his wheat.
To John Rumney, May 15 426
Receipt of flagstones.
To William Frisbie Fitzhugh, May 15 426
The Spanish jack — Sheep.
To George Taylor, Junior, May 18 427
Apples and oysters.
To Robert Lewis & Sons, May 18 428
Miller Davenport — Roberts and liquor.
To Clement Biddle, May 18 428
Seeds — Young's works — A debt — Lewis & Sons account — Gazettes —
Glass and linen.
To the Secretary for Foreign Affairs, May 18 . . . . 430
The Littlepage controversy — Errors to be corrected in the national
government — More wickedness than ignorance in our councils — Igno-
rance and design difficult to combat — Public virtue has departed.
To Neil Jamieson, May 20 432
Debt due for flour.
To John Marsden Pintard, May 20 ...... . 433
Vine slips — Negotiations with Morocco.
To Thomas Ridout, May 20 . 433
Wine — Poor quality claret.
To Henry L. Charton, May 20 . . 434
Description of his Ohio and Kanawha lands — Terms upon which
he would sell.
To Governor William Moultrie, May 25 439
Mr. Brindley's services — Canals — A French engineer.
To Samuel Powel, May 25 441
Farmyard essay — Premium for the best barnyard.
To Alexander Steel, May 25 442
Doctor Shiell — Steel's war services.
xxx WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Page
To Joseph Jones, May 25 443
Meeting of the Assembly.
To Thomas Newton, Junior, May 26 443
Flour sent.
To Joseph Brown, May 30 444
Arrival of prints.
Agreement with James Bloxham, May 31 . . . 444
As farmer and manager.
To the Secretary at War, June 1 447
Inability to speak with precision on a Cincinnati matter — Major
L'Enfant's proceedings.
To Mrs. Mary Briston, June 2 448
Her petition.
To Thomas Ringgold Tilghman, June 4 449
His offer of services.
To Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, June 4 449
His report.
To James Tilghman, June 5 450
Death of Tench Tilghman — His correspondence with the New
York committee — Sympathy for Asgill's position — Falsity of the gibbet
story — Asgill defective in politeness.
To John Rumney, June 5 453
Cost of the flagstones.
To John Fitzgerald, June 5 453
Purchase of servants for the Potomac Company.
To William Frisbie Fitzhugh, June 5 454
Purchase of ewe lambs — The Spanish jack.
To Benjamin Lincoln, June 7 454
Bill of exchange for Doctor Gordon — Mr. Lear's arrival.
To Thomas Bedwell, June 7 455
A recommendation to South Carolina.
To Charles Mclver, June 7 456
Declines recommending him.
To Marquis de Lafayette, June 8 456
Hams sent to Madame Lafayette.
To Sir Edward Newenham, June 10 457
State of America — His visit — Tharp and Rawlins.
TABLE OF CONTENTS xxxi
Page
To Governor William Moultrie, June 14 458
Mr. Brindley.
To Henry Lee, June 18 459
Arthur Young's observations on husbandry — Rains — Indian corn —
Navigation of the Mississippi — Questions prematurely urging opening
of the navigation.
To Mrs. Sampson Darrell, June 18 461
Title to Hite's land — Requests a search for Hite's bond.
To Pierre Francois Cozette, June 19 462
Declines a painting of Louis XV.
To Nicholas Pike, June 20 463
Satisfaction felt at the progress of the arts and sciences but must
decline the dedication proposed.
To David Humphreys, June 20 464
His return to America — No need for horses.
To Clement Biddle, June 21 464
Delay of his letter — Sends a copy.
To Joseph Dashiell, June 21 465
Post and rails — Cypress wanted.
To Thornton Washington, June 22 466
Tide to Hite's land.
To George William Fairfax, June 26 467
Letters — Mr. Pine's success — English deer — Seeds and shrubs from
Mrs. Fairfax — James Bloxham — Letters of introduction.
To Richard Sprigg, June 28 470
A puppy and grass seeds — His jenny.
To Doctor William Brown, June 30 471
Boys and girls at the Alexandria Academy.
To George William Fairfax, June 30 . . . . . . 471
Lack of leisure — Report on the trust committed to him from 1773 —
Details — Balance — Belvoir fire — Furniture — Record of letters.
To Battaile Muse, July i 478
Worth of flour.
To William Frisbie Fitzhugh, July 2 478
Horse and jackass breeding — Magnolio — Ewe lambs — Barley.
To Thomas Johnson, July 8 480
Date of meeting of the Potomac Company.
xxxii WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Page
To Edmund Randolph, July 12 480
Daughters of Michael Cresap.
To James Tilghman, July 20 481
The Asgill affair — Col. Thomas Colville's estate — Miss Anderson.
To Henry L. Charton, July 22 . 482
Drafts showing the shape of his land tracts.
To Battaile Muse, July 25 483
Seed wheat.
To Henry Lee, July 26 483
Books received — Cincinnati china on sale at New York — Navigation
of the Mississippi — General Greene's death.
To William Grayson, July 26 485
Small attendance in Congress, and its cause — Connecticut claims to
western lands — The land ordinance — Infraction of the treaty by the
States — The British and the western posts.
To Mauduit Du Plessis, July 28 487
His merits — Invitation to Mount Vernon.
To Thomas Smith, July 28 488
Occupants of land in Washington County — People's attitude — Suit
against squatters — Posey's warrant — Records.
To Clement Biddle, July 30 491
Loss through depreciation — Leather for Negroes' shoes.
To Comte de Rochambeau, July 31 492
His letters — Cessation of wars — Treaty with Prussia — British con-
tinue to hold the western posts.
To Due de Lauzun, July 31 494
Mr. Michau's visit to America.
To Baron de Holkendorfr", July 31 494
Can have no agency in matters of a public nature — Admittance to
the Cincinnati.
To Antoine Felix Wuibert de Mezieres, July 31 . . . 495
Regret at not being able to promote individual interests of die
Army — Payment of his certificates — Engineer corps.
To Wakelin Welch, July 496
Directs sale of bank stock — Interest on funds — Only desires equal
treatment with others — Debts and the war.
To Battaile Muse, August i 498
Advertisement sent to the printer — Flour — Hite's claim — Colonel
Fairfax's land papers — Seed.
TABLE OF CONTENTS xxxin
Page
To Chevalier de la Luzerne, August i 499
Conduct of the States — Impost granted — Conditions — Unfavorable
picture of America current in Europe — The attitude of the British —
Advantage to France.
To the Secretary for Foreign Affairs, August 1 . . . 501
Violation of the treaty — Work for the future — The fear of investing
Congress with adequate powers — Requisitions a farce — Tendency to
monarchical government — His own interest in public affairs — Neglect
of his recommendations.
To Thomas Jefferson, August 1 504
Costume of Houdon's statue — Domestic intelligence — Deaths of
Greene, McDougall, and Tilghman.
To Thomas Marsden Pintard, August 2 506
Loss of articles — Wine from Searle & Co.
To Lamar, Hill, Bissett & Co., August 3 507
Madeira wine.
To Wakelin Welch, August 5 507
Shipment of articles of husbandry.
To Wakelin Welch, August 5 508
Articles to be shipped.
To William Peacey, August 5 509
Letters from James Bloxham — His wife, plows, etc., to be sent over.
To Arthur Young, August 6 510
Opening a correspondence — Agriculture a favorite amusement —
System in the United States — Young's Annals — Plows and seeds de-
sired— Plowman's wages — A bailiff obtained.
To Charles Armand-Tuffin, August 10 514
His marriage — The visit to Europe.
To John Francis Mercer, August 12 515
Suit on bonds — Tobacco bill — Want of money.
To Theodorick Bland, August 15 516
His humorous account — Humphreys's poem — American agricul-
ture— Paper currency.
To Marquis de Lafayette, August 15 518
Irksome nature of Washington's correspondence — Nations governed
by interest — Mutual interests of America and France — Basis of a com-
merce between the two countries — The arrogant expectations of Brit-
ain— Quality and prices of French goods — General reflections on com-
merce— Late treaties favor a liberal policy — Personal mentions.
xxxiv WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Page
To Marquis de Chastellux, August 18 . . . . . . 522
Thanks for his "Travels" — Mention of Washington — Humphreys's
poem — Conditions in America.
To Metcalf Bowler, August 19 524
His treatise on agriculture.
To Thomas Newton, Junior, August 19 524
Sale of flour.
To Thomas Hutchins, August 20 525
Empress of Russia's desire to obtain an Indian vocabulary.
To the Secretary at War, August 21 526
Forwards a petition.
To Jonathan Loring Austin, August 23 526
His July 4 oration.
To Reverend John Witherspoon, August 23 ... 526
Pohick church and Mr. Wilson.
To James Hill, August 29 527
His delay in sending his accounts — Thomas Newton's account — Ne-
cessity of receiving his accounts.
To Diego de Gardoqui, August 30 528
Vicuna wool — -Jackass from the King.
TABLE OF SYMBOLS
The following symbols have been used to denote the place of
deposit of Washington letters not found in draft or letter-book
form in the Washington Papers in the Library of Congress:
Indicating that the letter is in Washington's
own handwriting *
Chicago Historical Society [ CH. H. S. ]
Clements Library, University of Michigan r C. L. ]
Connecticut Historical Society [ C. H. S. ]
Harvard College Library [ HV. L. ]
Haverford College [ HD. C. ]
Historical Society of Pennsylvania [H. S. P.]
Huntington Library [ H. L. ]
John Carter Brown Library, Rhode Island [J. C. B.]
Maine Historical Society [M. H. S.]
Maryland Historical Society [MD. H. S.]
Massachusetts Historical Society [MS. H. S.]
J. P. Morgan Library [M. L.]
New Hampshire Historical Society [ N. H. H. S. ]
New York Historical Society [N.Y.H.S.]
New York Public Library [ N. Y. P. L. ]
New York State Library [ N. Y. S. L. ]
Rhode Island Historical Society [ R. I. H. S. ]
Rhode Island Society of the Cincinnati [R.I.S.C]
Society of the Cincinnati [ S. C. ]
University of Chicago Library [ U. C. L. ]
University of Pennsylvania Library [U.P.]
Virginia Historical Society [ V. H. S. ]
Virginia State Library [ V. S. L. ]
[xxxv]
THE WRITINGS OF
GEORGE WASHINGTON
THE WRITINGS OF
GEORGE WASHINGTON
To CHEVALIER DE LA LUZERNE
Mount Vernon, December 5, 1784.
Sir: Your early attention to me after your arrival at the Court
of Versailles, amidst scenes of gaiety and the gratulations of
friends, does me great honor, and excites my warmest acknowl-
edgments. That your august Sovereign, his amiable consort,
and the Princes his brothers, should deign to interest themselves
in, and wish to be acquainted with the circumstances of my life,
is one of the most flattering incidents of it; and affects my sensi-
bility beyond any expression I have of my feelings. If any thing
could overcome the present difficulties which impede my de-
sires to pay my respectful homage at your Court, it would be
the wish which you say these august personages have been
pleased to express to see me there, and the welcome reception I
should meet from the nation at large, especially from those
characters to whom I have the honor of a personal acquaint-
ance; but I fear my vows and earnest wishes are the only trib-
ute of respect I shall ever have it in my power to offer them in
return.
It gave me great pleasure to learn from your letter (of the
12th. of Septr.) that the sword which had been so lately
sheathed, was likely to remain in the scabbard for some time,
other information according with appearances, seem rather to
indicate an approaching storm in the United Netherlands;
8701 1
2 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
which, in its consequences, might touch the torch, which would
kindle the flames of a general War in Europe. How far British
policy may yield to Irish claims, is not for me to determine.
The first, it should seem, have had too much of civil conten-
tions to engage, without some respite, in fresh broils; and the
other is too near, and too much divided among themselves, to
oppose effectually without foreign aid, especially maritime.
But I know not enough of their politic's, or their expectations,
to hazard an opinion respecting the issue of their disputes.
That they slumbered during the favourable moment, none I
think can deny, and favourable moments in war, as in love,
once lost are seldom regained.
We have lately held a treaty with the Six Nations at Fort
Stanwix, advantageously it is said for the United States, tho'
the issue of it is not pleasing to that of New York. The Com-
missioners were by the last accounts, proceeding via Fort Pitt,
to Cayahoga to a Meeting of the Western Tribes, who every
now and then have bickerings with our Settlers on the Ohio,
in which lives and property have been lost. At the eclairisse-
ment which is about to be had with them, it is to be hoped a
proper understanding will take place, the cause of discontent
removed, and peace and amity perfectly reestablished.
The honor of your correspondence I shall ever set a high
value upon, and shall thank you for the continuation of it; the
occurences of Europe cannot come thro' a better informed
channel, nor from a more pleasing pen. Such returns as can
flow from the cottage of retirement, I will make you: these in-
deed will be inadequate; but to a mind generous as yours is,
there is more pleasure in conferring than in receiving an
obligation.
If Sir, the name of your Sovereign has been committed to
your letter by his approbation or authority, you will know how
1784] TOUR TO THE WEST 3
far my respectful acknowledgments are due, and can be offered
with propriety. I wish not to obtrude myself; nor to step over
that line which custom has drawn, altho' feeling more respect
and veneration for the King and Queen of France than I have
powers to utter, I should in that case rest more on your abilities
and their goodness to disclose them, than upon my own faint
endeavours. To the military characters with whom I have the
honor of an acquaintance, I present my best wishes and affec-
tionate regards; at the same time that I never can too often
repeat to you the assurances of the esteem and attachment with
which I have the honor, etc.1
To HENRY KNOX
Mount Vernon, December 5, 1784.
My Dr. Sir: Apologies are idle things: I will not trouble you
with them; that I am your debtor in the epistolary way I ac-
knowledge, and that appearances indicate a disposition to
remain so, I cannot deny; but I have neither the inclination nor
the effrontery to follow the example of great men or St — s to
withhold payment altogether. To whatever other causes there-
fore my silence may be attributed, ascribe it not, I beseech you
to want of friendship, for in this, neither time nor absence can
occasion a diminution; and I regret that fortune has placed us
in different States and distant climes, where an interchange of
sentiments can only be by letter.
When your letter of the 26th. of July came here, I was upon
the eve of a tour to the Westward which ended in the neigh-
bourhood of Fort Pit, altho' my original plan took in the Great
Kanhawa. I found from information, that the Indians were in
too discontented a mood to render it prudent for me to run the
1From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
4 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
risk of insult: to see the condition of the property I had in that
Country, and the quality of my Lands, were all the objects
I had in view. Those in the vicinity of Fort Pitt (for which I
have had patents more than ten years) I found in possession
of people who set me at defiance, under the claim of pre-
occupancy. Another year, and I may find the rest seized under
the like pretext; but as the land cannot be removed, altho' the
property may be changed, I thought it better to return, than to
make a bad matter worse by hazarding abuse from the Savages
of the Country.
I am now endeavoring to stimulate my Countrymen to the
extension of the inland navigation of the rivers Potomac and
James, thereby, and a short land transportation, to connect the
Western Territory by strong commercial bands with this. I
hope I shall succeed, more on account of its political impor-
tance than the commercial advantages which would result
from it, altho' the latter is an immense object: for if this Coun-
try, which will settle faster than any other ever did (and chiefly
by foreigners who can have no particular predilection for us),
cannot, by an easy communication be drawn this way, but are
suffered to form commercial intercourses (which lead we all
know to others) with the Spaniards on their right and rear, or
the British on their left, they will become a distinct people from
us, have different views, different interests, and instead of add-
ing strength to the Union, may in case of a rupture with either
of those powers, be a formidable and dangerous neighbour.
After much time spent (charity directs us to suppose in duly
considering the matter) a treaty has at length been held with
the Six Nations at Fort Stanwix: much to the advantage it is
said of the United States, but to the great disgust of that of New
York: fruitlessly, it is added by some, who assert that the Dep-
uties on the part of the Indians were not properly authorized to
1784] STATE JEALOUSIES 5
treat. How true this may be, I will not pretend to decide; but
certain it is in my opinion, that there is a kind of fatality attend-
ing all our public measures, inconceivable delays, particular
States counteracting the plans of the United States when sub-
mitted to them, opposing each other upon all occasions, torn
by internal disputes, or supinely negligent and inattentive to
everything which is not local and selfinteresting and very often
short sighted in these, make up our system of conduct. Would
to God our own Countrymen, who are entrusted with the man-
agement of the political machine, could view things by that
large and extensive scale upon which it is measured by foreign-
ers, and by the Statemen of Europe, who see what we might be,
and predict what we shall come to. In fact, our federal Govern-
ment is a name without substance: No State is longer bound
by its edicts, than it suits present purposes, without looking to
the consequences. How then can we fail in a little time, becom-
ing the sport of European politics, and the victims of our own
folly.
I met the Marqs. de la Fayette at Richmond, brought him to
this place, conducted him to Annapolis, saw him on the road
to Baltimore, and returned. About the middle of this month he
expected to embark at New York for France. He tells us that
Mrs. Knox was about to add to your family, we hope 'ere this
we may congratulate you both on a son, or daughter, according
to your desires. Mrs. Washington joins me in every good senti-
ment of esteem, regard and friendship, I am, etc.
P. S. Had you an agreeable tour to the Eastward ? Are the
State Societies2 in the New England Governments making any
moves towards obtaining Charters? If they are, with what
success ? s
1Of the Cincinnati.
2 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
6 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
*To GOVERNOR GEORGE CLINTON
Mount Vernon, December 8, 1784.
Dear Sir: When the Marqs. de la Fayette left this place, he
expected to embark abt. the 14th. or 15th. Instt. on board the
Nymph frigate, at New York, for France. Therefore, as this
event may have taken place before this letter gets that far, I
take the liberty of putting the enclosed packet under cover to
you, with a request, if he should have Sailed, to forward it by
the fiirst French Packet which follows.
In looking into Millers Gardeners Dictionary, I find, besides
transplanting, that the Pine-tree and ever greens of all kinds,
are to be raised from the Seed. As this may be an easier way of
helping me to the balm of Gilead, Spruce, White pine, or Hem-
lock, than by Stolks, I would thank your Excellency when it
may be convenient (if it is not too late in the Season for it) to
forward me some of these Seeds; especially the first, extracted
from the Cone, and put up in Sand. A thimble ful or two of
each would suffice, and this might, at any time, come by the
Stage, first to the care of Colo. Biddle in Philadelphia, who
would forward it to me. Mrs. Washington joins me in best
wishes for Mrs. Clinton, yourself and all the family. With
great truth etc.4
To MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE
Mount Vernon, December 8, 1784.
My Dr. Marqs: The peregrination of the day in which I
parted with you, ended at Marlbro': the next day, bad as it was,
I got home before dinner.5
* From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by John Gilbert, of Philadelphia.
'Washington parted from Lafayette at Annapolis, apparently on December i, and
reached Mount Vernon on December 2.
1784] LAFAYETTE'S FRIENDSHIP 7
In the moment of our separation upon the road as I travelled,
and every hour since, I felt all that love, respect and attachment
for you, with which length of years, close connexion and your
merits have inspired me. I often asked myself, as our carriages
distended,6 whether that was the last sight, I ever should have
of you ? And tho' I wished to say no, my fears answered yes. I
called to mind the days of my youth, and found they had long
since fled to return no more; that I was now descending the
hill, I had been 52 years climbing, and that tho' I was blessed
with a good constitution, I was of a short lived family, and
might soon expect to be entombed in the dreary mansions of
my father's. These things darkened the shades and gave a
gloom to the picture, consequently to my prospects of seeing
you again : but I will not repine, I have had my day.
Nothing of importance has occurred since I parted with you ;
I found my family well, and am now immersed in company;
notwithstanding which, I have in haste, produced a few more
letters to give you the trouble of, rather inclining to commit
them to your care, than to pass them thro' many and unknown
hands.
It is unnecessary , I persuade myself to repeat to you my Dr.
Marqs. the sincerity of my regards and friendship, nor have I
words which could express my affection for you, were I to at-
tempt it. My fervent prayers are offered for your safe and pleas-
ant passage, happing meeting with Madame la Fayette and
family, and the completion of every wish of your heart, in all
which Mrs. Washington joins me, as she does in complimts. to
Capt. Grandchean and the Chevr.7 of whom little Wash:n
often speaks. With every sentimt. wch. is propitious and en-
dearing, I am, etc.8
6 A questionable error of the copyist; "distanced" seems more likely to have been
the word written by Washington.
7 Chevalier Caraman.
8 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
8 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
*To GEORGE PLATER, CHARLES CARROLL,
JOHN CADWALADER, AND
SAMUEL CHASE
Mount Vernon, December n, 1784.
Sir: The Gentn. who will have the honor of presenting this
letter to you is a Nephew9 of mine; heir to a Brother who was
one of the Principio Company, and to whose Will I was ap-
pointed an Exr., the Circumstances put it out of my power to
qualify. He is about to offer a petition to your honble. Assem-
bly for his part of the Sales of the property of that Company.
The petition is explanatory of the justice on which it is founded,
and so full that it leaves nothing for me to add; further, than
as it was by a mis-information, or mis-conception that his pro-
portion of the Bonds got into the hands of the Intendant, so I
am perswaded it only requires to be known, to obtain an order
for the assignment of them to him, as the Act of your Assembly
reserved his interest therein absolutely and clearly; and only
a punctilio of the Intendant the cause of the delay; which, for
the reasons assigned in the petition, is exceedingly injurious to
my Nephew. You will excuse me I hope, for the freedom of
this address; and do me the justice to believe that I am, etc.10
To GEORGE MASON
December 13, 1784.
Dr. Sir: My brother John11 is much in want of four, five or six
hundred pounds which he is desirous of borrowing on Interest.
If it is in your power to supply him I will become security for
8 William Augustine Washington, son of Augustine ("Austin"), of Westmoreland,
and a half-nephew
10 From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong,
of Princeton, N. J.
"John Augustine Washington.
1784] A LOAN REQUEST 9
the fulfilment of his agreement. He seems to have little expec-
tation that money in these times, can be had at the common
interest; and his own words will best express what he is willing
to allow.
I believe I mentioned to you before (when he was last up) that I was
willing to receive ninety pounds for an hundred, and pay interest for
the latter sum from the date, provided I could be allowed to retain the
principal two years. If I could receive 4, 5, or 6 hundred pounds on these
terms, it would be a real convenience and happiness for me; because it
would enable me to observe that punctuality in dealing I always wished
to do, and without which I am miserable. If you cou'd prevail upon Colo.
Mason, or any other Gentieman to furnish me with the above sum on
these terms, you would confer a very great favor, and I would attend at a
time to be appointed to give Bond and receive the money.
To this, I can add nothing but my wishes for his success, an
expression of my own inclination to have supplied his want, if
I had been in circumstances to have it done. I am, etc.12
To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS73
Mount Vernon, December 14, 1784.
Dear Sir: The letter which you did me the honor to write to
me on the 20th. of last month, only came to my hands by the
post preceding the date of this. For the copy of the treaty held
with the Six Nations at Fort Stanwix, you will please to accept
my thanks. These people have given I think, all that the United
States could reasonably have required of them; more perhaps
than the State of New York conceives ought to have been asked
from them by any other than their own Legislature. I wish
they were better satisfied. Individual States opposing the meas-
ures of the United States, encroaching upon the territory of
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
13 Richard Henry Lee.
10 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
each other; and setting up old and obsolete claims, is verifying
the prediction of our enemies, and is truly unfortunate. If the
Western tribes are as well disposed to treat with us as the Six
Nations have been; and will cede a competent District of Land
No. West of the Ohio to answer our present purposes; it will be
a circumstance as unexpected; as pleasing to me; for it was
apprehended that they would agree to the latter reluctantly, if
at all: but the example of the northern Indians who (if they
have not reliquished their claim) have pretentions to a large
part of those Lands; may have a powerful influence on the
Western gentry, and smooth the way for the Commissioners
who have proceeded to Cayahoga.
It gave me pleasure to find by the last Gazettes, that a suffi-
cient number of States had assembled to form a Congress, and
that you were chosen to preside in it,14 on this event be pleased
to accept my compliments of congratulation. To whatever
causes the delay of this meeting may have been ascribed,15 it
most certainly has an unfavourable aspect; contributes to lessen
(at present too low) the dignity and importance of the federal
government, and is hurtful to our national character in the eyes
of Europe.
It is said (I do not know how founded) that our Assembly
have repealed their former act respecting British debts. If this
be true, and the State of New York has not acted repugnant to
the terms of the Treaty, the British Government can no longer
hold the western Posts under that cover; but I shall be mistaken
if they do not entrench themselves behind some other expedi-
ent to effect it; or will appoint a time for surrendering them
of which we cannot avail ourselves; the probable consequence
of which will be the destruction of the works.
"Lee was elected President of Congress on November 30.
"Congress was to have assembled October 30, but did not succeed in organizing
until November 30.
1784] INLAND NAVIGATION 11
The Assemblies of Virginia and Maryland have now under
consideration the extension of the inland navigation of the
rivers Potomac and James, and opening a communication be-
tween them and the Western waters: they seem fully im-
pressed with the political as well as the commercial advantages
which would result from the accomplishment of these great
objects; and I hope will embrace the present moment to put
them in train for speedy execution. Would it not at the same
time be worthy of the wisdom and attention of Congress, to
have the western waters well explored, the navigation of them
fully ascertained, accurately laid down, and a complete and per-
fect map made of the Country; at least, as far westwardly as
the Miamies running into the Ohio and Lake Erie; and to see
how the waters of them communicate with the river St. Joseph
which empties into the Lake Michigan, and with the Wabash ?
I cannot forbear observing here, that the Miami Village in
Hutchins map, if it, and the waters here mentioned are laid
down with any degree of accuracy, points to a very important
post for the Union. The expence attending this undertaking
cou'd not be great, the advantages would be unbounded; for
sure I am, nature has made such an ample display of her boun-
ties in those regions, that the more the Country is explored, the
more it will rise in estimation, consequently, the greater might
the revenue be to the Union. Would there be any impropriety
do you think sir, in reserving for special sale, all Mines, miner-
als and Salt springs in the general Grants of Land belonging
to the United States. The Public, instead of the few knowing
ones, might in this case derive the benefits which would result
from the sale of them, without infringing any rule of justice
that occurs to me, or their own laws, but on the contrary
inflict a just punishment upon those, who in defiance of the
latter, have dared to create enemies, and to disturb the public
12 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
tranquillity, by roaming over the country, marking and survey-
ing the valuable spots in it, to the great disquiet of the Western
Tribes of Indians, who have viewed these transactions with
jealous indignation. To hit upon a happy medium price for
the Western Lands, for the prevention of monopoly on one
hand; and not discouraging useful settlers on the other, will no
doubt require consideration, but should not employ too much
time before it is announced. The spirit for emigration is great,
people have got impatient, and tho' you cannot stop the road, it
is yet in your power to mark the way; a little while and you will
not be able to do either. It is easier to prevent, than to remedy
an evil. I shall be happy in the continuation of your corre-
spondence, and with every sentiment of great esteem etc.16
To RICHARD CLAIBORNE
Mount Vernon, December 15, 1784.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 17th. ulto. It would in-
terfere with no views of mine, to give you a field to speculate
in, if I was sufficiently Master of the business, and had leisure
for these kind of communications: but the truth is, I do not
turn my thoughts to matters of that sort, and if I did, the busi-
ness in which you want to be informed is too much in embryo,
and depends too much on contingencies, to speak to with any
degree of certainty at this time. First, because Acts of the As-
semblies of Virginia and Maryland, must be obtained to incor-
porate private Adventurers to undertake the business. 2d. the
Company must be formed before anything can be done. 3d. an
actual survey of the waters, by skilful Engineers, (or persons
in that line) must take place and be approved before the points
at which the navigation on the different waters can be ascer-
18 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1784] EDUCATION OF YOUTH 13
tained, as proper to end, or commence the water transportation.
From Fort Cumberland to the Yohioghany is one of the Por-
tages in contemplation, and from some place higher up the No.
river,17 most convenient to the navigable part, or such part as
can be made so, of the Cheat river, is another portage talked of;
but whether either, neither or both may be attempted does not
lie with me to determine, and therefore I should be unwilling
to mislead any one by hazarding an opinion, as my knowledge
of that Country goes more to the general view of it, and to
general principle, than to the investigation of local spots for
interested purposes. I am, etc.18
To GEORGE CHAPMAN19
Mount Vernon, December 15, 1784.
Sir: Not until within a few days have I been honor'd with
your favor of the 27th. of Septr. 1783, accompanying your
treatise on Education.
My sentiments are perfectly in unison with yours sir, that the
best means of forming a manly, virtuous and happy people, will
be found in the right education of youth. Without this foun-
dation, every other means, in my opinion, must fail; and it gives
me pleasure to find that Gentlemen of your abilities are devot-
ing their time and attention in pointing out the way. For your
lucubrations on this subject which you have been so obliging as
to send me, I pray you to accept my thanks, and an expression
of the pleasure I felt at the declaration of your intention to de-
vote a further portion of your time in so useful a study.
Of the importance of education our Assemblies, happily,
seem fully impressed ; they establishing new, and giving further
"The North Branch of the Potomac.
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
"Formerly master of the grammar school at Dumfries, Va., and at this time master
of the academy at Inchdrewer, near Banff, North Britain.
14 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
endowments to the old Seminaries of learning, and I persuade
myself will leave nothing unessayed to cultivate literature and
useful knowledge, for the purpose of qualifying the rising gen-
eration for patrons of good government, virtue and happiness.
I have the honor, etc.20
To THOMAS BLACKBURN
Mount Vernon, December 19, 1784.
Dr. Sir: The Express who brought me the resolves of our
Assembly, and is going to Annapolis with dispatches for Govr.
Paca, informs me that he deliver'd others to you. It only re-
mains therefore for me to add, that Thursday next, the 23d. is
the day appointed for the Commissioners to meet at Annap-
olis.21 I shall go to our Court tomorrow, and proceed from
thence.22 I am, etc.20
To REVEREND WILLIAM GORDON
Mount Vernon, December 20, 1784.
Dear Sir: I am indebted to you for several letters, and am as
much so for the Fish you kindly intended, as if it had actually
arrived, and I was in the act of paying my respects to it at table,
the chance, however, of doing this would be greater, was it at
Boston, than in Yorktown in this State, where I am informed
it was landed at the time the Marqs. de la Fayette did, who
proceeded from thence to Richmond, where I met him, and
conducted him to Annapolis on his way to New York; the place
of his intended embarkation for France, about the middle of
this month.
20 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
21 Blackburn became ill and did not attend.
22 On December 19 Washington also wrote a brief note to Governor Paca, notifying
him that he would be in Annapolis at the time appointed. A copy of this letter is in
the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
1784] ANNAPOLIS COMMISSIONERS 15
I am glad to hear that my old acquaintance Colo. Ward23 is
yet under the influence of vigorous passions. I will not ascribe
the intrepidity of his late enterprize to a mere flash of desires,
because, in his military career he would have learnt how to dis-
tinguish between false alarms and a serious movement. Char-
ity therefore induces me to suppose that like a prudent general,
he had reviewed his strength, his arms, and ammunition before
he got involved in an action. But if these have been neglected,
and he has been precipitated into the measure, let me advise
him to make the first onset upon his fair del Toboso, with vigor,
that the impression may be deep, if it cannot be lasting, or fre-
quently renewed.
We are all well at this time except Miss Custis, who still feels
the effect, and sometimes the return of her fever. Mrs. Lund
Washington has added a daughter to her family. She, Child
and husband are well, and become house-keepers at the dis-
tance of about four miles from this place.
We have a dearth of News, but the fine weather keeps us
busy, and we have leisure for cogitation. All join in best wishes
for you, Doctr. and Mrs. Stuart are of those who do it. I am,
etc.24
*To LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR
BEVERLEY RANDOLPH
Alexandria, December 20, 1784.
Sir: The letter you did me the honor to write to me the 15th
Inst, was not delivered until late yesterday Evening. I filled the
Blank in the letter to Govr. Paca and forwarded it; and am now
on my way to Annapolis. I named the 22d., which at the rate
your Express travels, is as soon as the Govr. can lay your letter
23 Col. Joseph(?) Ward.
24 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
16 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
before the Assembly of Maryland and Commns. be appointed
to meet those from this State. Genl. Gates will attend; and I
have given Colo. Blackburne notice of the time and place.
As soon as the business of the meeting is finished a report
shall be made. I have the honr. etc.25
To MELANCTON SMITH
Mount Vernon, December 20, 1784.
Sir: Your letter of the 27th. of October came to my hands the
14th. inst:, the box of Plate is not yet arrived.
It would have been very obliging in you, and would have
done me an essential kindness, had you as soon as this Box ar-
rived at New York (which you say was the latter part of sum-
mer) given me notice thereof by post; altho' there might have
been no opportunity at that time, or in any short time there-
after to forward the package to me: for having been assured
by Mr. Parker (before I left New York last year) that I might
look for this Plate in the Spring; having, in answer to a letter
I wrote to him early in the summer, been informed of some
disappointment to his expectation of it; and having heard
soon after, that that Gentlen. was under peculiar embarrass-
ment, and not a word from him since, I gave up every idea of
having my commission complied with by him, and supplied
myself, not fourteen days ago, in another way. I now have
both setts, neither of which can be disposed of, one having been
used, and the other having my Crest and arms on it.
When I was at New York, altho' I could not get Mr. Parker,
from his then hurry, to render me a full and complete trans-
cript of my Accots.; yet he gave me a short statement of the
debit and credit of my dealings with him by which there is a
From a photostat of the draft in the Chicago University Library.
1784] POTOMAC NAVIGATION 17
balance of ;£ 65.5.5 York Curry, due to me, this sum I left in his
hands declaredly and by agreement to be applied towards pay-
ment for the Plate his brother was to get for me. If you will be
pleased (if Mr. Parkers books are in your possession) to ex-
amine into this matter, or if they are not, will make out an ac-
count with this credit, at the current exchange, I will cause it
to be paid. To do it in Alexandria, if you have any Agent or
correspondent there, would be more convenient for me, as I
have no dealings either in New York or London at this time.
In this case I shou'd be glad to have the original Bill sent with
the Accot. If the business cannot be closed in this manner I will
endeavour to accomodate myself to your wishes in any other
way I am able. lam, etc.28
To MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE
Annapolis, December 23, 1784.
My Dr. Marqs. You would scarcely expect to receive a letter
from me at this place: a few hours before I set out for it, I as
little expected to cross the Potomac again this winter, or even
to be fifteen miles from home before the first of April, as I
did to make you a visit in an air Balloon in France.
I am here however, with Genl. Gates, at the request of the
Assembly of Virginia, to fix matters with the Assembly of this
State respecting the extension of the inland navigation of Poto-
mac, and the communication between it and the Western
waters; and hope a plan will be agreed upon to the mutual satis-
faction of both States, and to the advantage of the Union at
large.
It gave me pain to hear that the Frigate la Nymph, grounded
in her passage to New York, we have various accots. of this
26From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
18 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
unlucky accident, but I hope she has received no damage, and
that your embarkation is not delay'd by it.
The enclosed came to my hands under cover of the letter
which accompanies it, and which is explanatory of the delay it
has met with. I can only repeat to you assurances of my best
wishes for an agreeable passage and happy meeting with
Madame la Fayette and your family, and of the sincere attach-
ment and affection with which, I am, etc.
PS. You and your heirs, Male, are made Citizens of this State27
by an Act of Assembly. You will have an official Accot. of it,
this is by the by.28
*To JAMES MADISON
Annapolis, December 28, 1784.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the nth.
The proceedings of the conference, and the Act and resolu-
tions of this Legislature consequent thereupon (herewith trans-
mitted to the Assembly) are so full, and explanatory of the
motives which governed in this business, that it is scarcely
necessary for me to say any thing in addition to them; except
that, this State seem highly impressed with the importance of
the objects wch. we have had under consideration, and are very
desirous of seeing them accomplished.
We have reduced most of the Tolls from what they were
in the first Bill, and have added something to a few others,
upon the whole, we have made them as low as we conceived
from the best information before us, and such estimates as
we had means to calculate upon, as they can be fixed, without
^Maryland and also Virginia made Lafayette a citizen.
28 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On December 23 Washington wrote a brief letter to Baron Montesquieu, Marquis
de la Brede, aide to Chevalier de Chastellux, introducing John Ridout, of Annapolis.
A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
1784] POTOMAC TOLL RATES 19
hazarding the plan altogether. We made the value of the com-
modity the governing principle in the establishment of the
Tolls; but having had an eye to some bulky articles of produce,
and to the encouragement of the growth and Manufacture of
some others, as well as to prevent a tedious enumeration of the
different species of all, we departed from the genl. rule in many
instances.
The rates of tollage as now fixed, may still appear high to
some of the Southern Gentlemen, when they compare them
with those on James River; but as there is no comparison in the
expence and risk of the two undertakings, so neither ought
thereto be in the Tolls, I am fully perswaded that the Gentle-
men who were appointed, and have had this matter under con-
sideration, were actuated by no other motives than to hit (if
they could do so) upon such a happy medium as would not be
burthensome to indivs. or give jealousy to the public on one
hand, nor discouragement to adventures on the other. To se-
cure success, and to give vigor to the undertaking, it was judged
advisable for each State to contribute (upon the terms of private
Subscribers) to the expence of it; especially as it might have a
happy influence on the minds of the Western Settlers and it
may be observed here, that only part of this money can be called
for immediately, provided the work goes on; and afterwards,
only in the proportion of its progression.
Though there is no obligation upon the State to adopt this (if
it is inconvenient, or repugnant to their wishes) yet I should be
highly pleased to hear that they had done so, (our advantages
will, most assuredly, be equal to those of Maryland and our pub-
lic spirit ought not, in my opinion, to be less) ; as also the reso-
lutions respecting the roads of Communication; both of which,
tho they look in some degree to different objects, are both
very important; that by the Yohiogany (thro' Pensylvania)
20 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
is particularly so for the Fur and Peltry of the Lakes, because
it is the most direct rout by which they can be transported;
whilst it is exceedingly convenient to the people who inhabit
the Ohio (or Alligany) above Fort Pitt; the lower part of the
Monogahela; and all the Yohiogany.
Matters might perhaps have been better digested if more
time had been taken, but the fear of not getting the report to
Richmond before the Assembly would have risen, occasioned
more hurry than accuracy; or even real dispatch. But to alter
the Act now, further than to accommodate it to circumstances
where it is essential ; or to remedy an obvious error if any should
be discovered will not do. The Bill passed this Assembly with
only 9 dissenting voices; and got thro' both Houses in a day,
so earnest were the members of getting it to you in time.
It is now near 12 at Night, and I am writing with an Aching
head, having been constantly employed in this business since
the 22d. without assistance from my Colleagues; Genl. Gates
having been Sick the whole time, and Colo. Blackburn not
attending. But for this I would be more explicit. I am etc.
I am ashamed to send such a letter, but cannot give you a
fairer one.29
*To THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF THE
COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
Annapolis, December 28, 1784.
Pursuant to the Resolves of the Honble. the Senate and Ho.
of Delegates, and conformably to the direction of the Executive
authority of the State of Virginia, we repaired to the City of An-
napolis, and held a conference with the Gentlemen appointed
20 From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by George A. Ball, of Muncie, Ind.
1784] POTOMAC NAVIGATION 21
by the Legislature of Maryland; the result of which is contained
in the Inclosure No. i.30
In consequence of the opinion given by the Conference the
Legislature of Maryland have passed the Act inclosed, No. 2.
and the Resolves No. 3.
It may be necessary for us to explain the reason for the pro-
vision in the Act. "that if Subscriptions should be taken in; or
a meeting of Subscribers directed by the Legislature of Virginia
at different times, different from those in the Act, then there
should be a meeting at the time appointed by Virginia; and
subscriptions made at times by them appointed, should be re-
ceived". It was thought by the Conf errees to be most proper to
appoint certain times in the Act, but as it was doubtful whether
the Act would get to Virginia in time to be adopted at the
present Session of the Assembly, it was judged necessary to
make a provision to accomodate the Scheme to an Act to be
passed by Virginia, or the next Session of their assembly, with-
out the necessity of having recourse again to the Legislature of
Maryland, but it is the opinion of the Conferrees that an Act
upon Similar principles to that passed by Maryland might, if
possible be passed by the Assembly of Virginia at this Session;
this would give Speedy beginning to the Work, and an opper-
tunity of embracing the present favorable state of things for
accomplishing the views of the two States.
The Act appears to us, from every consideration we can give
it, to be founded on just and proper principles, and to be calcu-
lated to answer in every respect the purposes for which it is
designed; we conceive it a duty therefore to declare that it
meets our entire approbation.
30 The inclosures are not now found in the Washington Papers. The report of the
proceedings of the Commissioners (inclosure no. i) is printed in Corra Bacon-Foster's
Potomac Route to the West, p. 45.
22 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Jan.
The reasons why this Act has not the Signature of the chief
magistrate are, because he is not present, and because it wants
not this formality to give it validity.
We should do injustice to our feelings were we not to add
that we have been happy in meeting Gentlemen of liberallity
and candour, impressed with the importance of accelerating
the purpose of the Legislature of Virginia of opening a free and
easy intercourse with the Western territory, and for the exten-
sion of inland Navigation; and, that, there has been a perfect
accordance of Sentiment in the Legislature of the State.
Respectfully submitted by Go: Washington and Horatio
Gates.31 [C.L.]
To REVEREND JEREMY BELKNAP
Mount Vernon, January 5, 1785.32
Revd. Sir: A few days ago, under cover from Mr. Hazard of
Philada., I was honored with your favor of the 19th. of July,
and the first volume of your history of New Hampshire. For
both I pray you to accept my thanks: but my acknowledge-
ments are more particularly due for your favourable expres-
sion, in the former, of my past endeavors to support the cause
of liberty. The proof you have given of your approbation of
this, is interesting. I receive it with gratitude, and am with
great respect, Revd. Sir, etc.33
81 Washington signed for Gates.
In 1784, or an approximate date, Washington drew up a tabular statement of "A
List of the United States Loan Office certificates, in possession of, and belonging to
George Washington. Payable in Virginia" and also of those payable in Maryland and
"at the United States Office." This showed holdings amounting, both principal and
interest, to $28,930, which, in specie value, at the depreciation rate, amounted to
$8,002.92. A photostat of this, in the Washington Papers, was kindly furnished by
Alfred C. Chapin, of New York City.
^In the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers, this date is wrongly copied as
1784.
33 Washington forwarded this letter in care of Ebenezer Hazard, to whom he wrote
a brief, explanatory note, Jan. 5, 1785. This note is entered in the "Letter Book" in
the Washington Papers.
1785] HIS SITUATION 23
*To THE SECRETARY AT WAR
Mount Vernon, January 5, 1785.
My dear Sir: About the beginning of last month I wrote you
a pretty long letter, and soon after, received your favor of the
23d. of November. It is not the letters from my friends which
give me trouble, or adds ought to my perplexity. I receive them
with pleasure, and pay as much attention to them as my avoca-
tions will admit.
It is references of old matters with which I have nothing to
do. Applications, which oftentimes cannot be complied with.
Enquiries, which would employ the pen of a historian to satisfy.
Letters of compliment, as unmeaning perhaps as they are trou-
blesome, but which must be attended to. And the common-
place business, which employs my pen and my time; often
disagreeably.
Indeed, these with company, deprive me of exercise, and
unless I can obtain relief, may be productive of disagreeable con-
sequences. I already begin to feel the effect. Heavy, and pain-
ful oppressions of the head, and other disagreeable sensations,
often trouble me. I am determined therefore to employ some
person who shall ease me of the drudgery of this business. At
any rate, if the whole of it is thereby suspended, I am resolved
to use exercise. My private concerns also, require infinitely
more attention than I have given, or can give, under present cir-
cumstances. They can no longer be neglected without involv-
ing my ruin. This, my dear Sir, is a friendly communication;
I give it in testimony of my unreservedness with you, and not
for the purpose of discouraging your letters; for be assured
that, to corrispond with those I love is among my highest grati-
fications, and I perswade myself you will not doubt my sin-
cerity when I assure you, I place you among the foremost of
24 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Jan.
this class. Letters of friendship require no study, the communi-
cations are easy, and allowances are expected, and made. This
is not the case with those which require re-searches, consid-
eration, recollection, and the de — 1 knows what to prevent
error, and to answer the ends for which they are written.
In my last I informed you that I was endeavouring to stimulate
my Countrymen to the extension of the inland Navigation of
our rivers; and to the opening of the best and easiest communi-
cation for Land transportation between them and the western
waters. I am just returned from Annapolis to which place I was
requested to go by our Assembly (with my bosom friend Genl.
G — tes, who being at Richmond contrived to edge himself into
the Commission) for the purpose of arranging matters, and
forming a Law which should be similar in both States, so far
as it respected the river Potomack, which seperates them. I
met the most perfect accordance in that legislature; and the
matter is now reported to ours, for its concurrence. The two
Assemblies (not being in Circumstances to undertake this busi-
ness wholly at the public expence) propose to incorporate such
private Adventurers as shall associate for the purpose of ex-
tending the navigation of the River from the tide water as far
up as it will admit Craft of ten Tons burthen, and to allow
them a perpetual toll and other emoluments to induce them to
subscribe freely to a Work of such magnitude; whilst they
have agreed (or, I should rather say, probably will agree, as the
matter is not yet concluded in the Virginia Assembly) to open,
at the public expence, the communication with the Western
territory. To do this will be a great political work. May be
immensely extensive in a commercial point, and beyond all
question, will be exceedingly beneficial for those who advance
the money for the purpose of extending the Navigation of the
river, as the tolls arising therefrom are to be held in perpetuity,
and will encrease every year.
1785] LIMESTONE 25
Rents have got to such an amazing height in Alexandria, that
(having an unimproved lot or two there) I have thoughts, if
my finances will support me in the measure, of building a
House, or Houses thereon for the purpose of letting.
In humble imitation of the wise man, I have set me down to
count the cost; and among other heavy articles of expenditure,
I find lime is not the smallest.
Stone lime with us, owing to the length of (Land) transpor-
tation comes very high at that place. Shell lime, from its weak-
ness, and the consequent quantity used, is far from being low.
These considerations added to a report that this article may be
had from your State by way of Ballast, upon terms much easier
than either can be bought here, inclines me without making an
apology, to give you the trouble of enquiring from those who
might be disposed to enter into a contract therefor, and can
ascertain the fact with precision,
ist. At what price by the Bushel, a quantity of slaked stone
lime could be delivered at one of the Wharves at Alexandria
(freight and every incidental charge included), or to a Lighter
opposite to my own House.
2d. At what price burnt lime stone, but unslaked (if it be safe
to bring such) could be delivered as above.
3d. At what price unburnt lime stone, could be delivered at
the latter place.
In the last case, it might I should suppose, come as Ballast
very low. In the Second, it might also come as Ballast, and (tho'
higher than the former, yet) comparatively, cheap, if the dan-
ger of waters getting to it, and its slaking and heating in the
Hold, would not be too great. In the first case, there would
be no certainty of its goodness, because lime from the late
judicious experiments of a Mr. Higgens, should be used as
soon as it is slaked; and would be still better, if it was so, imme-
diately after burning; as Air as well as water, according to his
26 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Jan.
observations, weakens and injures it. Your information upon
these points from those who might incline to Contract, and on
whom dependance could be placed, would much oblige me;
and the sooner I get it the better, as my determination is
suspended.
Our amiable young friend the Marquis de la Fayette could
not be otherwise than well pleased with his reception in Amer-
ica. Every testimony of respect, affection and gratitude has
been shewn him, wherever he went; if his heart therefore
has not been impressed with these expressions (which I am far
from supposing) the political consequence which he will de-
rive from them must bear them in his remembrance, and point
to the advantages wch. must flow.
You informed me that Mrs. Knox had got another, but left
me to guess, boy or girl. On the birth of either Mrs. Washing-
ton and I sincerely congratulate you both; and offer our best
wishes for you all hoping the good health which Mrs. Knox
and the Children enjoyed at the time your letter was written,
may be of long continuance. The report of my coming to
Boston was without foundation; I do not, at this time, know
when, or whether ever, I may have it in my power to do this,
altho' to see my compatriots in War, would be great gratifica-
tion to my mind. With every sentiment of esteem etc.
[MS.H.S.]
To SAMUEL CHASE
Mount Vernon, January 5, 1785.
Dear Sir: Receive my thanks for your favor of 31st. ulto., and
for the copies therewith enclosed: they will answer my pur-
poses equally with the fairest that could be made.
When I found your Express at Mount Pleasant, and was un-
able to procure another in Marlbro', I commenced one myself,
1785] MARYLAND PUBLIC SCHOOLS 27
got home before dinner, and dispatched one of my servants
to Hooes ferry immediately. He placed the packet into the
hands of the Express there waiting, before nine o'clock next
morning: on Friday with ease the business might have been
laid before the Assembly of this State, yet sitting I believe.
When I hear from thence, I will with pleasure communicate
the result.
The attention which your assembly is giving to the estab-
lishment of public schools, for the encouragement of literature,
does them great honor: to accomplish this, ought to be one
of our first endeavours; I know of no object more interesting.
We want something to expand the mind, and make us think
with more liberallity, and act with sounder policy, than most of
the States do. We should consider that we are not now in lead-
ing strings. It behooves us therefore to look well to our ways.
My best wishes attend the Ladies of your family. I am, etc.34
*To GEORGE AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON
Mount Vernon, January 6, 1785.
Dear George: As Soon as I got your letter announcing your
intention of spending the Winter at Charleston I wrote you by
Post, under cover to Colo. Willm. Washington, and sometime
after by Mr. Laurens, by whom also I forwarded the articles of
clothing you desired might be sent to you; there can be little
doubt (as the Post now goes regularly) of both getting to hand.
I need not therefore repeat any part of the contents of those
Letters. I had the pleasure to hear yesterday from Colo. Parker
of Norfolk, that you had left the Island of Bermuda with en-
creased health. I flatter myself the mildness of a Southern
Winter will perfectly restore you in addition to this, a trip in
MFrom the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
28 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Jan.
the Packet to Philadelphia when you determine to return to
Virginia, may be of Service; this, at a proper Season wd. be I
conceive the easiest, cheapest, and best method of getting back
as the Stage from Philadelphia comes to Alexandria twice a
week regularly. You would by this means avoid the dreary
roads, and bad accomodation, which is to be encountered I
am told, all through North Carolina.
Since my last Colo. Bassett has been here and brought up
Fanny, who is now with us. She has been unwell all the Fall,
as most others in this Country have been; she is not yet re-
covered, but the change of Air and exercise will soon give her
health.
We have nothing new in this Quarter, our Assembly has
been sitting since the middle, or last of October; but we have
little information of what they have done. A plan is now on
foot for improving and extending the Navigation of this River
by private Subscription and opening a good road between it
and the nearest Western Waters. I hope it will succeed; as the
Assemblies of this State and Maryld. seem disposed to give it
their Countenance.
If it is not too late in the Season to obtain them, I wish you
would procure for me in So. Carolina a few of the Acorns of
the live Oak, and the Seeds of the Evergreen Magnolia; this
latter is called in Millers Gardeners dictionary greater Mag-
nolia, it rises according to his Acct. to the height of Eighty
feet or more, flowers early, and is a beautiful tree; there is an-
other Species of the Magnolia of which I wish to get the Seeds,
it is called the Umbrella tree; but unless these Seeds grow in
cones and the Cones are now on the Trees there is no chance
of obtaining them at this Season; in which case prevail on Colo.
Washington, or some acquaintance on whom you can depend,
to supply me next Seed time.
1785] SEEDS AND TREES 29
The Acorns and Seeds of every kind should be put in dry
Sand as soon as they are gathered : and the box which contains
them might (if no oppertunity offers to Alexandria) be sent
either to Mr. Newton of Norfolk or to Colo. Biddle of Phila-
delphia, with a request to forward it safely and by the first
oppertunity.
If there are any other trees (not natives with us) which,
would be ornamental in a grove or forest and would stand our
climate, I should be glad to procure the Seeds of them in the
way above mentioned. All here unite in best wishes for you;
and Mrs. Washington joins me in compliments to Colo. Wash-
ington and Lady, and other friends of our Acquainte.
With great esteem etc.
PS. Your Father and family were well some little time ago,
and I have heard nothing to the contrary Since.35
To CHARLES CARROLL, OF CARROLLTON
January 10, 1785.
Sir: Immediately after my return from Annapolis, I wrote
to some Gentlemen of my acquaintance in the Assembly of
this State, suggesting the expediency of a conference between
Delegates of their Body and yours, on the extension of the in-
land navigation of the river Potomac, and its communication
with the Western waters. When I receive an answer, I will
communicate the contents of it to you. I am, etc.
P. S. Are you likely Sir, to ascertain soon, to whom I am to
pay the balance which is due for the land I bought of the
deceas'd Mr. Clifton s6 under the decree of our high Court of
Chancery?37
35 From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong,
of Princeton, N. J.
30 William Clifton.
37 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
30 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Jan.
ToJOHNFILSON
Mount Vernon, January 15, 1785.
Sir: I have been favored with two letters from you:38 that
which was first written came last to hand, and neither of them
long since. Your history and map of Kentucke I have not yet
seen. For the honor you have done me in the dedication of
them, you will please to accept my acknowledgments; and for
the favourable sentiments you have been so polite as to express
for me in both your letters, you have my thanks.
It has long been my wish to see an extensive and accurate
map of the Western Territory set on foot, and amply encour-
aged: but I would have this work founded upon actual surveys
and careful observations, any thing short of these is, in my
opinion, not only defective and of little use, but serve as often
to mislead as to direct the examiner. My sentiments upon this
subject are well known to many members of Congress, and
to the Legislature of the State in which I have the honor to live :
but what steps will be taken by both, or either, to accomplish
this useful undertaking, is not for me to say.
Altho' I possess a pretty general knowledge of the Ohio and
its waters between Fort Pitt and the Gt. Kanhawa, and have
some parts of that Country laid down from actual surveys; yet
they are not so connected, nor founded with such precision as
to incline me to suffer my name to be given as the author of
them, or any information in a map or topographical descrip-
tion of the Country, that would not stand the test of future
examination.
That the river Potomac communicates by short portages
(which may be improved to great advantage) with the Yoho-
38 Of Nov. 30, 1784, and Dec. 4, 1784, both of which are in the Washington Papers.
1785] POTOMAC SUBSCRIPTIONS 31
ghaney and Cheat rivers, (branches of the Monongahela) for
the countries East and West of the Apalachian mountains, as
James river also does with the waters of the Great Kanhawa,
none can deny: and that these will be the channels thro' which
the trade of the Western Country will principally come, I have
no more doubt of myself, than the States of Virga. and Mary-
land had, when within these few days, they passed Laws for
the purpose of extending and improving the navigation of
those rivers, and opening roads of communication between
them and the western waters.
Whenever business or inclination may bring you to this part
of the Country, it would give me pleasure to see you. I am, etc.39
To THOMAS JOHNSON
Mount Vernon, January 17, 1785.
Dear Sir: Yesterday, and not before, I received authentic in-
formation, that the Assembly of this State had passed a similar
Act and resolutions with those of your Legislature, and have
fixed upon the 8th. of Feby. to open Books for the purpose of
receiving subscriptions in the City of Richmond and Towns
of Alexandria and Winchester: which Books are to be kept
open until the 10th. day of May following. They have granted
equal sums towards the navigation and roads, with your As-
sembly. I have pleasure in giving you this information, noth-
ing remains now but to act with dispatch and vigor.
I presume official notice of the passing of this act, and attend-
ant resolutions, will be made by the Executive of this State to
your Governor, but lest thro' the hurry of business it may be
delayed, I will take care that he shall have advice of it, as soon
as copies can be taken; that if promulgation is necessary, and
89 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
32 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Jan.
he thinks proper to act upon private information, it may not
be wanted.
Our Assembly have passed a similar Law for the purpose of
opening and improving the navigation of James river and a
communication between it, and the nearest Western waters.
With great esteem and regard, I have the honor, etc.40
To SAMUEL CHASE
Mount Vernon, January 17, 1785.
Dear Sir : The irregularity of the post, occasioned by the frost,
prevented my hearing with certainty what the Assembly of this
State had done with the Potomac Bill, until yesterday. I have
now the pleasure to inform you that they have adopted the one
which passed your Legislature, and come to similar resolu-
tions respecting the road of communication with the river
Cheat, and the application to the State of Pennsylvania for
another to Yohioghaney. They have also passed a similar act
for improving and extending the navigation of James river.
As you expressed a desire to know what the Assembly of this
State had done, or were about to do respecting an establishment
for the teachers of religion, I do myself the honor to enclose you
a copy of their proceedings in that matter; and am, etc.40
To JOHN FITZGERALD AND
WILLIAM HARTSHORNE
Mount Vernon, January 18, 1785.
Gentln. At my return from Alexandria yesterday afternoon,
I found the letters and papers herewith enclosed.41 I sent the
whole, as well private as public, the former for your satisfac-
tion, the latter for you to act upon.
40 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Taper s.
"The papers sent with this letter are listed in the "Letter Book" in the Washington
Tapers.
1785] POTOMAC NAVIGATION 33
As these, with the Maryland act and resolutions which I left
in the hands of Mr. Lee42 for the purpose of communicating
them to the Gentn. in town (well wishers to the inland naviga-
tion of the river &c.) contain all the information on the subject,
I could give, I beg leave to refer you to them.
All the papers, except the Virginia Act, which are necessary
for Mr. Richards43 to strike printed copies from, I should be
glad to have returned to me in the course of two or three days,
as I shall have letters to write, and other matters to do, in con-
sequence thereof. It should be intimated to the printer that
the Bill is an original paper, and spared indulgently from the
Clerks office: great care therefore should be taken that no
scratches or blots are suffered to be made thereon. The number
of copies to be struck will depend upon you Gentleman, the
time for promulgation, and obtaining subscriptions is short,
the former therefore should be as extensive and diffusive as the
nature of the case will admit. With what materials the Man-
agers at the City of Richmond and town of Winchester are to
commence their operations, does not seem very clear; it rests
with you therefore I conceive, to put things in motion, at least
by opening a correspondence with the Gentlemen at these
places, fixing a plan. It appears to me also, that a notification
of the passing of this act and consequent resolutions should go
immediately to the Executive of Maryland, from some quarter;
otherwise that State may take umbrage, and think advantage
on the score of subscriptions, is meant to be taken of her Citi-
zens. From our Governor, such intimation ought, in my opin-
ion, to be given; but it does not appear by anything before us,
that it either has been, or is intended to be done. Therefore as
^Charles Lee. He acted as clerk of the Alexandria meeting at which the Potomac
Company was organized.
George Richard. He was publisher of The Virginia Journal and Alexandria Ad-
vertiser, Alexandria, Va.
34 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Jan.
the Acts and resolutions of both Assemblies are now with you,
if you will cause a comparative view to be taken of them, and
note the alterations, that I may write with exactitude, I will
communicate the matter to Govr. Paca, lest there should be
neglect or delay on the part of our Executive, or if you will do
it, it may answer the same purpose.
How far Mr. Maddison might have intended the paper No.
344 for the public eye, I know not ; I would have no copies there-
fore taken of it, as communication of its contents might come
better from those who are to act under it. I have the honor, etc.
P. S. If a printed Copy of the Virginia Act could be soon
obtained, I would enclose one of them to the Governor of
Maryland, and a copy of the corrispondent resolutions of this
State to that of Maryland; which would be the fullest and best
information he cou'd receive unofficially.45
To BENJAMIN HARRISON46
Mount Vernon, January 22, 1785.
My dear Sir: It is not easy for me to decide by which my
mind was most affected upon the receipt of your letter of the
6th. inst., surprise or gratitude: both were greater than I have
words to express. The attention and good wishes which the
Assembly have evidenced by their act for vesting in me 150
shares in the navigation of each of the rivers Potomac and
James, are more than mere compliment; there is an unequivo-
cal and substantial meaning annexed. But believe me sir, not-
withstanding these, no circumstance has happened to me since
I left the walks of public life, which has so much embarrassed
me. On the one hand, I consider this act, as I have already
44 A paper by Madison " Respecting the Jurisdiction &c of Potomac."
45 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
48 Speaker of the House of Delegates, Virginia.
1785] GIFT OF STOCK 35
observed, as a noble and unequivocal proof of the good opinion,
the affection, and disposition of my Country to serve me; and
I should be hurt, if by declining the acceptance of it, my refusal
should be construed into disrespect, or the smallest slight upon
the generous intention of the country : or, that an ostentatious
display of disinterestedness or public virtue, was the source of
the refusal. On the other hand, it is really my wish to have my
mind, and my actions which are the result of contemplation,
as free and independent as the air, that I may be more at lib-
erty (in things which my opportunities and experience have
brought me to the knowledge of) to express my sentiments,
and if necessary, to suggest what may occur to me, under the
fullest conviction, that altho' my judgment may be arraigned,
there will be no suspicion that sinister motives had the smallest
influence in the suggestion. Not content then with the bare
consciousness of my having, in all this navigation business,
acted upon the clearest conviction of the political importance
of the measure; I would wish that every individual who may
hear that it was a favorite plan of mine, may know also that I
had no other motive for promoting it, than the advantage I con-
ceived it would be productive of to the Union, and to this State
in particular, by cementing the Eastern and Western Territory
together, at the same time that it will give vigor and encrease
to our commerce, and be a convenience to our Citizens.
How would this matter be viewed then by the eye of the
world; and what would be the opinion of it, when it comes to
be related that G W n exerted himself to effect this work,
and G. W has received 20,000 Dollars, and ^5,000 Sterling
of the public money as an interest therein ? Would not this in
the estimation of it (if I am entitled to any merit for the part
I have acted; and without it there is no foundation for the
act) deprive me of the principal thing which is laudable in my
36 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Jan.
conduct ? Would it not, in some respects, be considered in the
same light as a pension ? And would not the apprehension of
this make me more reluctantly offer my sentiments in future ?
In a word, under what ever pretence, and however customary
these gratuitous gifts are made in other Countries, should I not
thence forward be considered as a dependant ? One moments
thought of which would give me more pain, than I should re-
ceive pleasure from the product of all the tolls, was every farth-
ing of them vested in me : altho' I consider it as one of the most
certain and increasing Estates in the Country.
I have written to you with an openness becoming our friend-
ship. I could have said more on the subject; but I have already
said enough to let you into the State of my mind. I wish to
know whether the ideas I entertain occurred to, and were ex-
pressed by any member in or out of the House. Upon the
whole, you may be assured my Dr. Sir, that my mind is not a
little agitated. I want the best information and advice to settle
it. I have no inclination (as I have already observed) to avail
myself of the generosity of the Country: nor do I want to ap-
pear ostentatiously disinterested (for more than probable my
refusal would be ascribed to this motive) or that the Country
should harbour an idea that I am disposed to set little value
on her favours, the manner of granting which is as flattering,
as the grant is important. My present difficulties however shall
be no impediment to the progress of the undertaking. I will
receive the full and frank opinions of my friends with thank-
fulness. I shall have time enough between the sitting of the
next Assembly to consider the tendency of the act, and in this,
as in all other matters, will endeavor to decide for the best.
My respectful compliments and best wishes, in which Mrs.
Washington and Fanny Bassett (who is much recovered) join,
are offered to Mrs. Harrison and the rest of your family. It
1785] POTOMAC NAVIGATION 37
would give us great pleasure to hear that Mrs. Harrison had
her health restored to her. With every sentiment of esteem, re-
gard and friendship. I am, etc.47
To WILLIAM GRAYSON
Mount Vernon, January 22, 1785.
Dear Sir : Your letter, with the Books, Potomac bill and other
papers, did not reach this until past eleven o'clock on Monday
forenoon; at which hour having set off for Alexandria, I did
not receive the dispatches until my return in the evening. The
next morning I forwarded the Bill to Messrs. Fitzgerald, Harts-
horn to act upon, and to get a number of copies struck for pro-
mulgation, and the benefit of those who might wish to become
subscribers. For the trouble you have had with the Books and
for your care of the letters and papers which accompanied
them, you will please to accept my thanks.
It would have given me much satisfaction if, instead of pur-
suing the rout thro' Frederick, you had resolved to have taken
this road to the seat of Congress: besides the pleasure of seeing
you, I wished to have had some conversation with you on the
subject of the late generosity of the Assembly towards me; for I
will freely confess to you my dear sir, that no circumstance
has happened to me since I quited the walks of public life that
has given me more embarrassment, than the act vesting me with
150 shares in the tolls of each of the rivers Potomac and James.
On the one hand I consider this instance of the regard and at-
tention of my native State as more than a mere compliment:
this evidence of her good opinion and wishes to serve me is un-
equivocal and substantial, it has impressed me with sentiments
47 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
38 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Jan.
of the deepest gratitude, and I should be hurt, if I could think
that my non-acceptance . . .48
Did you not my good Sir tell me when I had the pleasure of
spending an evening with you at Dumfries, that you either had
or could procure me some Scions of the Aspin tree ? Are there
any young shoots which could he had of the Yew tree, or Hem-
lock (for I do not now recollect which of these it is) that grows
on the Margin of Quantico Creek ? Plantations of this kind are
now become my amusement and I should be glad to know
where I could obtain a supply of such sorts of trees as would
diversify the scene. With great esteem and regard, I am, etc.49
*To BUSHROD WASHINGTON
Mount Vernon, January 22, 1785.
Dear Bushrod: The enclosed letter was brought here some
days ago. I desire you will present Mr. Ryan's note to him for
payment; which, if not immediately made, or such assurances
as you can rely on, that he will make in a very short time, return
it to me or Mr. Rumsey,50 if he is in Richmond, as I do not
incline to transfer the debt from him to Ryan. It was not my
intention to receive an order upon any one, for the Sum con-
tained in the Note. It was sent about the time it became due to
Mr. Henderson51 (one of the Members for this Country) to
receive for me, who not having an oppertunity of presenting it
(on Acct. of Mr. Ryans indisposition at Petersburgh) returned
it to me a few days since.
As you are now at the fountain head of information, I should
be glad if you would examine into, and send me a Copy of
48 The omitted portion is practically the same as Washington's letter to Benjamin
Harrison, the same date as this letter (Jan. 22, 1785), q. v.
49 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
m James Rumsey.
"Richard Henderson.
1785] PLASTER OF PARIS 39
some Ordainance which must have passed (according to Colo.
Crawfords letter to me) at the Session next preceeding the 20th.
of Septr. 1776. (which is the date of that letter).
There are some other little matters which I wanted you to do
for me in Richmond, but they have escaped my recollection at
this moment; when they occur again, I will write, the Ordi-
nance above, may be necessary in the prosecution of my Eject-
ments over the Mountains, as Colo. Crawford in his letter to
me says, It passed with an eye to such cases as mine, upon his
representation.
All here join in best wishes for you, and I am etc.52
To MATTHEW CAMPBELL
January 22, 1785.
Sir : Understanding that Mr. Wilson of Alexandria was em-
power'd to sell the plaister of Paris which you had just sent to
that place, I informed him by Mr. L. W 53 of the mistake
under which a vessel load of it had been landed at my wharf,
but that, as it was there, I was willing to pay for it at the same
rate as that which was in Alexandria should sell. To this, some
considerable time after (if my memory serves) he answered,
that the matter must be settled with you.
It now remains for me sir, to bring you acquainted with the
exact state of this matter, and on which you may depend. On
my return from Richmond in Novr. last, Mr. Graham54 in-
formed me that you had received (I think he said) about 50 tons
of this stone, and asked if I wanted any of it. I answered that
I might take a little of it, at any rate, merely for experiment
as a manure; but that taking a large quantity, would depend
62 From a photostat of the originally kindly furnished by William Smith Mason, of
Evanston, 111.
83 Lund Washington.
MRobert(?) Graham, of Fairfax, Va.
40 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Jan.
altogether upon the price of it, of which he was to know the
lowest, and give me an account. Under this idea, and wait-
ing for this information, I left no direction concerning this
matter when I accompanied the Marquis de la Fayette to An-
napolis, during my absence there, the plaister arrived: those
about me not knowing what to do in the matter, and suppos-
ing, I presume, that I had ordered it, suffered it to be landed:
which I most assuredly would not have done; had I been at
home, at any thing like the price mentioned in Mr. Grahams
letter.
The plaister is yet on my wharf in the order it was first
landed, except that I had the powdered part of it, the virtue of
which (if it ever possessed any as a manure) I presume must
have been nearly exhausted, put into casks. I am yet willing
to take it at whatever price that which is in Alexandria shall
sell; or at any reasonable price to be agreed upon between our-
selves, or by others on our behalf. More I think under the cir-
cumstances I have related, no person will think I ought to pay.
Twelve Dollars per ton, I never can consent to give; nor do I
think you would desire it, when I inform you that before the
war, I got all I wanted from Fitzhughs55 in Maryland for dig-
ging out of the Bank; and that it never was, nor can be con-
sidered as of much more value than lime-stone, being of the
nature of it. lam, etc.56
To THOMAS CLARKE57
Mount Vernon, January 25, 1785.
Sir: In your name and behalf Mr. Laurens,5S as he passed
thro' this State last month on his way from the seat of Congress
55 William Fitzhugh.
MFrom the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
67 Of London.
68 Henry Laurens.
1785] CHRISTIANIZING INDIANS 41
to Charleston presented me a very handsome gold headed
Cane; and accompanied it with such favorable sentiments of
your good wishes towards the American revolution, and the
flattering opinion you entertained of me, as to induce me, con-
trary to my usual custom, to accept of it. With this acknowl-
edgment thereof, I beg you to receive my thanks for so evincive
a mark of your esteem and approbation, and the assurances of
my being, Sir, Yrs. etc.59
To SIR JAMES JAY
Mount Vernon, January 25, 1785.
Sir: By means of the frost, and the consequent interruption
of the Post, your favor of the 20th. of December did not come
to my hands until the 17th. instant. It is to be regretted that
Lady Huntingtons communications were not earlier made to
the several Legislatures to whom they were addressed; for if
the circumstances of any will allow them to be adopted, it will
be found that a year will have been lost by the delay. In some
States, they must have reached the Executive after the Assem-
blies were up; in others, would get there towards the close of
them, when fresh matters are rarely attended to, and some
Sessions (as in this State) holden but once a year.
I am clearly in sentiment with her Ladyship, that Christianity
will never make any progress among the Indians, or work any
considerable reformation in their principles, until they are
brought to a state of greater civilization; and the mode by
which she means to attempt this, as far as I have been able to
give it consideration, is as likely to succeed as any other that
could have been devised, and may in time effect the great and
benevolent object of her Ladyships wishes : but that love of ease,
69 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
42 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Jan.
impatience under any sort of controul, and disinclination to
every kind of pursuit but those of hunting and war, would
discourage any person possessed of less piety, zeal and philan-
throphy than are characteristick of Lady Huntington.
Of all the States to which her Ladyships addresses are gone,
New York I believe is the only one that now possesses unlo-
cated lands in such quantities, and so contiguous to any Indian
settlement, as to subserve her Ladyships plan of emigration;
and whether that State can accommodate them to her and their
satisfaction, you can determine with more precision than I.
No part of the Western Territory of Pennsylvania is very con-
tiguous to the habitations of the Indians, and if I mistake not,
is besides otherwise appropriated. Virginia is not more con-
venient to them than Pennsylvania, and in her cession to the
United States she was obliged to reserve Lands No. West of
the Ohio to fulfil her own engagements to the military of the
State: nothing then, in my opinion can be expected from her.
And North Carolina having also made a similar cession is I
believe, equally incapacitated to grant any great quantity of
land in a body, or much in parcels. It is my opinion therefore,
that Lady Huntington's proposals would come more properly
before the United States, than any one, or more of them indi-
vidually; and it is my sentiment clearly, that besides the pious
and humane purposes which are in view, and of which we
should never lose sight, motives of a political nature, should
have considerable influence, because such a migration as her
ladyship proposes must be an acquisition to any Country. There
are but two reasons which my imagination suggests that can be
opposed to it : the first is, the pressing Debts of the United States
which may call for all the revenue which can be drawn from
the most advantageous sale of their lands, and the discontents
which might flow from discrimination; if peculiar exemptions
1785] LADY HUNTINGDON'S PLAN 43
in the original purchase, or indulgencies thereafter, are ex-
pected in favor of the class of Settlers proposed by the plan.
And secondly, (which may have more weight) the prejudices
of Monarchical people when they are unmixed with republi-
cans, against those who have separated from them, and against
their forms of Government; and this too in the vicinity of a
British one, viz: Canada. Whether these are to be placed in
competition with the charitable design of the plan, considered
in a religeous point of view; or the great good which may result
from the civilization of numerous tribes of Savages when meas-
ured on the political scale, becomes the wisdom of the honor-
able body to weigh with attention.
If they should decide in favor of the measure, valuable Lands
with respect to fertility of soil, salubrity of climate and other
natural advantages might, in one body, and in any quantity
may be reserved for the purposes of such emigration, until the
result of her Ladyship, endeavors to obtain them, could be
known; and this too either in the vicinity of the Indian towns,
or at such convenient distance from them as might be most
agreeable to the emigrants, there being no settlements or ap-
propriations (except the reservation in favor of the Virginia
line of the Army) to my knowledge in all the Country No.
West of the Ohio, that could interfere therewith.
As I am well acquainted with the President of Congress, I
will in the course of a few days write him a private letter on this
subject giving the substance of Lady Huntington's plan60 and
asking his opinion of the encouragement it might expect to
receive from Congress if it should be brought before that
honorable body. Were you to do the same with your brother
Mr. John Jay now in Congress, and than whom none can judge
better of the propriety of the measure, or give greater support
80 Under date of Feb. 8, 1785, in the Washington Papers.
44 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Jan.
to it if it should ultimately come before that supreme Council
of the nation, it might lay the foundation which might be serv-
iceable hereafter.
Without reverberating the arguments in support of the hu-
mane and benevolent intention of Lady Huntington to chris-
tianize and reduce to a state of civilization the Savage tribes
within the limits of the American States, or discanting upon the
advantages which the Union may derive from the Emigration
which is blended with, and becomes part of the plan, I highly
approve of them, and having, tho' concisely, touched upon the
material parts of your letter, it only remains for me to express
my good wishes for the success of such a measure, and to assure
you that wherein I can be instrumental to its execution, my best
endeavours may be commanded. I have the honor, etc.81
*To MRS. PATIENCE WRIGHT
Mount Vernon, January 30, 1785.
Madam : By what means it came to pass, I shall not undertake
to devise; but the fact is, that your letter of the 8th. of December
1783, never got to my hands until the 12th. of the same Month
in the year following. This will account for my not having
acknowledged the receipt of it sooner; and for not thanking
you as I now do, before, for the many flattering expressions con-
tained in it.
If the Bust which your Son has modelled of me, should reach
your hands, and afford your celebrated Genii any employment,
that can amuse Mrs. Wright, it must be an honor done me. and
if your inclination to return to this Country should overcome
61 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On January 27 Washington wrote a brief note to Gov. William Moultrie, introduc-
ing Count Castiglioni, an Italian nobleman. This letter is in the Long Island Histori-
cal Society.
1785] A PORTRAIT BUST 45
other considerations, you will, no doubt, meet a welcome re-
ception from your Numerous friends: among whom, I should
be proud to see a person so universally celebrated; and on
whom, Nature has bestowed such rare and uncommon gifts.
I am, etc.62
To JOSEPH WRIGHT
Mount Vernon, January 30, 1785.
Sir: It has so happened that your Card of Septr. 1st, with the
Bust which accompanied it, did not get to my hands until
sometime in the course of last month : and that a letter from
your good mother dated Deer. 8th. 1783, only reached me the
12th. of last December.
For the first you will please receive the united acknowledge-
ments and thanks of Mrs. Washington and myself. The large
one she prays may give you no uneasiness or hurry; your con-
venience in the execution will be most agreeable to her wishes.
In answer to the second, I give you the trouble of forwarding
the enclosed letter when you may have occasion to write to
England, our best wishes attend you; and I am, etc.63
*ToiENEASLAMONT
Mount Vernon, January 31, 1785.
Sir: The interruption of the Post by the frost, withheld your
letter of the 31st. Ulto. from me until within a few days.
The liberty you have taken in dedicating your Poetical
Works to me, does me honor. The conditions upon which you
offer them to the Public are generous, evincive of their purity,
82 From a photostat of the original in the British Museum, Additional Manuscript
12099.
03 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
46 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Jan.
and conscious worth. I shall with pleasure therefore take a few
copies of the bound and lettered Books, when they are ready
for delivery.
It behoves me to correct a mistake in your printed address,
"To the patrons of the fine Arts" I am no Marshall of France,64
nor do I hold any Commission, or fill any Office under that
Government, or any other whatever. I am etc. [h.s.p.]
ToELIASBOUDINOT
Mount Vernon, January 31, 1785.
My Dr. Sir : Under a full persuasion that my letter of Novr.,
to you, had miscarried, I wrote to you again by the last post,
and recited the contents of it. After having done this, I was
honored with your favor of the 14th. of last month.
At the same time that I thank you for your attention to my
request respecting the Orchard grass seed; I have to lament
that it should be the means of taking from you what you had
provided for your own use; and to pray, if it is not now too late,
that you would not forward it to Colo. Biddle, or at most, not
more than part of it. I can only repeat the assurances of my
last, in which Mrs. Washington (who does not enjoy very
good health) joins, of the good wishes and sincere esteem and
regard with which, I am, etc.65
To GOVERNOR WILLIAM PACA
Mount Vernon, January 31, 1785.
Sir: Altho' I have no doubt, but that your Excellency has
been, or will be informed of the Act of the Virginia Assembly
wLamont's preface is probably partially responsible for the existence of the misstate-
ment that Washington was a marshal of France.
60 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] A CERTIFICATE 47
respecting the Potomac navigation, from the Governor of the
State; yet, as the Act could not be printed at Richmond for the
benefit of the Managers in time, and was brought to Alexan-
dria for that purpose. And as a pressure of other public matters
may possibly have delayed the Official communication. I do
myself the honor of enclosing one of the copies which was
struck at the above place, and which only came to my hands
to be forwarded by this post. If it should be the first that you
receive, you will have it in your power to make such use of it
as you shall think proper : if it should follow the Official one, I
have but to pray that it may be considered as an evidence of my
good wishes to the undertaking, and not as an officious interfer-
ence in the business of the Executive. I have the honor, etc.66
ToUDNYHAY
Mount Vernon, January 31, 1785.
Sir: The interruption of the Post, by the frost, will occasion
a delay of this answer, which otherwise would have been
avoided.
Not being able to decypher the name of the Merchant in
London, to whose care you desired my letter to your brother
might be addressed, I send the enclosed certificate67 for him,
under cover to you.
I thank you for your kind and friendly wishes, and with
Mrs. Washington's compliments to Mrs. Hay and yourself,
and a return of friendly sentiments, I am, etc.68
66 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
67A copy of this certificate, dated Feb. 1, 1785, is in the "Letter Book" in the Wash-
ington Papers, to the effect that " Neither directly, nor indirectly to my knowledge or
belief, did I ever obtain the least information of the state of the British forces, or other
concerns of theirs in Canada, from Mr. Charles Hay, a subject of Great Britain under
that Government."
68 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
48 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
To ROBERT MORRIS
Mount Vernon, February i, 1785.
Dear Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the first of
last month, by Doctr. Gilpin and Mr. Scott.69 Mr. Colby, they
informed me remained indisposed at Baltimore. It will always
give me pleasure to see any Gentleman of your introduction.
No apology therefore need ever accompany it.
Having begun a letter to you, I will take the liberty of sug-
gesting a matter for your consideration; which, if it strikes you,
in the important light it does me, and it is likely to be realized,
you may profit by: if it does not, I hope at the same time
that you may arraign my foresight, or charge me with being
too sanguine, you will do justice to my motives: these, let me
assure you, are friendly and pure.
No doubt, before this letter can have reached you, you will
have heard, that the States of Virginia and Maryland have
enacted laws for the purposes of opening and extending the
navigations of the rivers Potomac and James, as far as is prac-
ticable; and communicating them by good roads with the
nearest navigable waters (for inland craft) to the Westward;
the first, to be undertaken by corporate companies with public
aids: the other at public expence.
The tolls which are granted to encourage the first of these,
are in my judgment, fully adequate to the purpose, as a candid
man, I think them too high, considering the harvest which the
public is preparing for the adventures in that undertaking, by
opening a communication between the Atlantic and Western
Territory: but the importance of the object, considered either
in a commercial or political point of view is so great, the com-
68 From the West Indies.
1785]
POTOMAC SUBSCRIPTIONS 49
bination of favourable circumstances at this epocha so many,
and the abilities of the two States under their present pressure
of debts, so incompetent to a work of this sort (even if it had
been judged the best mode), that to commence it without delay
it was thought best to offer a productive field to those who are
disposed to labour therein. And if I live to see the issue, I will,
if it does not prove so, acknowledge myself more mistaken than
I ever was before, in any speculative point.
I do not advance this doctrine my good sir, with a view to
stimulate you to become a subscriber. If I was disposed to do
this at the hazard of deception, I see not the occasion for it in
the case before us; for it is more the expectation at present, that
a redundency than a deficiency, will take place upon the open-
ing of subscriptions for this river : And because your own judg-
ment and convenience can best determine to what amount, or
whether to subscribe anything towards the execution of this
plan. There are some things however, of which some men have
better opportunities to form opinions than others; and of the
intercourse which this work is likely to open between the tide
water of this river and the greatest extent of back Country
within the United States. I have as good means to judge from
as most men, and every proof that nature, and reflection upon
its bountious gifts can adduce, to convince me that there is no
field for commerce equal to it, if extent of Country, population,
and produce with the conveniences of transportation, are essen-
tial to the encouragement and support of it. But these want to
be embraced. This however, will not much longer be the case,
a Mercantile eye is penetrating, and the first capital House, that
is established may form connexions, and lay a sure foundation
of trade to the greatest possible extent from the upper sea
ports of this river.
50 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Jan.
No man who has any knowledge of the river Potomac, har-
bours a doubt of the practicability of its navigation from the
great Falls to Fort Cumberland, (about 200 miles) and for 40
miles higher; and it is but very few only who have any doubt
of the practicability of opening it from the great Falls, (in-
clusive) to tide water, which is under 9 miles. The acts I have
spoken of are to encourage and authorise these; and, as I have
observed before, sufficient priviledges and immunities are
granted for the purpose.
From Fort Cumberland, a good road may be had to the
Turkey foot, or three branches of the Yohoghaney, which will
not I am told, exceed thirty miles. From thence the navigation
to Fort Pitt, about 75 miles further, altho' there is one fall in the
way, can be made good at a very moderate expence. By going
up the No. branch of Potomac bout 40 miles above Fort Cum-
berland, a portage may be had with the Cheat river, which will
not exceed 20 miles of good road, from hence to the Mononga-
hela by land or water may be about 25 miles more. We are then,
as in the case of the Yohoy. communication, open to the dif-
fusive navigation (more extensive perhaps than is to be met
with in any Country upon Earth) in its natural state, of the
whole western Territory. And if I am not misinformed with
respect to the carrying places between Cayahoga (a water of
Lake Erie) and big beaver, and Muskingum, which disem-
bogue into the Ohio at different points; there is no rout so short,
so easy and attended with so little expence, as those I have just
mentioned, to bring all the Fur and Peltry of the Lakes, even
from that of the Wood, to tide water. One of them (by the
Yohoghaney) is shorter by more than 150 miles, than that to
either Albany or Montreal: and the way open at seasons, when
the others are block'd, and is besides more independent of the
interference of foreign powers;
1785] POTOMAC NAVIGATION 51
That the greatest part, if not all the produce of the Ohio and
its waters as low as the Falls, if a better channel cannot be found
for part of it by way of the Gt. Kanhawa and James river to
Richmond; or as low as the little Kanhawa, admitting this, I
have very little doubt. It is true that there are some branches
of the Alleghaney above Fort Pit, which communicate pretty
nearly with the waters of Susquehanna, which by great exer-
tion and expence, may be made use of at certain seasons of the
year, but droughts in Summer, and Ice in Winter will render
them of little value.
But to place things in a less favourable point of view, I will
grant that a communication between the Kiskeminetas Mo-
ghulbughkitum, or Toby's Creek (waters most favourable for
it) and the Susquehanna shall be opened, and that all the pro-
duce convenient thereto, shall be transported that way to the
Markets below: that the Gt. Kanhawa shall be found free from
obstructions, and easy both in its navigation, and communica-
tion with James river, and that all the province below the
mouth of the former, and as far up the Ohio as the Little Kan-
hawa, shall be transported that way : there yet remains the thick
settlement of the Ohio, between Fort Pitt and Wheeling, all the
Settlement of the Monongahela, and all that of Yohioghany,
which constitute a very large majority of the Inhabitants West
of the Laurel hill, to bring their produce to the Markets of this
river.
In admitting this, I admit, in my opinion a good deal; but if
the plan for opening the navigation of Potomac should succeed,
of which I have not the smallest doubt, I will go further and
venture an assertion which I think is founded in fact; that with-
out any support from the Western Territory, there is no place
within my knowledge to which so much produce will, from the
nature of things, be brought, as to the highest shipping port on
52 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
this river. That this may not appear as mere assertion, I will
give you my reasons.
At present Baltimore not only receives the greatest part of the
produce of Frederick County (Maryland) and the Counties
above it on the No. side of Potomac, but a great deal also of that
which is raised on the south side; and this thro' a long land
transportation : besides which, the produce of that rich and ex-
tensive Country, between the blue ridge and Alleghany moun-
tains, for at least 200 miles So. West of the Potomac, is (or such
part of it as will bear land transportation; carried partly
to Alexandria, and the towns below it on this river, partly to
Fredericksburgh and Falmouth on Rappahannock, partly
to Richmond and Petersburgh, and some part also to Hanover
town, the highest navigation upon York river. But let the bene-
fits arising from water transportation, be once felt, and then
see, if men possessed of the spirit of Commerce and large capi-
tals should settle at the shipping ports at the head of this river,
whether an atom of it will cross the Potomack for Baltimore;
whilst every thing within its vortex on the No. side will be
sucked into, and be transported by water. In like manner the
Shannondoah will intercept every article 200 miles from its
mouth, and water bear it to the Markets at the head of this river.
In Septembr. last I was on the Shannondoah, near or quite 150
Miles from its mouth, and was told by well informed Gentle-
men living thereon that the navigation of it might be improved,
and rendered fit for inland craft at the smallest expence imagin-
able, the distance here mentioned. In a word, the Shannondoah
which runs thro' the richest tract of Country in this State, the
South branch of Potomac, which may, with great ease be made
navigable 100 miles, and the intermediate streams of lesser note
which pour into Potomac; will not only bring the land trans-
portation of every farmer and Planter in that Country, within
1785] TRADE CENTERS 53
the short distance of fifteen or twenty miles, but in the upper
and more remote parts of it, induce hundreds and thousands of
them to cultivate articles from the growth of which they have
been entirely discouraged by the length and expence of land
transportation, except in the article of live stock which will
carry itself to market, attempting to raise no more than will sup-
ply their own necessities. On the other side of the river, the
Conogoge and Monocasy, tho' of less importance, will be im-
proved to great advantage.
The mercantile interest of Baltimore affect to treat the ex-
tension of the navigation of Potomac as a chimerical plan; but
you may be assured Sir, that from the Great Falls, which are
within eight or nine miles of tide water, to Fort Cumberland,
there is no more difficulty or uncertainty in the execution, com-
paratively speaking, than there is in bringing water to a Mill by
a common race: of nothing more therefore is ever effected, the
object notwithstanding is immense, when the field into which
it leads is considered. But I have no doubt of the practicability
of accomplishing the whole if properly undertaken.
In one or two places of this letter, I have observed that to
make proper advantages of this navigation, and the extensive
commerce it opens a door to; it requires a large capital as well
as a Commercial spirit. I will explain myself.
Alexandria and Georgetown are the highest shipping Ports
of this river (if the latter can be call'd one) ; the trade of George-
town, I am but little acquainted with; but if I have formed a
right idea of the former, it abounds in small dealers: Men who
import, or purchase their goods in the Country upon credit,
consequently obtain them under very great disadvantages: the
former class too for the most part, go to one Market, chiefly to
England, for every article they purchase; by which means, such
manufactures as Holland, Germany, France &ca. could supply
54 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
upon much better terms, (being of their own production) come
with accumulated charges. These added to House rent, which
is high in Alexandria, and sinks deep into the profits of a
small capital, occasion considerable advance of the price of
Goods, the consequence of which is, that the retail dealers in the
interior parts of the Country, are induced to go, indeed are in
a manner driven, to Baltimore or Philadelphia for their goods.
How otherwise is this fact, and the transportation of the staple
and other produce of this country, to those markets to be ac-
counted for ? The navigation of this river is equal, if not supe-
rior to any in the Union. Goods, I presume may be imported
into it, and the produce of the Country exported from it, upon
as advantageous terms, as they can from either Philadelphia,
Baltimore or any other place, which evinces the truth of my
observation, or that the traders of Alexandria are not content
with the profits of their fellow labourers in the places I have
named. But would either of these any longer exist if large
whole-sale Stores, upon the most advantageous terms, were es-
tablished in that place ? And the produce of the back Country
brought thither by water, for one fourth of what it is now by
land, or a sixth, perhaps tenth, (according to the distance it is
carried) of what it can be transported to Baltimore ?
At present every farmer who lives on the West side of the
blue ridge verging upon Shenandoah, gives I am told one third
of his wheat for bringing the other two thirds to any shipping
port. Tobacco costs at least 40/ a Hhd., and other things in pro-
portion. A little higher up, and the expence of transportation
to a prohibition of the culture of them; tho' the land is better
adapted, than any other in the State for the cultivation of them.
But if water transportation is effected, that which now costs a
'A, may be delivered for 6d. or less a bushel, and where the
expence of carriage has hitherto discouraged the growth of it
1785] A SPECULATIVE OPINION 55
altogether, it will be raised in great quantities, and so with re-
spect to Tobo. and other articles.
Having given you this statement of the matter which has
fallen under my observation, and which is not exagerated in
any instance intentionally, I leave you to compare it with other
information and your own observations, if you have oppor-
tunities of making any and drawing your own conclusions. I
have no other objects in view, but to promote a measure which
I think is pregnant with great public utility, and which may at
the same time, be made subservient to extensive private advan-
tages. Were I disposed to encounter present inconvenience for
a future income, I would hazard all the money I could raise
upon the navigation of the river. Or had I inclination and
talents to enter into the commercial line, I have no idea of a
better opening than the one I discanted upon to make a for-
tune. But the first has no charms for me, and the other I never
shall engage in. My best respects and good wishes, with which
Mrs. Washingtons are united, are offered to Mrs. Morris and
the rest of your family; and I am, etc.
P. S. I send you a copy of the Bill 70 passed by the two States, for
opening and extending the navigation of the river Potomac.71
*To CLEMENT BIDDLE
Mount Vernon, February i, 1785.
Dear Sir: In a letter of the 14th. of Deer, from Mr. Boudinot
(which only came to my hands by the last Post) he informs me
that he should send Six bushls. of the Orchard grass Seeds to
your care for my use. If this has been done, I pray you not
70 The engrossed bill, which passed the Virginia House of Delegates, was lent to
Washington to save time in getting copies printed. He returned it to the Clerk of the
House, John Beckley, in a brief note, dated Feb. 5, 1785.
"Both the letter and a copy of this note to Beckley are in the "Letter Book" in the
Washington Papers.
56 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
to forego the first opportunity of forwarding it to me, as it
ought to be Sowed as soon as the ground can be prepared,
which I am now getting in order for its reception.
It do not know how to account for it, but so the fact is, that
altho' I am a Subscriber to Messrs. Dunlap and Claypoole's
Packet and daily Advertiser, I do not get one paper in five of
them, was I to say one of ten, I should be nearer the mark.
Once I wrote to Mr. Claypoole on this subject, but he never
vouchsafed to give me an answer, and since I have been worse
served. If I recollect right, this letter was accompanied with
one to you requesting payment of my subscription; lest a
tardiness in this respect, on my part, might occasion the om-
missions on his. I now ask the same favor of you, and pray also,
that you would be so obliging as to enquire into, and let me
know the cause of my disappointments, which I have regretted
the more, since their publication of Cookes voyages; having
never been able to get a bound and lettered sett of them.
Be it remembered that, if the fulfilment of these requests of
mine, places you in advance for me, it is because I cannot get a
statement of the acct. between us, that I may know how the
Balle. stands.
You talked of coming to Virginia, and I assure you I should
be very glad to see you; but it seems as if it would end in talk.
I have received a Cask of clover Seeds and a box with a cast
(from Mr. Wright) unaccompanied by a letter or Invoice. I
do not know therefore whether to expect the English grass
seed of which you gave me hopes, or not. We have heard of
Mrs. Shaws marriage, on which occasion please to offer her
mine, and Mrs. Washingtons compliments of congratulation,
at the sametime present our best wishes for Mrs. Biddle and
your family. I am etc.
PS. Be so good as to let the enclosed go safe to Messrs.
Lewis's, it is to request them to provide me a good Miller of
1785] A DRUNKEN MILLER 57
which I am much in want, and in the doing of which, if you
could contribute, it would render me an essential Service.
Since writing the foregoing, I have recollected a matter of
business which I intended when you came here to have asked
the favor of you to negotiate for me. I now enclose it, and
would thank you for getting it settled if it is to be done, at
the proper Office in Philadelphia. The endorsements upon the
cover of the Papers (which was made at the time they were
put into my hands) contain all the light I can throw upon the
business.72 I pray you to take care of it with the rest of the Pa-
pers and let me have it again with whatever settlement is made,
or decision is come to; as I have no copy, or other Memm. by
which I can settle an acct. with Gilbert Simpson, or John Johns
relative to this matter. I am as above. [h.s.p.]
To ROBERT LEWIS & SONS
Mount Vernon, February i, 1785.
Gentn: You may think me very troublesome; and the reason
I assign for it, which is, an opinion that you can serve me better
than any other, no good apology for the liberty I take.
My Miller (Wm. Roberts) is now become such an intoler-
able sot, and when drunk so great a Madman, that, however
unwilling I am to part with an old Servant (for he has been
with me fifteen years) I cannot with propriety or common
justice to myself bear with him any longer. I pray you once
more therefore, to engage and forward a Miller for me as soon
as you may have it in your power, and whatever engagement
you shall enter into on my behalf I will religeously fulfill. I do
not stipulate for the wages; Altho' my mill (being on an indif-
ferent stream, and not constant at work) can illy afford high
"Biddle's answer (Mar. 7, 1785) does not explain this business.
58 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
wages. My wish is to procure a person who understands the
manufacturing business perfectly, and who is sober and honest,
that I may even at the expence of paying for it, have as little
trouble as possible with him. If he understood the business of
a Mill-wright and was obliged by his agreement to keep the
Mill in repair, so much the better. Whatever agreement you
may enter into on my behalf, let it be reduced to writing and
specifically declared, that there may be no misconception or
disputes thereafter.
The House in which he will live is a very comfortable one
and within 30 yards of the Mill (which works two pair of
stones, one pair french Bur's), there is a small Kitchen con-
venient thereto, and a good Garden under paling. There is a
Cowpers 73 shop within a hundred yards of the mill, with three
negro Cowpers, which will also be under the direction of the
miller, whose allowance of meat, flour, and priviledges of every
kind, I would have ascertained to prevent after claims. I do
not object to the mans having a family, a wife I shou'd wish
him to have, but I wou'd it not be too large. At any rate be
so good as to let me hear from you, that I may know on what
to rely, as it is not safe for me to entrust my business any
longer in the hands of Wm. Roberts. It only remains now to
ask your forgiveness for this trouble and to assure you that I
am Gentn. Yr. etc.74
*To CLEMENT BIDDLE
Mount Vernon, February 2, 1785.
Dear Sir: The Writer75 of the inclosed letter, in person and
character, is entirely unknown to me. I have been at a loss
"Cooper.
74 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Tapers.
76 Aeneas Lamont.
1785] CINCINNATI DIPLOMAS 59
therefore to determine what notice to take of it. At length I
concluded to write the answer which is also enclosed; and to
request the favor of you to send it to him, or return it to me,
as you should just [sic] best from the result of your enquiries;
or from your own knowledge of the author, or his Works.
If he is a man of decent deportment, and his productions de-
serving encouragement, I am very willing to lend him any aid
he can derive from the proposed dedication, if he conceives a
benefit. His letter and proposals you will please return me.
and Seal the letter to him, if it is forwarded to the Address.
I am, etc. [h.s.p.]
To OTHO HOLLAND WILLIAMS
Mount Vernon, February 2, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Your letter of the 24th. ulto. with eighty three Di-
plomas76 came to my hands on Monday last. I have signed and
returned them to Colo. Fitzgerald to be forwarded to you.
It would be hard indeed upon Majr. Turner77 and Captn.
Claypoole 78 not only to give them the trouble of producing the
Diplomas, but to saddle them with the expence of it also. Was
there no provision made therefore at the General Meeting ? Do
not the minutes of that Meeting devise some mode of pay-
ment? I well remember that the matter was agitated, but I
forgot what, or whether any conclusion was come to: and
recollect also that I desired Genl. Knox when difficulties arose
with respect to the business which had been entrusted to Majr.
L'Enfant to suggest, that the sum which I had proposed to
subscribe for the purposes of the Society might be applied
to any uses the Meeting should direct; but what the result of
"Of the Society of the Cincinnati.
"Maj. George Turner, formerly of the First South Carolina Regiment.
18Capt. Abraham George Claypoole, formerly of the Third Pennsylvania Regiment.
60 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
it was, I know not. It was observed at that time, that there was
money in the hands of the Treasurer General, but not having
the proceedings to refer to, and a bad memory to depend upon,
these things appear like dreams to me. With great esteem and
regard I am, etc.79
* AGREEMENT WITH BENJAMIN DULANY
AND WIFE
February 4, 1785.
The agreement between Mr. Dulany, in behalf of himself
and Mrs. Dulany (his wife) of the one part, and G. Washing-
ton of the other part, is for an exchange of Lands upon the
following conditions.
Mr. and Mrs. Dulany are to give all the Land which the
latter has a right to, in reversion, at the demise of Mrs. French80
her Mother, and which Danl French Esq her father died pos-
sessed of by many of several purchases which he made at
sundry times from Osborne and others out of a Patent granted
by the Lord Culpeper Proprietor of the Northn. Neck to Colo.
Nicholas Spencer and Lieutt Colo. John Washington, the 1st.
day of March 1674 for 5000 Acs. on Potomack River, between
little Hunting Creek and Ipsewassan, now commonly called
and known by the name of Dogue Creek, which said several
purchases are now bounded by the Lands of the sd. G Wash-
ington, a small tract of 150 Acres belonging to the Heirs of
Harrison Manley deceased, the said Dogue Creek, and Poto-
mack River, containing by the sevl. Deeds of conveyance
Acres, be the same more or less.
In lieu of this, the said G Washington is to give the Land
which he holds on Great Hunting Creek, by purchase from
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
80 Mrs. Penelope French.
1785] RENTAL AGREEMENT 61
Messrs. Adam, Dow and Mclver, for Acres be the same
more or less, it being the Land which the said Dow is in the
tenure and occupation of, as a Tenant at Will.
But inasmuch as the Lands which are to be conveyed by Mr.
and Mrs. Dulany are reversionary only, and at present are held,
and may continue to be so held, by Mrs. French under the Will
of her deceased husband during her natural life, which may
prevent the said G Washington from obtaining possession, or
enjoying any benefit therefrom under this exchange during
that period. It is agreed between the parties, and is expressly
to be declared, that until the said G Washington, his heirs &ca.
shall arrive to the full and absolute possession of the above
Lands (now only obtained in reversion) by the demise of Mrs.
French or by a full and absolute conveyance without further
compensation on the part of the said G Washington from her
who at present is the rightful owner thereof, the said Mr. Du-
lany, his Heirs &ca. is to pay into the said G Washington his
Heirs &ca. the annual Sum of One hundred and twenty pounds
Specie, or the value thereof; being the present Rent which is
paid by the said Dow for the Land given by the said G Wash-
ington for the reversionary right of that which is to be con-
veyed by Mr. and Mrs. Dulany.
Conformably to this Statement of the Agreement between
Mr. Dulany and G W, Mr. Lee will draw proper, and effectual
instruments of writing, for ratifying, and confirming the same,
so as to render the exchange final and binding, upon the par-
ties; that a record thereof may be had.
NB. The first Rent to be paid by Mr. Dulany, his heirs, or
&ca. will become due and payable on the first day of Jany;
which shall be in the year 1787. The growing rent for the year
1785, and the rent which is now due for the year past, the said
G Washington is to look to the present tenant, Mr. Dow for
the payment thereof. [ h. s. p. ]
62 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
ToBATTAILEMUSE
Mount Vernon, February 5, 1785.
Sir: I have lately received two letters from you, one of the
14th and the other of the 25th of last month.
The Bonds which you have taken from Mr. Whiting81 had
better remain in your hands until they are discharged and by
the time you propose to be at Belvoir in April I will endeavor
to prepare a proper Rental for you if it shall be in my power
from the pressure of other matters.
It was always my intention and ever my expectation that
the Tenants should pay the taxes of their own Lotts, but if the
Leases neither expresses nor implies it I do not suppose there
is anything else to compel them, consequently Mr. Whiting
must be allowed such sums as he has actually paid; look how-
ever at his Lease and judge yourself of the fact as I speak
more from what ought to be perhaps than what really is, and
do not want to enter into an improper litigation of the matter.
I am etc.
P. S. Mrs. Washington begs you would get from some of
my Tenants, or others, 10 or a dozen lbs. of good hackled Flax
for her.82
To BENJAMIN VAUGHAN
Mount Vernon, February 5, 1785.
Sir: I pray you to accept my acknowledgment of your polite
letter of the 31st. of October, and thanks for the flattering ex-
pressions of it. These are also due in a very particular manner
81 Henry Whiting.
^This "Letter Book" text in the Washington Papers has been checked against that
printed in the Washington and Tilghman sale catalogue (Birch's Sons, Philadelphia,
1892) and justifiable changes made accordingly. The P. S. is not in the "Letter
Book " copy.
1785] THE MARBLE MANTEL 63
to Doctr. Price,83 for the honble mention he has made of the
American General in his excellent observations on the impor-
tance of the American revolution addressed, "To the free and
United States of America," which I have seen and read with
much pleasure.
Captn. Haskell in the Ship May arrived at Alexandria a few
days ago; but a frost which at present interrupts the navigation
of the river, has prevented my sending for the Chimney piece:
by the number of cases however, I greatly fear it is too elegant
and costly for my room, and republican stile of living. I regret
exceedingly that the politeness of your good Father should
have overcome my resolution, and thereby occasion the trou-
ble and difficulty which this business seems to have involved.
Nothing could have been more remote from my intentions
than to give this, and I earnestly, but in vain, entreated Mr.
Vaughan to countermand his order for the shipment of it. I
have the honor, etc.84
To SAMUEL VAUGHAN
Mount Vernon, February 5, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I have the honor to inform you that the Chimney
piece is arrived, and by the number of Cases (ten) too elegant
and costly by far I fear for my room, and republican stile of
living, tho' it encreased the sense of my obligation to you for
it. The Ship arrived at her Port just as this second frost set in,
so that it has not been in my power to send up for these cases
by water; and I would not hazard the transportation of them by
land, nine miles.
They were accompanied by a very polite letter from your
Son Benjamin Vaughan Esqr. of London, to whom under
83 Rev. Richard Price, English nonconformist minister and author.
84 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
64 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
cover with this, I have acknowledged the receipt, with thanks
for the favourable expression of it. I hope Mrs. Vaughan and
your family enjoy good health, to whom with Mrs. Washing-
ton's compliments, I pray to be presented in respectful terms.
With great esteem and regard, I am, etc.85
To BENJAMIN LINCOLN
Mount Vernon, February 5, 1785.
My Dr. Sir: Not until within these few days have I been
favored with your letter of the 18th. of Octr. introductory of
Mr. Porter. I beg you to be assured that I shall have pleasure
in shewing him every civility in my power while he makes this
region the place of his residence; as I shall to any other, to
whom you may give letters recommendatory.
A few days ago I received from on board some vessel in the
harbor of Alexana. two cheese's and a barrel (wrote thereon
Major Rice)86 of Cranberries, unaccompanied by letter, but said
to be a present from you. If this be the fact I pray you to accept
my thanks for this token of your recollection, or to offer them
to Majr. Rice, if the barrel came from him.
We have nothing stirring in this quarter worthy of observa-
tion, except the passing of two Acts by the Assemblies of Vir-
ginia and Maryland (exactly similar) for improving and
extending the navigation of the river Potomac from tide water,
as high up as it shall be found practicable, and communicating
it by good roads with the nearest navigable waters to the West-
ward: which acts in their consequences, may be of great po-
litical, as well as commercial advantages: the first to the con-
federation, as it may tie the Settlers of the Western Territory
85 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
88Maj. Nathan Rice. He was formerly aide to General Lincoln.
1785] CORRESPONDENCE 65
to the Atlantic States by interest, which is the only knot that
will hold. Whilst those of Virginia and Maryland will be more
immediately benefited by the large field it opens for the latter.
Books for receiving subscriptions are to be opened at Alexan-
dria and other places the 8th. instant, and continue so until the
10th. of May; as the navigable part of the business is to be
undertaken by a company to be incorporated for the purpose.
With great truth and sincerity I am, etc.87
To DAVID HUMPHREYS
Mount Vernon, February 7, 1785.
My dear Humphreys: In my last, by the Marquis de la
Fayette, I gave you reason to believe that when I was more at
leizure, you should receive a long letter from me; however
agreeable this might be to my wishes, the period it is to be
feared, will never arrive. I can with truth assure you, that at
no period of the war have I been obliged to write half as much
as I now do, from necessity. I have been enquiring for some-
time past, for a person in the character of Secretary or clerk
to live with me; but hitherto unsuccessfully. What with letters
(often of an unmeaning nature) from foreigners. Enquiries
after Dick, Tom, and Harry who may have been in some part,
or at sometime, in the Continental service. Letters, or certifi-
cates of service for those who want to go out of their own State.
Introductions; applications for copies of Papers; references of
a thousand old matters with which I ought not to be troubled,
more than the Great Mogul, but which must receive an an-
swer of some kind, deprive me of my usual exercise; and with-
out relief, may be injurious to me as I already begin to feel the
weight, and oppression of it in my head, and am assured by
87 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
66 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
the faculty, if I do not change my course, I shall certainly sink
under it.
After this preamble, which is not founded in fiction, you
cannot expect much from me; nor indeed have I ought to relate
that should claim much attention. All our assemblies have
had long sessions, but I have not heard of any very important
acts; none indeed more pregnant of political consequences, or
commercial advantages, than two which have passed the Legis-
latures of Virginia and Maryland, for improving and extend-
ing the navigations of Potomack and James River as far as is
practicable; and communicating them by short and easy roads
with the Navigable waters to the Westward. I have sent Mr.
Jefferson a copy of the act respecting the river Potomack, but
can neither inform him, nor you, of the issue, as it depends
wholly upon the subscription of what we have very little of,
money.
If we are to credit newspaper accounts, the flames of war in
Europe are again kindling: how far they may spread, neither
the Statesman or soldier can determine; as the great governor
of the Universe causes contingencies which baffle the wisdom of
the first, and the foresight and valor of the Second.
All I pray for, is, that you may keep them among yourselves.
If a single spark should light among the inflameable matter
in these States, it may set them in a combustion, altho' they
may not be able to assign a good reason for it.
I have received but two short letters from you since your
arrival in France. The first at your place of debarkation. The
second from Paris. Your third, [sic] altho' (in the beginning
of this letter I assured you, and endeavoured to give reasons for
it, which in the conclusion you see are invalidated) I am not
able to write long ones to you, will not be altogether so laconic,
a short transcript of your diary (for I have no doubt of your
1785] INLAND NAVIGATION 67
keeping one) would be amusing to me, although I can give you
nothing in return for it. but your own feelings, I am sure, have
told you long ere this that there is more pleasure in confering,
than receiving obligations.
Mrs. Washington enjoys but indifferent health. My nephew
Geo. A. Washington has been buffetting the seas from clime to
clime, in pursuit of health, but, poor fellow ! I believe in vain.
At present, if alive, I expect he is at Charleston. All the rest of
my family are perfectly well, and join me in best wishes for
you, with My dear Humphreys yr. etc.
P. S. Whilst I was in the act of enclosing this, yr. letters of
the 30th. of Sept. and nth. of Nov. were put into my hands;
judge ye then, if I have leizure to write commentaries.88
To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS
Mount Vernon, February 8, 1785.
Dear Sir: Since my last, I have had the honor to receive your
favors of the 26th. of Deer, and 16th. of January. I have now
the pleasure to inform you, that the Assemblies of Virginia and
Maryland have enacted Laws, of which the enclosed is a copy;
they are exactly similar in both States. At the same time and
at the joint and equal expence of the two Governments, the
sum of 6666 2/3 Dollars are voted for opening and keeping in
repair a road from the highest practicable navigation of this
river, to that of the river Cheat or Monongahela, as commis-
sioners (who are appointed to survey and lay out the same) shall
find most convenient and beneficial to the Western Settlers : and
have concurred in an application to the State of Pennsylvania
for permission to open another road from Fort Cumberland
88 The text is from the Washington-Humphreys copies in the American Antiquarian
Society, Worcester, Mass., furnished through the kindness of the librarian, R. W. G.
Vail.
68 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
to the Yohoganey, at the three forks or Turkey foot. A similar
Bill to the one enclosed, is passed by our Assembly, respecting
the navigation of James river, and the communication betv/een
it and the waters of the great Kanhawa, and the Executive
authorised by a resolve of the Assembly to appoint Commis-
sioners to examine and report the most convenient course for
a canal between Elizabeth river and the waters of Roanoke;
with an estimate of the expence: and if the best communica-
tion shall be found to require the concurrence of the State of
No. Carolina thereto, to make application to the Legislature
thereof accordingly.
Towards the latter part of the year 1783 I was honored with
a letter from the Countess of Huntington, briefly reciting her
benevolent intention of spreading Christianity among the
Tribes of Indians inhabiting our Western Territory; and ex-
pressing a desire of my advice and assistance to carry this char-
itable design into execution. I wrote her Ladyship for answer,
that it would by no means comport with the plan of retirement
I had promised myself, to take an active or responsible part in
this business; and that it was my belief, there was no other way
to effect her pious and benevolent designs, but by first reducing
these people to a state of greater civilization, but that I wou'd
give every aid in my power, consistent with the ease and tran-
quility, to which I meant to devote the remainder of my life,
to carry her plan into effect. Since that I have been favored
with other letters from her, and a few days ago under cover
from Sir James Jay the papers herewith enclosed.
As the plan contemplated by Lady Huntington, according to
the outlines exhibited, is not only unexceptionable in its design
and tendency, but has humanity and charity for its object; and
may I conceive, be made subservient to valuable political pur-
poses, I take the liberty of laying the matter before you for your
1785] LADY HUNTINGDON'S PLAN 69
free and candid sentiments thereon; the communication I make
of this matter to you sir, is in a private way, but you are at full
liberty to communicate the plan of Lady Huntington, to the
members individually; or officially to Congress, as the impor-
tance and propriety of the measure may strike you. My reasons
for it are these: ist. I do not believe that any of the States to
whom she has written (unless it may be New York) are in cir-
cumstances, since their cession of Territory, to comply with the
requisition respecting emigration; for it has been privately
hinted to me, and ought not to become a matter of public noto-
riety, that notwithstanding the indefinite expressions of the
Address respecting the numbers or occupations of the emi-
grants, which was purposely omitted to avoid giving alarms in
England, the former will be great, and the useful artisans
among them, many. 2d Because such emigration, if it should
effect the object in view, besides the humane and charitable
purposes which would be thereby answered, will be of im-
mense political consequence; and even if this should not
succeed to her Ladyships wishes, it must nevertheless, be of
considerable importance from the encrease of population by
orderly and well disposed characters, who would at once form
a barrier and attempt the conversion of the Indians without in-
volving an expence to the Union. I see but one objection to a
compact, unmixed and powerful settlement of this kind, if it
is likely to be so, the weight of which you will judge. It is, (and
her Ladyship seems to have been aware of it, and endeavours to
guard against it) placing a people in a body upon our exterior,
where they will be contiguous to Canada, who may bring with
them strong prejudices against us, and our form of Govern-
ment, and equally strong attachments to the country and Con-
stitution they leave, without the means, being detached and
unmixed with Citizens of different sentiments, of having them
70 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
eradicated. Her Ladyship has spoken so feelingly and sensibly,
on the religeous and benevolent purposes of the plan, that no
language of which I am possessed, can add aught to enforce her
observations. And no place I think bids so fair to answer
her views as that spot in Hutchin's map, mark'd Miami Village
and Fort, from hence there is a communication to all parts by
water and at which, in my opinion we ought to have a Post.
Do not think it strange my good Sir, that I send you the orig-
inal papers from Lady Huntington. Many, mistakenly, think I
am retired to ease and that kind of tranquility which would
grow tiresome for want of employment; but at no period of my
life, not in the eight years I served the public, have I been
obliged to write so much myself, as I have done since my retire-
ment. Was this confined to friendly communications, and to
my own business, it would be equally pleasing and trifling: but
I have a thousand references of old matters with which I ought
not to be troubled; but which, nevertheless, must receive some
answer; these, with applications for certificates, copies of Or-
ders &c. &c. &c. deprive me of my usual and necessary exercise.
I have tryed, but hitherto in vain, to get a Secretary or Clerk,
to take upon him the drudging part of this business : that you
might not wonder at my parting with original papers on an
important subject, I thought it incumbent upon me to assign
the reason, and I beg you to be assured, that I have no other
motive for it.
Please to accept my thanks for the pamphlet you sent me, and
for the resolutions respecting the temporary and permanent
seat of Government. If I might be permitted to hazard an opin-
ion of the latter, I would say, that by the time your Federal
buildings on the banks of the Delaware, along the point of
triangle, are fit for the reception of Congress; it will be found
1785] NAVIGATION ACTS 71
that they are very improperly placed for the seat of the Empire,
and will have to undergo a second edition in a more convenient
one. If the union continues, and this is not the case, I will agree
to be classed among the false prophets, and suffer for evil pre-
diction. The letter for the Marqs. de la Fayette, I pray you to
forward by the Packet. With great esteem and regard, I
am etc.89
To MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE
Mount Vernon, February 15, 1785.
My Dr. Marqs. I have had the pleasure to receive your affec-
tionate letter of the 21st. of December, dated on board the
Nymph Frigate in the harbour of New York; and felt all that
man could feel from the flattering expression of it.
My last to you, if I recollect right, was dispatched from An-
napolis; whither I went at the request of this State to settle
a plan (to be mutually adopted by the Legislatures of both
States) for improving and extending the navigation of the
river Potomac as far as it should be found practicable, and for
opening a road of communication therefrom, to the nearest
navigable water to the westward. In both, I happily succeeded.
The Bill, of which I send you a copy, was prepared at that time,
and has since passed both Assemblies in the usual forms, and
must speak for itself. The road of communication is to be
undertaken on public account, at the joint and equal expence
of the two States. Virginia has passed a similar Act to the one
enclosed, respecting James river, and its communication with
the waters of the Great Kanhawa, and have authorized the
Executive to appoint Commissioners to examine, and fix on
BDFrom the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
72 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
the most convenient course for a canal from the waters of
Elizabeth river, in this State, to those passing thro' the State
of No. Carolina; and report their proceedings therein, with an
estimate of the expence necessary for opening such Canal, to
the next General Assembly.
Hence my dear Marquis you will perceive that the exertions
which you found, and left me engag'd in, to impress my Coun-
trymen with the advantages of extending the inland naviga-
tion of our rivers, and opening free and easy communications
with the Western Territory (thereby binding them to us by
interest, the only knot which will hold) has not been employ 'd
in vain. The Assembly of this State have accompanied these
Acts with another, very flattering one for me, but which has
been productive of infinitely more embarrassment than pleas-
ure. This Act directs the Treasurer of the State to subscribe fifty
shares in each of the navigations, Potomac and James, for my
use and benefit,90 which it declares is to be vested in me and
my heirs forever: generous as this Act is, the reasons assigned
for it, with the flattering, yet delicate expression thereof, ren-
ders it more valuable than the grant itself; and this it is which
perplexes me. It is not my wish, nor is it my intention, to accept
this gratuitous gift, but how to decline it with out appearing
to slight the favors of my Country, committing an act of disre-
spect to the Legislature, or having motives of pride, or an
ostentatious display of disinterestedness ascribed to me, I am at
a loss : but will endeavour to hit upon some expedient before the
next Session, to avoid these imputations. This was the closing
Act of the last, without my having the most distant suspicion
that such a matter was in contemplation; nor did I ever hear
of it until it had passed, and the Assembly had adjourned.
90 This may be an error of the "Letter Book" copyist. The act directed the sub-
scription of 50 shares in the Potomac Navigation Co. and 100 shares in the James
River Navigation Co.
1785]
ENGINEER NEEDED 73
With what readiness the subscription Books will fill, is not
in my power at this early stage of the business, to inform you ; in
general, the friends to the measure are sanguine; but among
those good wishes are more at command, than money, conse-
quently it is not only uncertain of whom the company may
consist, but (as its existence depends upon contingenices)
whether there will be one or not. therefore at this moment we
are all in the dark respecting this and other matters. One thing
however is certain, namely, if a company should be established
and the work is undertaken, a skilful Engineer, or rather a
person of practical knowledge will be wanted to direct and
superintend it. I should be glad therefore my Dr. Sir you
would bear this matter in your mind, that if the company
when formed should be disposed to obtain one from Europe,
I should prefer France, proper characters may be applied to,
without loss of time. You will readily perceive My Dr. Marqs.
that this is more a private intimation of mine, than an author-
ized request, consequently how improper it would be to raise
the expectation of any Gentleman to the employment, without
being able to give him the appointment. If a company should
be formed, it will be composed, no doubt of many men, and
these of many minds; and whilst myself and others may be
disposed to go to France for an Engineer, the majority may
incline to send to England for one, on account of the language,
and from an opinion that there is greater similarity between
the inland navigation of that Kingdom and the improvements
which are intended here, than prevails between any in France
and them; whilst others again may turn their Eyes towards
Holland. The nature of our work, as far as I have been able
to form an opinion of it, will be first, at the principal falls of
the river to let Vessels down by means of Locks, or, if Rumsey's
plan should succeed, by regular or gradual slopes, in either
case, the bad effect of Ice and drift wood in floods, are to be
74 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
guarded against. 2d. As the Canals at these places will pass
thro' rocky ground, to be able to remove these with skill and
facility, and to secure the Canals when made. 3dly. in other
parts of the river, the water will require to be deepened, and in
these places the bottom generally is either rock under water,
or loose stone of different sizes; for it rarely happens that
Sand or Mud is to be found in any of the shallow parts of the
River. I mention these things because it is not the man who
may be best skilled in Dikes; who knows best how to conduct
water upon a level, or who can carry it thro' hills or over
Mountains, that would be most useful to us.
We have had a mild winter hitherto, and nothing new that
I recollect, in the course of it; for I believe Congress had deter-
mined before you left the Country, to fix their permanent seat
in the vicinity of Trenton; and their temporary one at New
York. The little Sprig at Annapolis, to whose nod so many
lofty trees of the forest had bowed, has yielded the Sceptre.
thursday last placed it at the feet of Mr. M: who perhaps
may wield it with as much despotism as she did.
If I recollect right, I told you when here, that I had made
one or two attempts to procure a good Jack Ass from Spain, to
breed from. Colo. Hooe, or rather Mr. Harrison, was one of
the Channels thro' which I expected to be supplied; but a day
or two ago the former furnished me with the enclosed extract
from the latter. As it is not convenient for me to pay such a
price, I have desired Colo. Hooe to countermand the order, and
the same causes induce me to pray, that if these are the prices of
a good Jack (and no other I would have) that you would de-
cline executing the commission I gave you of a similar kind.
I will use my best endeavours to procure the seeds (from
Kentucky) which are contained in your list; but as the dis-
1785] FRENCH SUBSCRIBERS 75
tance at which I live from that country is great, and frequent
miscarriages of them may happen, you must prepare yourself
for delay.
I will write as you desire, to Gary91 the late Printer of the
Volunteer Journal in Ireland. Bushrod Washington, sensible
of your polite invitation, but unable to avail himself of it, wrote
you a letter of grateful acknowledgments and thanks; which
letter I sent under cover to the President of Congress with a
request to deliver it to you, but you had sailed: I presume he
has since forwarded it to you.
I am possessed of the Cypher92 which was used by Mr. Liv-
ingston whilst he was Secretary of foreign affairs; if therefore
he had not different ones, I can when necessary, correspond
with you in his.
Every body of this family, and those who are connected with
it, join in the most sincere and affectionate wishes for you and
yours, with the most affectionate of your friends
P. S. If it should so happen that the subscriptions for opening
the navigations of the rivers Potomac and James should not
(from the want of money here) fill in the time required by the
Acts, do you think that there are persons of your acquaintance
in France who might incline to become adventurers in it ? I
give it as my decided opinion to you that both are practicable
beyond all manner of doubt: and that men who can afford to
lay a little while out of their money, are laying the foundation
of the greatest returns of any speculation I know of in the
world.93
91Mathew Carey.
2 There are several undated ciphers in the Washington Papers, grouped at the end of
the year 1783. One is Maj. Benjamin Tallmadge's cipher and another is Robert Mor-
ris's; but none of them are labeled as Robert R. Livingston's cipher.
03 From the " Letter Book " copy in the Washington Papers.
76 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
*To CHARLES LEE94
Mount Vernon, February 20, 1785.
Dear Sir: My Servant did not return with your letter, and the
Papers therewith, until Nine o'clock last night; so that I have
scarcely had time to read the several Conveyances. In that
from Mr and Mrs Dulany to me there is a capitol error, the
Land held by the deceased Mr. French, under the Proprietors
Deed to Stephens and Violet, is no part of the Land exchanged.
The original grant to Spencer and Washington, comprehends
all the land Mr. and Mrs. Dulany is to give for mine; and these
are held by purchases from Richd. Osborne (the quantity I
know not) Arbuthnot for 150 Acres; Manley for 68 acres; and
John Posey for 136 Acres.
If it is not essential to recite the quantities of Land had from
each of the persons, with the dates of the several transfers of
them, in order to give valuation to the Deed of Conveyance
from Mr. and Mrs. Dulany; I see not the least occasion for it, on
any other Acct.; because, if they convey all their right to the
Land within Spencer and Washingtons Patent, it gives all I
want, and cannot in the remotest degree affect any other Land
they have, because they hold none other, within several Miles
of it. and because it would be sufficiently descriptive, as the Pat-
ent of Spencer and Washington is well known, and the bound-
aries of it will admit of no alteration, having the River, Hunting
Creek and Ipsawassen (or Dogues Creek) and a strait line be-
tween the two last for its limits.
For these reasons I should think, if at the end of the mark
No. 1 line 29, you were to add " by means of sundry purchases
Brother of "Light Horse Harry." He was naval officer for the Southern Potomac,
U. S. Collector of Customs, Alexandria, Va., in 1789, and Attorney General of the
United States from 1795 to 1801.
1785] LAND CONVEYANCE 77
by him made from Richard Osborne, the Executrix of Thos.
Arbuthbot, John Manley, John Posey &ca. containing in Spen-
cers moiety of the said Patent " (if it is necessary to specify the
quantity) "by estimation about 500 acres of Land, be the same
more or less ". it wd. make the matter sufficiently clear for the
precise quantity can only be ascertained by a strict investigation
of lines and actual measurement; as part of Mr Frenchs pur-
chases run into Washingtons moiety of the Patent, which can
not be affected, tho' to ascertain the different lines, and rights,
would give trouble, and was one inducement for me to make
the exchange.
In whatever manner you Judge best, draw the Deed accord-
ingly, all I pray is, that it may be ready for the Court, this day.
nothing else brings me up, and it is inconvenient to leave home.
Besides, Mrs. Washington, tho' not very well, will attend, in
order to make a finish of the business. With much esteem &ca.
I am etc.
P. S. As the Land I get, comes by Mrs. Dulany would it not
have been right to have given her the same interest in the Tract
I convey ? this by the by, only. And should not there have been
a note of the interliniation respecting the amt. of the rent, in
that Deed ? or do you mean that it is not to be considered as an
interlineation ? My taking a Lease from Mrs. French of her life
Estate, if she should be disposed to give me one, upon the
paymt. of an annual rent, cannot be considered as a compliance
on the part of Mr Dulany and discharge of that proviso which
is to extinguish his Rent ? [h.s.p.]
*To THOMAS JEFFERSON
Mount Vernon, February 25, 1785.
Dear Sir: I had the pleasure to find by the public Gazettes
that your passage to France had been short, and pleasant. I have
78 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
no doubt but that your reception at Court has been equally
polite, and agreeable.
I have the honor to inclose you the copy of an Act which
passed the Assemblies of Virginia and Maryland at the close of
their respective Sessions; about the first of last month. The
circumstances of these States, it is said, would not enable them
to take the matter up, altogether, on public ground; but they
have granted at the joint and equal expence of the two, 6666 2/3
dollars for the purpose of opening a road of communication
between the highest navigation of the Potomac, and the river
Cheat; and have concurred in an application to the State of
Pensylvania for leave to open another road from Fort Cumber-
land or Wills Creek, to the Yohiogany, at the three forks, or
Turkey foot.
Besides these joint Acts of the States of Virginia and Mary-
land; the former has passed a similar law respecting the naviga-
tion of James river, and its communications with the Green
brier; and have authorized the Executive to appoint Commis-
sioners, who shall carefully examine and fix on the most con-
venient course for a Canal from the Waters of Elizabeth River
in this State, to those passing through the State of North Caro-
lina; and report their proceedings therein, with an estimate of
the expence necessary for opening the Same, to the next Gen-
eral Assembly; and in case they shall find that, the best course
for such canal, will require the concurrence of the Sate [sic] of
North Carolina in the opening thereof, they are further author-
ized and instructed to signify the same to the said State, and to
concert with any person or persons who may be appointed on
the part thereof, the most convenient and equitable plan for the
execution of such work; and to report the result to the General
Assembly.
With what Success the Books will be opened, I cannot, at this
early stage of the business, inform you; in general the friends
1785] INLAND NAVIGATION 79
of the measure are better stocked with good wishes than
money; the former of which unfortunately, goes but a little
way in works where the latter is necessary, and is not to be had.
and yet, if this matter could be well understood, it should seem
that, there would be no deficiency of the latter, any more than
of the former; for certain I am, there is no speculation of which
I have an idea, that will ensure such certain and ample returns
of the money advanced, with a great, and encreasing interest, as
the tolls arising from these navigations; the accomplishment of
which, if funds can be obtained, admits of no more doubt in my
mind, under proper direction, than that a ship with skilful Mar-
iners can be carried from hence to Europe. What a misfortune
therefore would it be, if a project which is big with such great
political consequences, commercial advantages, and which
might be made so productive to private Adventurers should
miscarry; either from the inability of the two States to execute
it, at the public expence, or for want of means, or the want of
spirit or foresight to use them, in their citizens. Supposing a
danger of this, do you think, Sir, the monied men of France,
Holland, England or any other Country with which you may
have intercourse, might be induced to become Adventurers in
the Scheme? Or if from the remoteness of the object, this
should appear ineligable to them, would they incline to lend
money to one, or both of these States, if there should be a dispo-
sition in them to borrow, for this purpose ? Or, to one or more
individuals in them, who are able, and would give sufficient
security for the repayment ? At what interest, and on what con-
ditions respecting time, payment of interest, &ca. could it be
obtained ?
I forsee such extensive political consequences depending on
the navigation of these two rivers, and communicating them by
short and easy roads with the waters of the Western territory,
that I am pained by every doubt of obtaining the means for
80 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
their accomplishment : for this reason, I also wish you would
be so obliging as to direct your enquiries after one or more
characters, who have skill in this kind of work; that if Com-
panies should be incorporated under the present Acts, and
should incline to send to France, or England for an Engineer,
or Man of practical knowledge in these kinds of works, there
may be a clue to the application. You will perceive tho' my dear
Sir, that no engagement, obligatory or honorary can be entered
into at this time, because no person can answer for the deter-
mination of the Companies, admitting their formation.
As I have accustomed myself to communicate matters of dif-
ficulty to you, and have met forgiveness for it, I will take the
liberty, my good Sir, of troubling you with the rehearsal of one
more, which has lately occurred to me. Among the Laws of the
last Session of our Assembly, there is an Act which particularly
respects myself; and tho' very flattering, is also very embarrass-
ing to me. This Act, after honorable, flattering, and delicate
recitals, directs the treasurer of the State to Subscribe towards
each of the Navigations fifty Shares for my use and benefit;
which it declares, is to be vested in me and my heirs forever. It
has ever been my wish, and it is yet my intention, never to re-
ceive any thing from the United States, or an individual State
for any Services I have hitherto rendered, or which in the course
of events, I may have it in my power to render them hereafter
as it is not my design to accept of any appointment from the
public, which might make emoluments necessary: but how to
decline this act of generosity without incurring the imputation
of disrespect to my Country, and a slight of her favors on the
one hand, or that of pride, or an ostentatious display of disinter-
estedness on the other, is the difficulty. As none of these have
an existence in my breast, I should be sorry, if any of them
should be imputed to me. The Assembly, as if determined that
1785] ADVICE ASKED 81
I should not act from the first impulse, made this the last act of
their Session; without my having the smallest intimation or
suspicion of their generous intention. As our Assembly is now
to be holden once a year only, I shall have time to hit upon some
expedient that will enable me to indulge the bent of my own
inclination, without incurring any of the imputations before
mentioned; and of hearing the sentiments of my friends upon
the subject; than whose, none would be more acceptable than
yours.
Your friends in our Assembly will have been able to give you
so much better information of what has passed there, and of the
general state of matters in this Commonwealth, that a repeti-
tion from me is although unnecessary, and might be imperfect.
If we are to credit News paper Accts. the flames of war are again
kindled, or are about to be so, in Europe. None of the sparks,
it is to be hoped will cross the Atlantic and touch the inflame-
able matter in these States. I pray you to believe that with
sentimts. of great esteem, etc.95
To GEORGE WILLIAM FAIRFAX
Mount Vernon, February 27, 1785.
My Dr. Sir: In a letter of old date, but lately received, from
the Countess of Huntington, she refers me to a letter which her
Ladyship says you obligingly undertook to forward to me:
85 From the original in the Jefferson Papers.
Jefferson answered (July 10): "My wishes to see you made perfectly easy by re-
ceiving those just returns of gratitude from our country, to which you art entitled,
would induce me to be contented with saying, what is a certain truth, that the world
would be pleased with seeing them heaped on you, and would consider your receiv-
ing them as no derogation from your reputation, but I must own that the declining
them will add to that reputation, as it will shew that your motives have been pure and
without any alloy, this testimony however is not wanting either to those who know
you or who do not. I must therefore repeat that I think the receiving them will not in
the least lessen the respect of the world if from any circumstances they would be con-
venient to you. the candour of my communication will find its justification I know
with you." Jefferson's letter is in the Washington Papers.
82 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb
never having received one from her to the purport she men-
tions, there can be no doubt but that this letter with your cover
to it, have met the fate of some of mine to you; as I have wrote
several within the last twelve or eighteen months, without any
acknowledgement of them from you.
The only letters I recollect to have received from you since
my retirement are dated the 9th. of Deer. 1783, and 10th. of June
1784. the first, relates to the heir of Mr. Bristons, the second, to
a case with pictures, which you were so obliging as to commit
to the care of the Revd. Mr. Bracken; and which has not yet
got to hand. In Novr. last at Richmond, I happened in com-
pany with this gentleman who told me it was then in his pos-
session at Wmsburgh, and that it should be forwarded by the
first safe conveyance to this place, for your kind and polite atten-
tion in this matter, I pray you to receive my thanks.
As soon as your letter of the 9th. of Deer., above mentioned
(accompanied by one from Mrs. Briston, and the memorial
from the Excors of the Will of her deceased husband) came to
my hands, I transmitted them to the Govr., who laid them be-
fore the Assembly which was then sitting: but what the result
of it was, I have never yet heard, precisely. This case was in-
volved in the general confiscation of British property, which
makes discrimination difficult. How far the Law on national
ground is just, or the expediency of it in the political scale, wise
and proper, I will not undertake to determine; but of this I am
well convinced, that the most wretched management of the
sales has pervaded every State, without I believe a single excep-
tion in favor of any one of them.
I cannot at this moment recur to the contents of those letters
of mine to you which I suspect have miscarried; further than
that they were all expressive of an earnest wish to see you and
Mrs. Fairfax once more fixed in this country; and to beg that
1785] BELVOIR RUINS 83
you would consider Mt. Vernon as your home until you could
build with convenience, in which request Mrs. Washington
joins very sincerely. I never look towards Belvoir, without
having this uppermost in my mind. But alas! Belvoir is no
more! I took a ride there the other day to visit the ruins, and
ruins indeed they are. The dwelling house and the two brick
buildings in front, underwent the ravages of the fire; the walls
of which are very much injured : the other Houses are sinking
under the depredation of time and inattention, and I believe
are now scarcely worth repairing. In a word, the whole are, or
very soon will be a heap of ruin. When I viewed them, when I
considered that the happiest moments of my life had been spent
there, when I could not trace a room in the house (now all
rubbish) that did not bring to my mind the recollection of
pleasing scenes, I was obliged to fly from them; and came home
with painful sensations, and sorrowing for the contrast. Mrs.
Morton96 still lives at your Barn quarter. The management of
your business is entrusted to one Muse (son to a Colonel of that
name,97 whom you cannot have forgotten), he is, I am told, a
very active and industrious man; but in what sort of order he
has your Estate, I am unable to inform you, never having seen
him since my return to Virginia.
It may be and I dare say is presumed that if I am not returned
to my former habits of life, the change is to be ascribed to a
preference of ease and indolence to exercise and my wonted
activity: But be assured my dear Sir, that at no period of the
War have I been obliged myself to go thro' more drudgery in
writing, or have suffered so much confinement to effect it, as
since what is called my retirement to domestic ease and tran-
quillity. Strange as it may seem, it is nevertheless true, that I
80 Wife of Rev. Andrew Morton.
97 Col. George Muse.
84 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
have been able since I came home, to give very little attention
to my own concerns, or to those of others, with which I was
entrusted. My Accounts stand as I left them near ten years ago;
those who owed me money, a very few instances excepted,
availed themselves of what are called the tender Laws, and paid
me off with a shilling and sixpence in the pound. Those to
whom I owed, I have now to pay under heavy taxes with specie,
or its equivalent value. I do not mention these matters by way
of complaint, but as an apology for not having rendered you a
full and perfect statement of the Acct. as it may stand between
us, 'ere this. I allotted this Winter, supposing the drearyness of
the season would afford me leisure to overhaul and adjust all
my papers (which are in sad disorder, from the frequent hasty
removals of them, from the reach of our trans-atlantic foes,
when their Ships appeared) : but I reckoned without my host;
Company, and a continual reference of old military matters,
with which I ought to have no concern; applications for Certifi-
cates of service &c, copies of orders and the Lord knows what
besides, to which whether they are complied with or not, some
response must be made, engross nearly my whole time. I am
now endeavoring to get some person as a Secretary or Clerk to
take the fatigueing part of this business off my hands. I have
not yet succeeded, but shall continue my enquiries 'till one shall
offer, properly recommended.
Nothing has occurred of late worth noticing, except the re-
newed attempts of the Assemblies of Virginia and Maryland to
improve and extend the navigation of the river Potomac as far
as it is practicable, and communicating it by good roads (at the
joint and equal expence of the two States) with the waters of
the amazing territory behind us. A copy of this Act (exactly sim-
ilar in both states) I do myself the honor to enclose you. One
similar to it passed the Legislature of this State for improving
1785] EMBARRASSMENT 85
and extending the navigation of James river, and opening a
good road between it and Green-briar. These acts were accom-
panied by another of the Virginia Assembly, very flattering
and honorable for me, not more so for the magnitude of the
gift, than the avowed gratitude, and delicacy of its expression,
in the recital to it. The purport of it is, to vest ioo shares (50 in
each navigation)98 in me and my heirs forever. But it is not
my intention to accept of it; altho', were I otherwise disposed, I
should consider it as the foundation of the greatest and most
certain income that the like sum can produce in any specula-
tion whatever. So certain is the accomplishment of the work, if
the sum proposed should be raised to carry it on, and so incon-
ceivably will the tolls increase by the accumulating produce
which will be water borne on the navigation of these two
rivers, which penetrate so far and communicate so nearly, with
the navigable waters to the Westward.
At the same time that I determine not to accept this generous
and gratuitous offer of my Country, I am at a loss in what man-
ner to decline it, without an apparent slight or disrespect to the
Assembly on the one hand, or exposing myself to the imputation
of pride, or an ostentatious display of disinterestedness on the
other, neither have an existence in my breast, and neither would
I wish to have ascribed to me. I shall have time however to think
of the matter, before the next session ; for as if it was meant that
I should have no opportunity to decline the offer at the last, it
was the closing act thereof, without any previous intimation, or
suspicion in my mind, of the intention. Admitting that Com-
panies should be incorporated for the purposes mentioned in
the Act, do you conceive my good Sir, that a person perfectly
skilled in works of this sort, could be readily obtained from
England? And upon what terms ?
98 See note to Washington's letter to Marquis de Lafayette, Feb. 15, 1785, ante.
86 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
It is unnecessary I persuade myself, to use arguments to con-
vince Mrs. Fairfax and yourself, to the sincere regard and at-
tachment and affection Mrs. Washington and I have for you
both, or to assure you how much, I am, etc.
P. S. Do you think it would be in your power, with ease and
convenience, to procure for me, a male and female Deer or two,
the cost of transportation I would gladly be at. If I should ever
get relieved from the drudgery of the pen, it would be my wish
to engage in these kind of rural amusements, raising of shrub-
beries &c. After what I have said in the body of this letter, I will
not trouble you with an apology for such a scrawl as it now
exhibits, you must receive it, my good Sir, as we have done bet-
ter things, better for worse."
To THE COUNTESS OF HUNTINGDON
Mount Vernon, February 27, 1785.
My Lady: The very polite and obliging letter which you did
me the honor to write to me on the 8th. of April by Sir James
Jay, never came to my hands until the 17th. of last month, and
is the best apology I can make for a silence, which might other-
wise appear inattentive, if not disrespectful, to a correspond-
ence which does me much honor.
The other letter which your Ladyship refers to, as having
passed thro' the medium of our good friend Mr. Fairfax has
never yet appeared; and it is matter of great regret, that letters
are so often intercepted by negligence, curiosity or motives
still more unworthy. I am persuaded that some of my letters
to Mr. Fairfax, as well as his (covering your Ladyships) to me,
have miscarried, as I have never received an acknowledgment
of some of mine to him, tho' long since written.
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] RELIGION FOR INDIANS 87
With respect to your humane and benevolent intentions to-
wards the Indians, and the plan which your Ladyship has
adopted to carry them into effect, they meet my highest appro-
bation; and I should be very happy to find every possible en-
couragement given to them. It has ever been my opinion, since
I have had opportunities to observe, and to reflect upon the
ignorance, indolence and general pursuits of the Indians, that
all attempts to reclaim, and introduce any system of religeon
or morality among them, would prove fruitless, until they
could be first brought into a state of greater civilization; at
least that this attempt should accompany the other, and be en-
forced by example : and I am happy to find that it is made the
ground work of your Ladyships plan.
With respect to the other parts of the plan, and the prospect
of obtaining Lands for the Emigrants, who are to be the instru-
ments employed in the execution of it, my letter to Sir James
Jay in answer to his to me on this subject, will convey every
information, which is in my power, at this time to give your
Ladyship; and therefore I take the liberty of enclosing a tran-
script of it. Agreeably to the assurance given in it, I have writ-
ten fully to the President of Congress, with whom I have a
particular intimacy, and transmitted copies of your Ladyships
plan, addresses and letter to the several States therein men-
tioned, with my approving sentiments thereon. I have in-
formed him, that tho' it comes to him as a private letter from
me; it is nevertheless optional in him to make it a matter of
private communication to the members individually, or offi-
cially to Congress, as his judgment shall dictate; giving it as
my opinion, among other reasons, that I did not believe since
the cession of Lands by individual States to the United States,
any one of them (except New York) was in circumstances,
however well inclined it might be, to carry your Ladyships
plan into effect.
88 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
What may be the result of your Ladyships Addresses to the
States of North Carolina, Virginia, Pennsylvania and New
York, individually; or of my statemt. of the matter in a friendly
way to the President of Congress for the united deliberation of
the whole, is not for me to anticipate, even were I acquainted
with their sentiments. I have already observed, that neither of
the States (unless Nw. York may be in circumstances to do
it) can in my opinion furnish good Lands in a body for such
emigrants as your Ladyship seems inclin'd to provide for. That
Congress can, if the treaty which is now depending with the
Western Indians should terminate favourably and a cession of
Lands be obtained from them, which I presume is one object
for holding it, is certain; and unless the reasons which I have
mentioned in my letter to Sir James Jay should be a lot or bar,
I have not a doubt but that they would do it; in which case,
any quantity of Land (within such cession or purchase) might
be obtained. If, ultimately, success should not attend any of
these applications, I submit as a dernier resort, for your Lady-
ships information and consideration, a Gazette containing
the terms upon which I have offered several tracts of Land (the
quantity of my own in that country, and which lie as convenient
to the Western Tribes of Indians as any in that territory (apper-
taining to an individual State), as your Ladyship may perceive
by having recourse to Hutchins's Evans's, or any other map of
that Country, and comparing the descriptive Lands therewith;
and being informed that Virginia has ceded all her claim to
lands No. West of the Ohio, to the United States, and that the
Western boundary of Pennsylvania is terminate by a meridian
which crosses the river but a little distance from Fort Pitt.
It will appear evident, from the date of my publication, that
I could not at the time it was promulgated, have had an eye to
your Ladyships plan of emigration; and I earnestly pray that
1785] LAND VALUES 89
my communication of the matter at this time, may receive no
other interpretation than what is really meant, that is, a last (if
it should be thought an eligible) resort. I have no doubt but
that Lands, if to be had at all, may be obtained from the United
States, or an individual State, upon easier terms than those
upon which I have offered mine; but being equally persuaded
that these of mine, from their situation and other local advan-
tages, are worth what I ask, I should not incline to take less for
them, unless the whole by good and responsible characters
(after an Agent in their behalf had previously examined into
the quality and conveniency of the land) should be engaged
upon either of the tenures that are published; especially as
these Lands, from their particular situation, must become ex-
ceedingly valuable, by the Laws which have just passed the
Assemblies of Virginia and Maryland for improving and ex-
tending the navigation of Potomac, as high as is practicable,
and communicating it with the nearest western waters by good
roads: and by the former Assembly to do the same thing with
James river, and the communication between it and the Great
Kanhawa, by means of which the produce of the settlers on
these Lands of mine, will come easily and cheaply to market.
I am, etc.1
To GOVERNOR PATRICK HENRY
Mount Vernon, February 27, 1785.
Dear Sir: I have had the honor to receive your Excellency's
letter of the 5th. enclosing the Act of the Legislature for vest-
ing in me and my heirs, fifty shares in the navigation of each
of the rivers Potomac and James.2 For your trouble and at-
tention in forwarding the Act, you will please to accept my
^rom the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
2The act is in the Washington Papers under date of Jan. 5, 1785.
90 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
thanks; whilst to the Assembly for passing it, these with all
my gratitude, are due. I shall ever consider this Act as an
unequivocal, and substantial testimony of the approving voice
of my Country for the part I have acted in the Amn. theatre,
and shall feast upon the recollection of it as often as it occurs
to me; but this is all I can, or mean to do. It was my first
declaration in Congress after accepting my military appoint-
ment, that I would not receive any thing for such services as
I might be able to render the cause in which I had embarked.
It was my fixed determination when I surrendered that ap-
pointment, never to hold any other office under Government,
by which emolument might become a necessary appendage:
or, in other words, which should withdraw me from the neces-
sary attention which my own private concerns indispensably
required: nor to accept of any pecuniary acknowledgment,
for what had passed; from this resolution, my mind has never
yet swerved. The Act therefore, which your Excellency en-
closed, is embarrassing to me. On the one hand I shall be
unhappy if my non-acceptance of the shares should be con-
sidered as a slight of the favor, (the magnitude of which, I
think very highly of) or disrespectful to the generous inten-
tion of my Country. On the other I should be equally hurt
if motives of pride, or an ostentatious display of disinterested-
ness should be ascribed to the action. None of these have exist-
ence in my breast, and none of them would I have imputed
to me, whilst I am endulging the bent of my inclination by
acting independant of rewards for occasional and accidental
services. Besides, may not the plans be affected; unless some
expedient can be hit upon to avoid the shock which may be
sustained, by withdrawing so many shares from them?
Under these circumstances, and with this knowledge of my
wishes and intention I would thank your Excellency for your
1785] INTRODUCTORY LETTERS 91
frank and full opinion of this matter, in a friendly way, as
this letter to you is written and I hope will be considered. I
am, etc.3
To MRS. HANNAH MOORE
Mount Vernon, February 28, 1785.
Madam,: I received your favor of the 20th. of January, some
considerable time after the date of it. I have never received,
nor have I ever heard any thing of Mrs. Savages Will, since
your deceased husband put it into my hands, and then re-
claimed it in December 1783 as I passed through Baltimore
on my way to Virginia, to be sent (for I could see no propriety
in any thing else) to the Executors named therein, to act under.
I am Madam Yr. etc.3
*To HENRY KNOX
Mount Vernon, February 28, 1785.
My dear Sir: Your favor of the 31st. Ulto. came to my hands
by the last Post, enclosed are letters under flying Seals to Count
de Rochambeau and the Marqs. de Chartellux (late Chevr.)
introductory of Mr. Swan.4 Also certificates for Lieutts. Sea-
ver5 and Henley.6 if these will answer the purposes designed
I shall think nothing of the trouble, but be happy in having
given them.
3 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
4 A member of the Massachusetts Legislature. Copies of Washington's notes of intro-
duction to Rochambeau and Chastellux are in the "Letter Book" in the Washington
Papers, dated Feb. 28, 1785.
c Lieut. James Sever (Seaver), of Jackson's Continental Regiment, in which he had
served to June 20, 1784. He afterwards became a captain in the United States Navy,
and in 1785 wished a certificate to aid him in obtaining a position in the Dutch service.
6 Lieut. Samuel Henley. He is ranked as a captain in the Ninth Massachusetts Regi-
ment, and was retired in January, 1783. He hoped to enter the Russian service.
92 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
Upon Summing up the cost of my projected building in
Alexandria, I found my finances not equal to the undertaking;
and have thereupon suspended, if not altogether declined it.
Notwithstanding, if any Vessel should be coming hither from
that part of your state where the Limestone abounds, and
where it is to be obtained at a low price, and would bring it at a
low freight, unburn'd. or if in this State it could be brought
hither from Boston as Ballast, or at a low freight, I should be
glad to get some; in either of these ways. I use a great deal of
lime every year, made of the Oyster shells, which, before they
are burnt, cost me 25 a [sic] 30/ pr. hundred Bushels; but it is
of mean quality, which makes me desirious of trying Stone
lime.
The Assemblies of Virginia and Maryland passed laws be-
fore their adjournment, for improving and extending the Nav-
igation of this River as far as it shall be found practicable; a
copy of which (for they are exactly the same in both States) I
send you; they also gave a sum of money for the purpose of
opening, and keeping in repair, a good road of communication
between the Eastern and Western Waters. And this State
passed a Similar Act respecting James River, and the Com-
munication with Green Brier (a branch of the Great Kan-
hawa) which opens equally advantageously to another part of
the Western territory; shares in either or both of which, in my
opinion, presents a monied men the most certain, and lucra-
tive Speculation of wch. I can have any idea.
The State of Virginia accompanied these proceedings with
another Act, which particularly respected myself; and tho'
generous in the extreme, is rendered more valuable by the flat-
tering, yet delicate expression of its recitals. It directs their
Treasurer to subscribe for my use and benefit, one hundred
shares (50 in each Navigation); which it declares vested in
me and my heirs for ever. But I can truly aver to you, my dear
1785] ST. CROIX RIVER 93
Sir, that this Act has given me more pain than pleasure. It
never was my inclination, nor is it now my intention, to accept
anything pecuniary from the public: but how to decline this
gift without appearing to slight the favors (which the assembly
ascribe to a sense of gratitude) of my Country, and exhibiting
an act of seeming disrespect to the Legislature on the one hand,
or incurring the imputation of pride, or an ostentatious display
of disinterestedness on the other, is my embarrassment, but I
must endeavor to hit upon some expedient before the next
Session (for I had not the smallest intimation of the matter
before the rising of the last) to avoid any of these charges, and
yet follow the bent of my wishes; which are to be as independ-
ent as the Air. I have no body to provide for, and I have
enough to support me through life in the plain, and easy style
in which I mean to spend the remainder of my days.
I thank you for the particular acct. which you have given me
of the different Rivers to which the British have given the
names of St. Croix; I shall be much mistaken if they do not
in other matters, as well as this, give us a good deal of trouble
before we are done with them, and yet, it does not appear to
me, that we have wisdom, or national policy enough to avert
the evils which are impending. How should we, when con-
tracted ideas, local pursuits, and absurd jealousy are continu-
ally leading us from those great and fundamental principles
which are characteristic of wise and powerful Nations; and
without which, we are no more than a rope of Sand, and shall
as easily be broken.
In the course of your literary disputes at Boston (on the one
side to drink Tea in Company, and to be social and gay, on the
other, to impose restraints which at no time ever were agree-
able, and in these days of more liberty and endulgence, never
will be submitted to) I perceive, and was most interested by,
something which was said respecting the composition for a
94 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [March
public walk; which also appeared to be one of the exceptionable
things. Now, as I am engaged in works of this kind, I would
thank you, if there is any art in the preparation, to communi-
cate it to me. whether designed for Carriages, or walking. My
Gardens have gravel walks (as you possibly may recollect) in
the usual Style, but if a better composition has been discovered
for these, I should gladly adopt it. the matter however which
I wish principally to be informed in, is, whether your walks
are designed for Carriages, and if so, how they are prepared,
to resist the impression of the Wheels. I am making a serpen-
tine road to my door, and have doubts (which it may be in your
power to remove) whether any thing short of solid pavement
will answer.
Having received a letter from Majr. Keith7 (dated at New
York) and not knowing where to direct my answer, I take the
liberty of putting it and the Papers wch. it enclod under cover
to you, as he was of the Massachusetts State, and I presume only
came to New York on business. He is one, among numberless
others, who want me to do inconsistent things, namely to an-
nul, or rather do away, the effect of his Court Martial. The
other letter8 for a Mr. Palmer, be so good as to put into a
channel for delivery.
Mrs. Washington joins me in affectionate regards for Mrs.
Knox, and the rest of the Family, and I am etc. [ms.h.s.]
To JAMES KEITH9
Mount Vernon, March i, 1785.
Sir: However much I may wish to see every slur wiped
from the character of an officer who early embarked in the
7Maj. James Keith.
8 A draft or copy not now found in the Washington Papers.
"Formerly major in the Eighth Massachusetts Regiment.
1785] COURT-MARTIAL RECORD 95
service of his Country; and however desirous I may be to alle-
viate his misfortunes, it is nevertheless incumbent on me to
have regard to consistency of conduct in myself. With what
propriety then could I, a private Citizen, attempt to undo
things which received my approbation as a public officer, and
this too without the means of information, as the proceedings
of Courts Martial are not with me : but if the case was other-
wise, I could neither answer it to myself or Country, to retread
the ground I have laboriously passed over, was a door of this
kind once opened, I should be overwhelmed with applications
of a similar nature; for I cannot agree that either the judg-
ment of the Court Martial, or the approbation of it proceeded,
as you suppose, from the policy of offering a victim to appease
the clamors of the populace. It is unnecessary however to go
into arguments upon the subject when, admitting there was
error, redress can only be had from the supreme Council of
the nation, or to the State to which you belong. I am sorry
it has been your lott to be brought before a Court, much more
so for the issue, and if I could with propriety place you in
the full enjoyment of every thing you wish, I shou'd have
pleasure in doing it, but it is not in my power in the present
instance. I am, etc.10
To CHARLES McIVER
Mount Vernon, March i, 1785.
Sir: Whilst I was at Richmond in November last, I received
a letter and extracts from you on the subject of emigration.
It was put into my hands at a time when I was much engaged,
accompanied by many other papers, which with them were
put by and forgotten, until your second letter reminded me
10 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
96 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [March
of them. As I do not clearly comprehend your plan, and if
I did, as a discussion of it by letter would be tedious and less
satisfactory, if you will be at the trouble of calling upon me
at any time when I am in Alexandria, or of riding down here;
I will give you my sentiments with freedom and candour,
when I more fully understand it. I am, etc.11
To REVEREND WILLIAM GORDON
Mount Vernon, March 8, 1785.
Dr. Sir : Since my last to you, I have been favored with sev-
eral of your letters, which should not have remained so long
unacknowledged, had I not been a good deal pressed by mat-
ters which could not well be delayed; and because I found a
difficulty in complying with your request respecting the pro-
files; the latter it is not in my power to do now, satisfactorily.
Some imperfect miniature cuts I send you under cover with
this letter, they were designed for me by Miss D'Hart of Eliza-
bethtown, and given to Mrs. Washington; who in sparing
them, only wishes they may answer your purpose. For her
I can get none cut yet. If Mr. Du' Simitire is living, and at
Philada., it is possible he may have miniature engravings of
most, if not all the military characters you want, and in their
proper dresses: he drew many good likenesses from the life,
and got them engraved at Paris for sale; among these I have
seen Genl. Gates, Baron de Steuben, &c, as also that of your
hble servt. The Marqs. de la Fayette had left this before
your request of his profile came to hand.
You ask if the character of Colo. John Lawrens, as drawn
in the Independant Chronicle of the 2d of Deer, last, is just.
I answer, that such parts of the drawing as have fallen under
my own observation, is literally so; and that it is my firm
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] FORT WASHINGTON 97
belief his merits and worth richly entitle him to the whole
picture : no man possessed more of the amor patrice, in a word,
he had not a fault that I ever could discover, unless intrepidity
bordering upon rashness could come under that denomination;
and to this he was excited by the purest motives.
The order12 alluded to in my private letter, a copy of which
you requested, I now send. You might have observed, for I
believe the same private letter takes notice thereof, that it was
consequent of a resolve of Congress, that Fort Washington
was so pertinaceously held, before the Ships passed that Post.
Without unpacking chests, unbundling papers &ca., I cannot
come at to give you a copy of that resolve; but I well remember
that after reciting the importance of securing the upper navi-
gation of the Hudson, I am directed to obtain hulks, to sink
them for the purpose of obstructing the navigation, and to
spare no other cost to effect it. Owing to this the Posts of Forts
Washington and Lee, on account of the narrowness of
the river, some peculiarity of the channel, and strength of the
ground at these places, were laboriously fortified; owing to
this we left Fort Washington strongly garrisoned, in our rear,
when we were obliged to retreat to the White plains; and
owing to this, also, Colo. Magaw, who commanded at it, was
ordered to defend it to the last extremity. But when, maugre
all the obstructions which had been thrown into the chan-
nel, all the labour and expence wch. had been bestowed on the
works, and the risks we had run of the garrison theretofore,
the British Ships of War had, and could pass those Posts, it
was clear to me from that moment, that they were no longer
eligible, and that that on the East side of the river ought to be
withdrawn whilst it was in our power: in consequence thereof
"See Washington's letter to Maj. Gen. Nathanael Greene, Nov. 8, 1776 (vol. 6,
p. 257). (See also Washington's letter to John Augustine Washington, Nov. 6, 1776,
p. 244, of the same volume.)
98 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [March
the letter of the 8th. of Novr. 1776, was written to Genl. Greene
from the White plains; that Post and all the troops in the
vicinity of it being under his orders. I give this information,
and I furnish you with a copy of the order for the evacuation
of Fort Washington, because you desire it, not that I want to
exculpate myself from any censure which may have fallen on
me by charging another. I have sent your recipe for the pres-
ervation of young plants to the Alexandria printer; and wish
the salutary effect which the author of the discovery, in the
annual register has pointed to, may be realized : the process is
simple and not expensive which renders it more valuable.
Some Accots. say, that matters are in train for an accommo-
dation between the Austrians and Dutch; if so the flames of
war may be arrested before they blaze out and become very
extensive; but admitting the contrary, I hope none of the
sparks will light on American ground, which I fear is made
up of too much combustible matter for its well-being.
Your young friend13 is in high health, and as full of spirits
as an egg shell is of meat. I informed him I was going to
write to you, and desired to know if he had any commands;
his spontaneous answer, I beg he will make haste and come
here again. All the rest of the family are well, except Mrs.
Washington, who is too often troubled with bilious and chol-
icky complaints, to enjoy perfect health; all join in best wishes
for you and yours with Dr. Sir, &c.14
To REVEREND JOHN WITHERSPOON
Mount Vernon, March 8, 1785.
Revd. Sir: From the cursory manner in wch. you expressed
the wish of Mr. Bowie15 to write the Memoirs of my life, I was
"George Washington Parke Custis.
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
"John Bowie.
1785] CONDITION OF HIS PAPERS 99
not, at the moment of your application and my assent to it,
struck with the consequences to which it tended: but when I
came to reflect upon the matter afterwards, and had had some
conversation with Mr. Bowie on the subject; I found that this
must be a very futile work (if under any circumstances it could
be made interesting) unless he could be furnished with the in-
cidents of my life, either from my papers, or my recollection,
and digesting of past transactions into some sort of form and
order with respect to times and circumstances: I knew also
that many of the former relative to the part I had acted in the
war between France and G: Britain from the year 1754, until
the peace of Paris; and which contained some of the most
interesting occurrences of my life, were lost; that my memory
is too treacherous to be relied on to supply this defect, and admit-
ting both were more perfect, that submitting such a publica-
tion to the world whilst I continue on the theatre, might be
ascribed (however involuntarily I was led into it) to vain
motives.
These considerations prompted me to tell Mr. Bowie, when I
saw him at Philada. in May last, that I could have no agency
towards the publication of any Memoirs respecting myself
whilst living: but as I had given my assent to you (when asked)
to have them written, and as he had been the first to propose it,
he was welcome if he thought his time would not be unprofit-
ably spent, to take extracts from such documents as yet re-
mained in my possession, and to avail himself of any other
information I could give; provided the publication should be
suspended until I had quitted the stage of human action. I
then intended, as I informed him, to have devoted the present
expiring winter in arranging all my papers which I had left at
home, and which I found a mere mass of confusion (occa-
sioned by frequently shifting them into trunks, and suddenly
100 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [March
removing them from the reach of the enemy) ; but however
strange it may seem it is nevertheless true, that what with com-
pany; referrences of old matters with which I ought not to be
troubled, applications for certificates, and copies of orders, in
addition to the routine of letters which have multiplied greatly
upon me; I have not been able to touch a single paper, or trans-
act any business of my own, in the way of accts. and during the
whole course of the winter; or in a word, since my retirement
from public life.
I have two reasons, my good sir, for making these communi-
cations to you, the first is, by way of apology for not complying
with my promise in the full extent you might expect, in favor
of Mr. Bowie. The second is, not knowing where that Gentle-
man resides I am at a loss without your assistance, to give him
the information respecting the disordered state of my papers,
which he was told should be arranged, and a proper selection
of them made for his inspection, by the Spring. Upon your
kindness therefore I must rely to convey this information to
him; for tho' I shou'd be glad at all times, to see Mr. Bowie here,
I should be unhappy if expectations which cannot be realized
(in the present moment) shou'd withdraw him from, or cause
him to forego some other pursuits which may be more advan-
tageous to him. My respects if you please to Mrs. Witherspoon.
I have the honor, etc.16
ToJOHNFILSON
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1785.
Sir : It was but a few days ago that I was f avor'd with your
letter of the 8th. of Feby. accompanied by your Map and his-
tory of Kentucke, for which you will please to accept my
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] MRS. SAVAGE'S WILL 101
thanks. Those which you expect were handed to me by Mr.
Page17 of Rosewell, are not yet arrived; nor have I heard any-
thing from that gentleman respecting them.
Previous to the receipt of the above letter, I had written to
you and addressed my letter to the care of Mr. Dunlap printer
in Phila., taking it for granted you must have received it 'ere
this, I beg leave to refer to its contents, as aught I could say
on this subject would be only repetition. I am, etc.18
To MRS. SARAH BOMFORD
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1785.
Madam: I have had the honor to receive your favor, and
duplicate, of the 8th. of Octor. from Lisle in Flanders. I have
also seen the Will of the deceased Mrs. Savage.
In December 1783 on my quitting public life, and as I was
returning to my own home; I met at Baltimore, in Maryland a
Mr. Moore, who shewed me this Will; and as it appeared to
be the original (for I perfectly recollected the writing of Mrs.
Savage), I told him it ought to have been placed in the hands
of the Executors therein named, that it might be recorded and
acted upon, instead of bringing it to this Country, and pro-
posed to transmit it to them myself for this purpose : he placed
it in my hands accordingly, but in less than half an hour re-
claimed it; adding that as he was about to sail for Ireland, he
would take it there himself. As I knew not by what means
he became possessed of this testament, I knew no right by
which I could withhold it from him, and therefore returned
it; with a request that he would furnish me with a copy thereof,
which was done some considerable time thereafter. From that
: John Page.
sFrom the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
102 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [March
period I heard nothing further of Mr. Moore, the Will or
anything respecting it, until last month; when I received a
letter dated Jan: 20th. 1785, from a person at Baltimore sub-
scribing herself, "Hannah Moore", of which the enclosed is
a copy, upon the receipt whereof I informed the writer, that
neither the Will, or any accot. of it, had reached my hands;
nor had I heard a tittle of it since.
I confess there is something in this transaction which car-
ries with it the face of mistery. How it should have happened
that Mr. Moore whose name is not once mentioned in the
will should become possessed of it: that his widow should be
enquiring after it, with the eagerness of a person deeply inter-
ested therein; and that the Executors, who really are so, first as
principal legatees, and 2dly. as residuary Legatees, shou'd never
have written a line on the subject, or made the most distant en-
quiry after the only property from whence they could derive
benefit themselves, or administer it to others agreeably to the
testators directions, is unaccountable to me upon any other
principle, than that of the Will's never having yet got into their
hands.
After assuring you Madam, that I should be happy to render
you any services my situation will admit of; I must beg leave
to inform you, that you mistake the case entirely, when you
suppose that it is in my power to dispose of any part of the
deceased Mrs. Savage's property. All that her Trustees could
have done, even in her lifetime; was to recover the annuity,
which was as unjustly, as ungenerously withheld from her by
Doctr. Savage her husband: but with respect to the disposal
of it afterwards, we had no more authority than you: now
she has made an absolute distribution of it herself by Will,
which her Executors herein named, are to see duly executed.
Every lawful and equitable claim therefore, which you may
1785] THE SAVAGE ESTATE 103
have had against Mrs. Savage in her lifetime, must now be
presented to her Executors; for it is they, and they only, (or the
Laws if they refuse) who can now do you justice. From
the words of the Will it would seem to me that the legacy
which Mrs. Savage has left you, does not preclude any just
charge you may have had against her for board &c, if it was
known to be your intention to make it: but this is a matter of
which I have not the smallest cognizance, it must be settled
between you and the Exors of her Will, when the money can
be recover'd from the Estate of Doctr. Savage, who is also dead.
In what state the Suit is, I am unable to inform you. My
situation before Peace was established, and engagements since
have obliged me to depend wholly upon Mr. Fairfax19 (the
other Trustee) to prosecute it; who, besides the shutting of
the Courts at one time, and the litigiousness of them at all
times, has had all the villainy of Dr. Savage, and the chicanery
of his lawyers to combat. The Doctr., rather than fulfill an
engagement, which generosity, justice, humanity and every
other motive which should have influenced an honest mind,
had recourse to stratagem, and every delay, to procrastinate
payment; altho' from report, he has made an immense fortune.
I have the honor, etc.20
To MATHEW CAREY
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1785.
Sir: It was my intention, so soon as I understood you meant
to become the publisher of a Newspaper at Philadelphia, to
have requested that your weekly production might be sent
to me. I was the more pleased with this determination when,
10 Bryan Fairfax.
50 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
104 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [March
by a letter from my friend the Marqs. de la Fayette, I found he
had interested himself in your behalf.
It has so happened that my Gazettes from Philada., whether
from inattention at the printing or post offices, or other causes,
come very irregularly to my hands; I pray you therefore to fold
it like, and give it the appearance of a letter, the usual covering
of your Newspapers will do. I have sometimes suspected that
there are persons who having stronger desires to read News-
papers than to pay for them, borrow with a pretty heavy hand:
this may be avoided by deception, and I know of no other way.
I am, etc.21
To FREDERICK WEISSENFELS
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1785.
Sir : I was favored with your letter of the 21st. of Feby., by the
last Post. It never fails to give me pain when I hear of the suf-
ferings of a deserving Officer; in which light I always consid-
ered you. It ever has been amongst my first wishes, that the
circumstances of the public had been such as to have prevented
the great loss which both officers and Soldiers have sustained
by the depreciation of their certificates; and that each State
would do something for those of their respective lines: but
having many to provide for, and few places or things to be-
stow; it is a matter of little wonder that many, very many,
deserving characters should go unnoticed, or, to speak more
properly, unprovided for.
It has ever been a maxim with me, and it gives regularity
and weight to my certificates, to ground them upon the testi-
21 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
The text of the original, said to be in Worcester College, Ohio, varies somewhat
from this letter, the last sentence being "It has sometimes occurred to me, that there
are persons who wishing to read News Papers, without being at the expence of pay-
ing for them, make free with those which are addressed to others. Under the garb
of a letter, it is not presumeable this liberty would be taken."
1785] CERTIFICATES 105
mony of the Genl. officers under whom the applicant had
served : this brings with it dates and circumstances with which
I am oftentimes unacquainted. In your case it is indispensably
necessary; for you having been long out of the Continental line
of the army, I cannot speak with precision as to facts. If there-
fore, as you have been in the service of the State of Nw. York
you will forward to me the testimonial of Govr. Clinton, I will
gladly accompany it with a certificate of mine, if you think any
weight can be added thereby; to do which can only be attended
with a little delay, as the letters will come and go free from
Postage. With esteem and regard, I am etc.22
To JACOB GERHARD DIRIKS
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 24th. of January came duly at hand;
but being written in French (a language I do not understand)
some time elapsed before an opportunity presented to get it
translated. This I hope will be received as an apology for the
delay of my answer.
However much your merits deserve recommendation, and
however pleasing it might be to me to offer my testimony to
such facts as have come to my knowledge, respecting the serv-
ices you have rendered to these States, yet to comply with your
request of a letter to the Count de Maasdam,23 would be in-
consistent with the line of conduct I have prescribed for my
Government.
It is a maxim with me Sir, to take no liberties with exalted
characters to whom I am not personally known, or with whom
I have had no occasion to correspond by letter; but if you
shou'd think a certificate of service from me can avail you in
22 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
23 General in the army of the United Netherlands.
106 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [March
any degree, and you would please to furnish me with your
appointmts. and places of services (as they have not been much
under my immediate command) I shall have pleasure in fur-
nishing one.
If circumstances had permitted, I should have been happy
in the honor of a visit from you. I have a grateful sense of the
polite and flattering expression of your letters; and with best
wishes for you in your future pursuits, I have the honor etc.24
To ARTHUR LEE
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I had the honor to receive a letter from you dated at
Carlisle the 19th. of Novr. last, which should not have re-
mained unacknowledged until this time, if I had known of
any opportunity of addressing a letter to you in the Western
Territory.
I have now heard of your passing thro' Philada. on your way
to Congress, and have been honor'd with a copy of your sec-
ond treaty with the Western tribes of Indians, from the Presi-
dent. I am pleased to find that the Indians have yielded so
much; from the temper I heard they were in, I apprehended
less compliance, on their part. This business being accom-
plished, it would give me pleasure to hear that Congress had
proceeded to the disposal of the ceded Lands at a happy me-
dium price, in a District sufficient and proper for a compact
State. Progressive seating will be attended with many advan-
tages; sparse settlements with many evils.
I congratulate you on your safe return: the season was in-
clement and very unfit for the place and business you were
engaged in. Mrs. Washington presents her compliments to
you, and I have the honor, etc.24
MFrom the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] RUMSEY'S BOAT 107
*To HUGH WILLIAMSON
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1785.
Sir: It has so happened, that your favor of the 19th. Ulto.
did not come to my hands until the last mail arrived at Alex-
andria. By the return of which, I have the honor to address
this letter to you.
Mr. McMeiken's explanation of the movements of Rum-
seys's newly invented Boat, is consonant to my ideas; and war-
ranted by the principles upon which it acts. The small manual
assistance to which I alluded, was to be applied in still water;
and to the purpose of steering the vessel. The counteraction
being proportioned to the action, it must ascend a swift currt.
faster than a gentle stream; and both, with more ease than it
can move on dead water. But in the first there may be, and
no doubt is, a point beyond wch. it cannot proceed without
involving consequences which may be found insurmountable.
Further than this I am not at liberty to explain myself; but if
a model, or thing in miniature can justly represent a greater
object in its operation, there is no doubt of the utility of the
invention. A view of this model, with an explanation, re-
moved the principal doubt I ever had in my mind, of the
practicability of progressing against stream, by the aid of me-
chanical Power; but as he wanted to avail himself of my in-
troduction of it to the public attention, I chose, previously,
to see the actual performance of the model in a descending
stream, before I passed my certificate, and having done so, all
my doubts were done away.
I thank you, Sir, for your accot. of the last Indian treaty.
I had received a similar one before, but do not comprehend by
what line it is, our northern limits are to be fixed. Two things
seem naturally to result from this Treaty. The terms on which
108 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [March
the ceded lands are to be disposed of; and the mode of settling
them. The first, in my opinion, ought not to be delayed. The
second, ought not to be too diffusive. Compact and progres-
sive Seating will give strength to the Union; admit law and
good government; and foederal aids at an early period. Sparse
settlements in several new States; or in a large territory for
one State, will have the direct contrary effects, and whilst it
opens a large field to Land jobbers and speculators, who are
prouling about like Wolves in every shape, will injure the real
occupants and useful citizens, and consequently, the public
interest. If a tract of Country, of convenient size for a new
State, contiguous to the present Settlements on the Ohio, is
laid off, and a certain proportion of the land therein actually
seated; or at least granted; before any other State is marked
out and no lond suffered to be had beyond the limits of it; we
shall, I conceive, derive great political advantages from such
a line of conduct, and without it, may be involved in much
trouble and perplexity, before any New state will be well or-
ganized, or can contribute any thing to the support of the
Union. I have the honor &c. [n.y.h.s.]
To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS
Mount Vernon, March 15, 1785.
Dear Sir: I have had the honor to receive your Excellency's
favor of the 14th. of Feby., and pray you to receive my thanks
for the copy of the treaty with the Western Indians, with which
you were so obliging as to send me. From the accots. given me
of the temper of these people were in last fall I did not expect
such a cession of territory from the Tribes that met. The Shaw-
nese are pretty numerous and among the most warlike of the
Ohio Indians; but if the other tribes are in earnest and will
1785] POPULATING THE WEST 109
observe the Treaty and a third treaty is concluded with the
more southerly Indians, their spirit must yield, or they could
easily be extirpated.
The wisdom of Congress will now be called upon to fix a
medium price on these Lands, and to point out the most ad-
vantageous mode of seating them; so as that Law and good
Governmt. may be administered and the Union strengthened
and supported thereby. Progressive seating in my opinion
is the only means by which this can be effected; and unless in
the scale of politics, more than one new State is found neces-
sary at this time, the unit I believe would be found more preg-
nant with advantages than the decies; the latter, if I mistake
not, will be more advancive of individual interest, than the
public welfare. As you will have that untowardness, jealousy
and pride, which are characteristic of the Spanish nation, to
contend with; it is more than probable that Mr. Gardoque25
will give Congress a good deal of trouble respecting the naviga-
tion of the Mississippi river. To me it should seem, that their
true policy would lie in making New Orleans a free mart, in-
stead of shutting the port, but their ideas of trade are very
limitted. I take the liberty of putting a letter under your cover
for Mr. Lee.26 Mrs. Washington joins me in respectful com-
pliments, and I am etc.27
To EDMUND RANDOLPH
Mount Vernon, March 19, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Some considerable time ago I wrote a letter to
my nephew, Bushrod Washington, and used the freedom of
25 Diego de Gardoqui. He was Spanish envoy to the United States.
28 Arthur Lee.
27 This " Letter Book " copy varies considerably from the text printed by Ford, who
does not state his source.
110 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [March
addressing it to your care. At that time I conceived he was living
at Richmond, but the establishment of circuit Courts it seems
has changed his plan: he now intends to live at Fredericks-
burg. Will you allow me the liberty my dear sir, to request the
favor of you to open my letter to him, if it is yet in yr. posses-
sion, and comply with a request therein, respecting a promis-
ary note of Mr. Rian's,28 if he is in Richmond; or cause it to be
complied with if he is at Petersburgh. If my memory serves
me, I have gone into the detail of the matter to my nephew. I
will not trouble you therefore, with a repetition of it, nor will
I take up your time with an apology for the trouble this must
give you. Mrs. Washington unites in best wishes for yourself
and Mr. Randolph with, Dr. Sir, &c.29
ToJOHNHARVIE
Mount Vernon, March 19, 1785.
Sir: If I recollect right, I mentioned when I had the pleasure
of seeing you at Mr. Jones's30 the first of last October, that I was
reduced to the necessity of bringing ejectments against sundry
persons who had taken possession of a tract of Land which
I hold, not far from Fort Pitt in the State of Pennsylvania, by
Patent under this Governmt. for 2813 acres.
I have lately received a letter from my Lawyer, Mr. Thos.
Smith, of Carlisle requesting information on several points;
the following are his own words,
I am entirely unacquainted with the manner in which titles to Lands
are acquired by improvement or occupancy, by the Laws and customs of
Virginia. I suppose it must be under certain conditions and restrictions.
I should be glad to have the Laws, if any, pointed out. Does the occupier
28 Ryan. (See Washington's letter to Bushrod Washington, Jan. 22, 1785, ante.)
20 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
^Gabriel Jones, in the Shenandoah Valley.
1785] PENNSYLVANIA LANDS 111
Forfeit his right of pre-emption, if he does not apply for an office right
in a given time? If so, when? By what Laws? Or is it by the regu-
lations established in the Land Office? A certified copy of such regula-
tions if any, may be necessary.
At the interview I had with that Gentleman in September, he
told me it would be necessary to obtain a certified copy of the
Surveyors return to the Land office, and of the date of the Warrt.
upon which it was made. The latter I presume is in the hands
of the Surveyor, but the date no doubt, is recited in the re-
turn. Having (in the life time of Colo. Crawford, and by
letter from him) received information that at the convention
next before the 20th. of Septr. 1776, (the date of his letter)
an ordinance passed for the purpose of saving equitable claims
to the Western Lands, Mr. Smith requested some precise in-
formation respecting this Ordinance, that is, how far it will
apply in my case.
After the many obliging acts of kindness I have received
from you, and the generous terms upon which they have been
rendered, I am really ashamed to give you more trouble; but
as the dispute in which I am engaged is of importance, and
a very ungenerous advantage has been taken of a situation in
which I could not attend to my private concerns, or seek justice
in due season, and as I believe no person can solve the queries
of Mr. Smith, and give such accurate information on such
points as can be made to subserve my cause as you, I am, how-
ever reluctantly, compelled to this application.
Mr. Smith's own words, which I have quoted, and his verbal
application to me, wch. I have just now recited, will sufficiently
apprize you of what has occurred to him; but I will go fur-
ther, and take the liberty my good Sir, of giving you a state
of the whole matter; from whence you will discover the points
on which my opponents mean to hinge the success of their
cause.
112 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [March
Colo. Crawford, a liver on Yohioghaney, an old and inti-
mate acquaintance of mine, undertook to procure for me a
tract of land in that Country; and accordingly made choice
of the one, now in dispute, on the waters of Racoon and
Millers runs, branches of Shurtees Creek, surveyed the same,
amounting to 2813 acres, and purchased in my behalf the
claim of some person to a part of the land, who pretended to
have a right thereto. After this he built, or intended to build
according to his own accot., and to the best of my recollection,
(for the papers being in the hands of my Lawyer, I have mem-
ory only, and that a bad one, to resort to) three or four cabbins
on different parts of the tract, and placed one or more persons
thereon to hold possession of it for my benefit. All this pre-
ceeded the first view the present occupiers (my opponents)
ever had of the Land, as they themselves have acknowledged
to me, and which I believe can be proved. So far as it respects
one cabbin there can be no doubt, because it remains to this
day; and is acknowledged by them to have been on the land
when they first came to it. They built another cabbin so close
to the door of it, as to preclude the entrance of it : Crawford in
his accot. of it to me, says, with a view to prevent occupation:
they, on the other hand, say there was no inhabitant in the
house at the time. Both may be right, for the fact is, as I have
been informed, the owner being from home, this transaction
took place in his absence.
It may be well to observe here that Colo. Crawford was only
acting the part of a friend to me; for at that time, tho' he was
a Surveyor by regular appointment from the College of Wm.
and Mary, it was for the local purpose of surveying the 200,000
acres granted by Dinwiddie's Proclamation of 1754 to the
Troops of the State, who were entitled to it as a bounty: but
as I proposed to cover this survey with a military warrant as
1785] TITLE TO LAND 113
soon as circumstances would permit, these steps were prelimi-
nary to obtain the Land. Accordingly, a Warrant which I
obtained in consequence of a purchase from one Captain Posey
(who under the British Kings proclamation of 1763 was en-
titled to 3000 acres) whose Bond I now have bearing date the
14th. of Octr. 1770, assigning to me all his right to land under
it, was located thereon; and Colo. Crawford, after receiving
a commission to act as Deputy to Mr. Thos. Lewis, made a
return of this survey to his principal, who returned it to the
Secretary's office, from whence a Patent issued signed by Lord
Dunmore in June or July 1774, for 2813 acres, reciting under
what right I became entitled to the Land. Hence, and from
the repeated warnings, which it is said can be proved were
given at the time my opponents were about to take possession
of the Land, and afterwards, comes my title.
The title of my opponents I know will be: 1st. That Craw-
fords survey was illegal, at least, was unauthorized. 2d. That
being a great land-jobber, he held, or endeavored to monop-
olise under one pretence or other much land: and tho' (for
they do not deny the fact to me in private discussion, altho'
considering the lapse of time, deaths, and dispersion of people,
I may find some difficulty to prove it) they were told this was
my land; yet conceiving my name was only made use of as a
cover, and in this they say they were confirmed, having (after
some of the warnings given them) searched the Land office
of this State without discovering any such Grant to me. 3d.
That their possession of the Land, preceded my Patent or date
of the Surveyors return to the Secretary's office; or even the
date of Crawfords deputation under Lewis, before which,
every transaction they will add, was invalid.
But to recapitulate, the Dispute, if my memory for want
of papers does not deceive me, may be summed up in these
words.
114 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [March
ist. In the year 1771, Crawford at my request looked out
this Land for me, and made an actual survey thereof on my
account.
2d. Some person (not of the opponents) setting up a claim
to part included by the survey, he purchased them out, built
one cabbin, if not more, and placed a man therein to keep
possession of the Land.
3d. It was called my land, and generally believed to be so by
every body, and under that persuasion was left by some, who
uninformed of my right, had begun to build, before the pres-
ent occupants took possession to the exclusion as I have related
before of the person placed thereon by Crawford.
4th. That sometime in Octr. 1773 according to their own
accot., these occupants took possession.
5th. That upon their doing so, and at several times there-
after, they were notified of my claim and intention to assert
my right.
6th. That no survey was ever made of this Land, but the
first one by Crawford.
7th. That it is declared in the Surveyors return, to be con-
sequent of a warrant granted by Lord Dunmore to Jno. Posey
assigned to me. But whether this warrt. is dated before or
after possession was taken by my opponents, I know not, but
the Survey will shew this.
8th. That after he received his deputation (which I believe
was subsequent to their occupancy) he made a return of the
survey to Mr. Lewis, who returned it to the Secretary's Office
in the early part, I believe, of the year 1774, and a Patent issued
without any caveat or opposition from these people.
9th. I believe, because I never heard otherwise, that no office
rights either in this State or that of Pennsylvania, were ever
obtained by my opponents, resting their title upon possession.
1785] LEGAL RIGHT TO LAND 115
Under this statement of the matter, in which I have con-
ceded everything I know, or which I think can be urged against
my claim, I would thank you, as the matter will be deter-
mined in another State, for such advice and information of
Acts of Assembly, Acts of Convention, or rules of office which
make to the point, as my long absence renders me quite an
ignoramus in these matters, and as unfit for, as I am disinclined
to controversies of this kind.
If pre-occupancy will take place of legal right, under the
circumstances here mentioned; it remains still a question how
far the possession and improvements which were made in my
behalf, previous to those of my opponents, will avail me; that
is, under what title I should then claim the Land, and under
that title how much of it I should hold, supposing one Cabbin
only to have been built and occupied, by any rule of Office, or
Act of Government.
When I look back at the length of this letter, and consider
how much trouble I am giving you, I must thro myself upon
your goodness for an apology, whilst I assure you of the esteem
and regard with which I am, etc.31
To SIR EDWARD NEWENHAM
Mount Vernon, March 20, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I regret very much that your letters of the 2d. and
13th. of Octr. should have been withheld from me until this
time, the last post only, from Richmond brought them to me.
If you should have fulfilled your intention of embarking
for this Continent at the early period proposed in the first of
these letters, (and I hope no untoward accident has intervened
to prevent it) this answer will come too late, and my silence
31 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
116 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [March
will leave you in doubt respecting Horses, besides carrying
with it the appearance of inattention. As there is a possibility
however that this letter may yet find you in Ireland, I will re-
late the mode of travelling in this Country, and submit to your
own judgment the propriety of depending on it, or bringing
Saddle or Carriage horses with you.
From the Southern parts of this State, say from Norfolk,
thro' Hampton, Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Alexandria
which is within a few miles of this place, there is a regular
Stage which passes thrice every week, it is neither of the best
or worst kind. From Alexandria thro' the Metropolis of every
State, Annapolis in Maryland excepted, which is a little to the
right of the post road which goes thro' Baltimore. There is
also a regular Stage to Portsmouth in New Hampshire, they
are of a similar kind, and pass as often as those first mentioned ;
so that not more than three intervening days can happen be-
tween one Stage day and another. A person may therefore, at
any time between the first of April and first of December,
travel from Richmond (the metropolis of this State) to Boston,
in ten or twelve days; and return in the same time. Between
this State and Charleston (So. Carolina) no Stages are as yet
established, and the Country for the most part being poor and
thinly inhabited, accommodations of every kind, I am told are
bad. So much for public convenience; and I do not think I
should deceive you much, was I to add that Sir Edwd. Newen-
ham would find no difficulty to get accommodated, in this and
some other States, with the horses and carriages of private gen-
tlemen, from place to place where inclination or business might
induce him to go.
What the expence of transporting horses to this country
would be, I am unable to say; but I conceive they would not be
fit for immediate use if they were brought if the voyage should
1785] HORSE TRANSPORTATION 117
be long, but at the same time that I deliver this opinion, I must
add another, viz: that if you should bring horses, and might
not incline to take them back again, you could, if they were
young, likely and well bought, always sell them for their orig-
inal cost and the charges of transportation; especially if they
should happen to be of the female kind.
I have not had the pleasure of seeing either Mr. Rutherford
or Capt. Boyle:32 but the latter accompanied your letters and
packages (for which I pray you to accept my thanks) with a
few lines, giving reasons for their detention, and information
of his sailing in the course of a few days. I have in haste, wrote
you this letter by return of the Post, hoping it may get to Rich-
mond time enough to receive the conveyance by the Jane and
Diana, that it may repeat to you if it should arrive in time, the
pleasure I shall have in seeing you and your fellow travellers
under my roof, and paying you and them every attention in my
power.
As the chances are against this letter's finding you in Ire-
land, I will not at this time, touch upon the other parts of your
several favors, but leaving them as matters for oral converse,
beg that my respectful compliments in which Mrs. Washinton
joins may be presented to Lady Newenham. With very great
esteem, etc.33
To JOHN FRANCIS MERCER
Mount Vernon, March 27, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Mr. Stone gave me your favor of the 20th. When I
had the pleasure of seeing you at this place, I informed you
32 Capt. John Boyle, jr.
^From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On March 20 Washington wrote briefly to Gov. Patrick Henry, forwarding this
letter to Newenham, a copy of which is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington
Papers.
118 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [March
fully and truly of my want of money. I am at this moment
paying 7 pr. Ct. interest for a pretty considerable sum which I
borrowed in the State of Nw. York, thro' means of the Govr.;
and not being able to obtain a surety of holding it for more
than one year from the establishment of peace, I am in contin-
ual fear, notwithstanding the high interest, of having it called in.
After this declaration, it is unnecessary to add how acceptable
it would be to me to receive payment of the money due to me
from the Estate of your Father, or part of it: but to take it in
small driblets from the hands of your Lawyers, would not an-
swer the purpose as it is more than one considerable payment
I have to make from this fund. If you should go to Congress, I
should be glad if the money arising from the arrangement
you have made, was order'd into the hands of your brother, or
your attorney here; and he directed to pay it to me in such
sums as I could apply in discharge of my own Debts; for the
fact is, I shall receive with one hand and pay with the other, if
I may be allowed to use the phrase, (but for which, it would
not be required from you). If you do not go to Congress, I
shall expect the same from yourself.
My compliments, in which Mrs. Washington joins, are pre-
sented to Mrs. Mercer. I am, etc.34
To JOHN CRAIG
Mount Vernon, March 29, 1785.
Sir: If I could give you any useful information on the subject
of your letter to me, I would do it with pleasure; but, altho' I
have a good general knowledge of the Western Country, I am
very little acquainted with local situations, and less with those
on the Susquehanna than any other. Monongahela, of which
34 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] VALUE OF WESTERN LAND 119
Cheat river is a branch, is gentle in its current, easy of naviga-
tion, and besides, is supposed, either by the Cheat, or the Yohio-
ganey (which is another branch of it) to approach nearest to,
and to afford the best communication or portage with the
Atlantic waters of any in all that extensive territory: conse-
quently seats thereon, from this circumstance alone, must be
valuable; but the quality of the Land is inferior to none, until
you penetrate much further to the Westward, or much lower
down the Ohio; and is besides much better settled than any part
of the country beyond the Alleghaney Mountains. Upon what
terms you could buy (to rent I presume you are not inclined, or
the difficulty might be less) a Seat having such conveniences
as you want, I am unable to inform you. The prices of Land
there are rising every day, and if the plan which is now in con-
templation for extending the navigation of the Potomac and
opening roads of communication short and easy, between it
and the waters above mentioned, should be effected, of which
I have no doubt, the price will increase much faster.
My complimts. and best wishes to Mrs. Craig, I am, etc.35
To LUCRETIA WILHEMINA VAN WINTER
Mount Vernon, March 30, 1785.
Madam: The honor which your pen has done me so far ex-
ceeds my merits, that I am at a loss for words to express my
sense of the compliment it conveys.
The Poem,36 in celebration of my exertions to establish the
rights of my Country, was forwarded to me from Philada. by
Mr. Vogels; to whom I should have been happy to have of-
fered civilities, but he did not give me the pleasure to see him.
35 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
36 A letter from Madam Van Winter and her brother, dated Apr. 10, 1784, is in the
Washington Papers.
120 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [April
At best I have only been an instrument in the hands of Provi-
dence, to effect, with the aid of France and many virtuous fel-
low Citizens of America, a revolution which is interesting to
the general liberties of mankind, and to the emancipation of a
country which may afford an Asylum, if we are wise enough
to pursue the paths wch. lead to virtue and happiness, to the op-
pressed and needy of the Earth. Our region is extensive, our
plains are productive, and if they are cultivated with liberallity
and good sense, we may be happy ourselves, and diffuse happi-
ness to all who wish to participate.
The Lady of whom you have made such honorable men-
tion, is truly sensible of the obligation, and joins with me in
wishing you every happiness which is to be found here, and met
with hereafter. I have the honor, etc.37
*To BUSHROD WASHINGTON
Mount Vernon, April 3, 1785.
Dear Bushrod: Your letter of the 20th. Ulto. did not come to
my hands until the 31st. Whenever you have occasion to write
to me from the line of the Post, always put your letter into the
Mail, all other conveyances are uncertain; at best, irregular.
Not expecting you were going to Richmond, I did, pre-
viously to the receipt of your letter, write to the Attorney Gen-
eral (to whose care my letter to you had been addressed)
requesting him to open it; and so far as it respected the promis-
sory Note of Ryan, to comply with my desire on that head.
Being on the spot, you can be informed of the state of this mat-
ter, and govern yourself accordingly.
By the last Post I inclosed an Advertisement to Mr. Hayes38
(the Printer) requesting a meeting of the Proprietors of the
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
38 James Hayes. He was publisher of The Virginia Gazette, or American Advertiser,
Richmond, Va.
1785] AN ADVERTISEMENT 121
Great dismal Swamp. The Servant by whom I sent it to Alex-
andria got there after the Mail was dispatched; but meeting
with the Stage, he says he put it into the hands of some body
who promised to take care of it; as this may, or may not be the
case, I beg you will make immediate enquiry, and in case of
failure, desire him to insert the one herewith inclosed three
weeks in his Gazette. And, as the notice will be short, to have
it also published in some other Paper of general circulation. If
nothing unforeseen should happed to prevent it, I expect to be
in Richmond at the appointed time, and having no other busi-
ness, should regret a disappointment.
The Holly berries, Geese and Swan, are here, but no men-
tion made of the Cotten. All here join me in best wishes for
you. I am etc.
P. S. Upon second thought I have sent the Advertisement to
the Printer himself lest this letter should lye in the Post Office
for want of your knowing it is there. The one inclosed for
Doctr. Walker39 endeavor to forward by some safe hand.40
To CHARLES THOMSON
Mount Vernon, April 5, 1785.
Dear Sir: In the latter part of last Spring, the Commissioners
appointed to attend the embarkations at New York, previous
to the evacuation of the city, made a report of their proceed-
ings to me, accompanied by a voluminous list of the Slaves
which had left that place. Soon after having the pleasure of
Mr. Reeds41 company here, he informed me in conversation,
that the list42 1 had received was a duplicate of what had been
39 Dr. John Walker.
40 From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Judge E. A. Armstrong, of
Princeton, N. J.
41Jacob(?)Read.
42 Not now found in the Washington Papers.
122 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [April
sent to Congress; upon which I filed it with my public papers.
By the last Post he says he had been under a mistake, and
wished me to forward the papers which are in my hands, to
Congress. This I most assuredly would have done, but they
are too bulky for the mail, and liable to much injury from
the nature of such a carriage. However I will wait your direc-
tion, after acquainting you that two of the Commrs. Egbert
Benson Esqr. and Lieut. Colo. Smith, with the Secretary Mr.
Saml. Inches (and undoubtedly the papers from which the
report, and proceedings were founded) are in N: York. If not-
withstanding it is necessary to resort to me, the originals (for
it is not in my power to make copies) shall be sent; altho it will
make a chasm in my files, and disappoint many who apply to
them for information respecting their negroes. I am, etc.43
To GOVERNOR GEORGE CLINTON
Mount Vernon, April 5, 1785.
Dr. Sir: A few days ago I had the pleasure to receive your
favor of the 5th. ulto; your other letter of the 26th. of Deer.
came duly to hand, and should not have remained so long
unacknowledged had I not been in daily expectation of accom-
panying my answer with a remittance: disappointment fol-
lowed disappointment, but my expectation being kept alive,
I delayed writing from one Post day to another until now, that I
am assured by a Mercht. in Alexandria that I may depend
upon a Bill, in a few days, upon a Mr. Sylvanus Dickinson of
the City of Nw. York, for Two thousand five hundred Dollars.
As it is probable I may receive it before the next weeks Post,
I will on that occasion write you more fully: At present I will
only add the sincere good wishes and best respects of Mrs.
^From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] CONTINENTAL CERTIFICATES 123
Washington to yourself, Mrs. Clinton and family, to which
with much truth, mine are united.
With great esteem, etc,
P. S. Since writing the above, I have reed, the enclos'd Bill,
the second shall be sent by next Post, when I shall be more
particular.44
* To CHRISTOPHER RICHMOND 45
Mount Vernon, April 6, 1785.
Sir: By the last Post Majr. Jenifer transmitted me an Acct.
of my Continental Certificates as they had been Audited in
your Office; by which there is a difference of ^64.14.7% short
of my estimation of their value.
This (for I did not go into the examination of figures) ap-
pears to have originated from the times of calculating the de-
preciation. I have always understood that depreciation was
the same thro' the month, and if I did not misapprehend the
Intendant, his ideas of it, accorded therewith.
However, I only ask for information, and because I had cal-
culated myself in this manner, for I want no other measure
than what is given to others. I am etc.
PS. How does yr. subscriptions to the Potomk. Navigation
goon?46
*To JAMES DUANE
Mount Vernon, April 10, 1785.
Dear Sir: Enclosed you have my answer to the Acts of your
Corporation, which I pray you to present. I thank you for the
Arguments and judgment of the Mayor's Court of the City of
" From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
45 Auditor, in the Intendant's office, of the State of Maryland.
"From a photograph of the original in the State House, Annapolis, Md.
124 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [April
New York in the Cause betwn. Elizabeth Rutgars and Joshua
Waddington,47 1 have read them with all the attention I could
give the subject, and though I pretend not to be a competent
judge of the Law of Nations, or the principle and policy of the
Statute upon which the Action was founded; yet, I must con-
fess, that reason seems very much in favor of the opinion given
by the Court, and my judgment yields a hearty assent to it.
It is painful, to hear that a State which used to be the fore-
most in Acts of liberality, and its exertion to establish our
fcederal system upon a broad bottom and solid ground is con-
tracting her ideas, and pointing them to local and independent
measures; which, if persevered in, must Sap the Constitution
of these States (already too weak), destroy our National char-
acter, and render us as contemptable in the eyes of Europe
as we have it in our power to be respectable. It should seem as
if the Impost of 5 pr Ct. would never take place; for no sooner
does an obstinate State begin to relent, and adopt the recom-
mendations of Congress, but some other runs restive; as if
there was a combination among them, to defeat the measure.
From the latest European Accts. it is probable an accommo-
dation will take place between the Emperor48 and the Dutch,
but to reverberate News to a man at the source of intelligence
would be idle, therefore Mum.
The Dutch I conceive are too much attached to their pos-
sessions and their wealth, if they could yield to the pangs of
parting with their Country, to adopt the plan you hinted to
Mr. Van Berckel. The Nations of Europe are ripe for Slavery;
a thirst after riches, promptitude to luxury, and a sinking into
venality with their concomitants, untune them for manly ex-
ertions and virtuous Sacrifices.
47 A few papers concerning the case of Elizabeth Rutgers vs. Joshua Waddington are
in the Hamilton Papers (Legal), 1784, in the Library of Congress.
"Emperor Joseph II, of Austria.
1785] FREEDOM OF NEW YORK Y15
I do not know from whence the report of my coming to
Trenton could have originated, unless from a probability of
my accompanying the Marquis de la Fayette as far as New
York should have caus'd it; he pressed me to the measure, but
the season was too much opposed to it, to obtain my consent.
Mrs. Washington and myself, entertain a grateful sense
of the kind recollection of us by you, Mrs. and Miss Duane, and
the other branches of your family, and beg leave to present our
Compliments to, and best wishes for, them all.
With very great esteem, &c.
P. S. If our Rocky-hill acquaintance, Mrs. Vanhorne, has
removed (as she talked of doing) to the City of New
York I pray you to recall me, in respectful terms, to her
remembrance. [ n. y. h. s. ]
*To JAMES DUANE
Mount Vernon, April 10, 1785.
Dear Sir: A few days since by Doctr. Lee,49 1 had the honor
to receive your favors of the 16th. of December from Trenton,
and 10th. of March from the City of New York. The former
enclosing an Address of the City, and the freedom thereof in
a very handsome golden Box.
For the flattering expression of the Address, and the honor
which is confered on me by the freedom of the City, I enter-
tain a grateful sense. I wish my powers were equal to my
feelings, that I might express the latter in more lively terms
than are contained in the enclosed answer.
Let me beseech you, Sir, at the moment you shall have laid
it before your Worshipful Board, to add the strongest assur-
ances of the respect and attachment with which I have the
honor to be, their, and your, Most Obedt. etc. [n.y.h.s.]
49 Arthur Lee.
126 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [April
*To THE MAYOR, RECORDER, ALDERMEN, AND
COMMONALTY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK
[April 10, 1785]
Gentlemen: I receive your Address,50 and the freedom of
the City with which you have been pleased to present me in a
golden Box,57 with the sensibility and gratitude which such dis-
tinguished honors have a claim to. The flattering expression
of both, stamps value on the acts; and call for stronger lan-
guage than I am master of, to convey my sense of the obligation
in adequate terms.
To have had the good fortune amidst the viscissitudes of a
long and arduous contest "never to have known a moment
when I did not possess the confidence and esteem of my Coun-
try." And that my conduct should have met the approbation,
and obtained the affectionate regard of the State of New York
(where difficulties were numerous and complicated) may be
ascribed more to the effect of divine wisdom, which has dis-
posed the minds of the people, harrassed on all sides, to make
allowances for the embarrassments of my situation, whilst with
fortitude and patience they sustained the loss of their Capitol,
and a valuable part of their territory, and to the liberal senti-
ments, and great exertion of her virtuous Citizens, than to any
merit of mine.
The reflection of these things now, after the many hours of
anxious sollicitude which all of us have had, is as pleasing, as
our embarrassments at the moments we encountered them,
were distressing, and must console us for past sufferings and
perplexities.
roIn the Washington Papers, Dec. 2, 1784, as is also the parchment Freedom of the
City of New York.
61 The gold box was disposed of at the sales made to members of the Washington
family at Mount Vernon in 1802, shortly after the death of Mrs. Washington. Its
present whereabouts is unknown to the editor.
1785] DISMAL SWAMP COMPANY 127
I pray that Heaven may bestow its choicest blessings on your
City. That the devastations of War, in which you found it,
may soon be without a trace. That a well regulated and beni-
flcial Commerce may enrichen your Citizens. And that, your
State (at present the Seat of the Empire) may set such exam-
ples of wisdom and liberality, as shall have a tendency to
strengthen and give permanency to the Union at home, and
credit and respectability to it abroad. The accomplishment
whereof is a remaining wish, and the primary object of all my
desires.52 [n.y.h.s.]
* To DOCTOR JOHN WALKER
Mount Vernon, April 10, 1785.
Dear Sir : At the request of the Gentlemen who met in Rich-
mond the day you parted with us, I have requested a meeting
of the Proprietors of the Dismal Swamp in Richmond on
Monday the 2d. day of May next, at which time and place I
should be glad to see you as it is indispensably necessary to put
the affairs of the Company under some better management. I
hope every member will bring with him such papers as he is
possessed of respecting this business.
I wrote you a line similar to this, to go from Richmond; but
Mr. Carter informing me that he is about to send a Servant
into your neighbourhood I embrace the oppertunity as more
certain to give you this information. I am etc.53
62 This letter came into the possession of one John Allen in the 1830's and was sold
at auction in New York City in 1864. It was purchased by DeWitt C. Lent for $2,050.
The mayor and aldermen sued for its recovery and secured possession. It passed into
the custody of the New York Historical Society by gift from the city in 1873. The
A. Df. S. is in the Library of Congress. The suit is reported in 5/ N. Y. Supreme Court
Reports, January, 1868, p. 19.
m From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Dr. William C. Rives, of
Washington, D. C.
On April 10 Washington also forwarded a certificate of service to Frederick Weis-
senfels, with a brief note. Copies of both the note and certificate are in the "Letter
Book " in the Washington Papers.
128 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [April
To THOMAS FREEMAN
Mount Vernon, April n, 1785.
Sir: Not having heard a tittle from you since I left Mr. Simp-
sons in Septr. last; I wish for the detail of your proceedings
in my business since that period, particularly with respect
to applications, if any, for my Lands in your neighbourhood
or elsewhere, and what has been done with the mill. I have
obtained, some time since, a Patent for the round bottom above
Captenon,54 which may be rented upon the terms of my printed
Advertisements.
Mr. Smith (especially as he lives at a distance, and is only in
the county at the assizes) should have every assistance in hunt-
ing up the evidence necessary for the prosecution of my eject-
ments in the Court of Washington,55 particularly as they respect
the improvements in my behalf, intecedent to the possession
of the Land by the present occupants; and the notice given
them of its being mine, at, or immediately after the Settlements
made by them. Colo. John Stephenson, Mr. Marcs. Stephenson
and Mr. Danl. Morgan are, I shou'd suppose, most likely to be
acquainted with Colo. Crawfords proceedings in this business.
It is of consequence to ascertain all the improvements which
were made for my use and benefit previous to the settlements
of the present possessions. Colo. Crawford in a letter to me
says, he built four houses on different parts of the Land; or
made four improvements of some kind : if this can be proved
it would defeat my opponents upon their own ground.
I should be glad to hear frequently from you. Letters lodged
in the post office at Baltimore or Alexa., will not fail of getting
safe to my hands. I am, etc.58
"Captening Creek.
M Washington County, Pa.
66 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] A NEW MILLER 129
To ROBERT LEWIS & SONS
Mount Vernon, April 12, 1785.
Gentn: I have received two letters from you, one of the 8th.
of March, the other of the 5th. inst : and thank you for both.
I acquiesce readily to the conditional terms you have made
on my behalf with Joseph Davenport: his wages are as high as
the best Mills in this Country afTord, and the priviledges for
which he stipulates shall be granted him; with this addition,
that his fire wood shall be carted to his door at my expence, and
he may raise poultry for his own eating at my cost; but under
no pretence whatever to sell any.
I wish the charge of removing him might be stipulated and
made as reasonable as possible; otherwise the addition of it to
wages and priviledges for a year only, will make him come
high to me : for this reason if you entirely approve of him as a
miller and man of character, I had rather the agreement should
be for two years than one, if he is disposed to engage for that
term. At present my Mill has the reputation of turning out
superfine flour of the first quality: it commands a higher price
in this country and the West Indies, than any other, and I
should be unwilling it should lose this character from igno-
rance or bad conduct.
Roberts (my present Miller) for skill in grinding, and keep-
ing a Mill in order, is inferior to no man: owing to this, to the
times, and to the aversion I have to frequent changing of peo-
ple, I have submitted for more than seven years to his imposi-
tions: he is also a good Cooper and millwright, he has lived
with me near fifteen years, during which period I have not
paid a shilling for repairs. He came to me with a full grown
apprentice; for both I only paid ^80 Pensa. Cury. per Ann:
but during my absence he has been encreasing his wages and
130 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [April
priviledges in proportion as he faltered in his services; so that
I had determined (now that I could look a little into my own
business, even if there had been an entire reformation in his
conduct) to have reduced his wages and priviledges, or parted
with him, to the very standard of your letter; which I believe is
as high as the best, and most extensive manufacturing Mills in
this State, afford. Mine is but a poor stream, wanting water
near half the year: for this reason if Davenport (being a
cooper) is to work at this business (there being a very good
shop within fifty yards of the dwelling house and Mill) when
he is not engaged in grinding, packing &c, I wish it to be speci-
fied. In short, whatever is expected of either, by the other
party, I pray may be explicitly declared, to avoid all desputes,
misconceptions, after claims and uneasinesses. You know full
well what ought to be expected from Davenport; and whatever
you engage on my behalf, shall be religiously fulfilled.
As you must have incurred expence on my accot. in this busi-
ness, I am ready and willing to discharge it, with many thanks
for the trouble you have been at to serve me; and if it should
ever be in my power to render you any return, I should be
happy in doing it. I am, etc.57
To DANIEL OF ST. THOMAS JENIFER
Mount Vernon, April 12, 1785.
Dr. Sir: The post before last brought me your favor of the
31st. The next day I waited upon Colo. Hooe with your order,
but he was confined to his bed and unable to do business. Two
days after he sent me a bill on New York for 2,500 Dollars,
payable at 15 days sight, and gave me assurances that he would
pay the balance shortly. In consequence, you have my receipt
6 From the " Letter Book " copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] PAYMENT OF CERTIFICATES 131
for ;£ 1069.1.7 specie, at the foot of the enclosed list. I have
passed my receipt for a specie payment because you desired it;
in full confidence however, that if the Bill should not be duly
honored, or that I should meet with delay or difficulty in re-
ceiving the money at Nw. York, or the balance; that it will be
null, or have proper attention paid to the circumstances; for
otherwise the interest of this money which was intended to pay
a debt in Nw. York will cease, when a higher interest there
will be accumulating that debt.
I had taken up an idea, that depreciation was the same thro'
the month, and had calculated my demand accordingly: Mr.
Richmond varies the depreciation every day, by which his acct.
and mine differ ^64-14-7-1/8. I suppose he is right, and that
I must submit to the disappointment.
I am exceedingly obliged to you for your ready and pointed
attention to this business. Mrs. Washington and Fanny Bas-
sett present their compliments to you, and I pray you to be as-
sured of the sincere esteem and regard with which I am, etc.58
*To CHARLES WASHINGTON
Mount Vernon, April 12, 1785.
Dear Brother : The enclosed is the last letter I have had from
your Son George,59 why it is so, I cannot readily Acct., except
for the irregularity of the Post Office, which seems to be under
very bad management. Another letter of his, of the [muti-
lated] to a young Lady of this family [mutilated] reason to
look for him here the latter end of this, or beginning of next
month.
I lend our Nephew Geo: Steptoe Washington a horse Sad-
dle and Bridle to visit his Mother, of which he seems desirous,
58 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
69 George Augustine Washington.
132 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [April
it would be well for you to have attention to his return in time.
Mr. Balch, Master of the Academy at which he is, speaks of
him in favorable terms.
Immediately upon receipt of the money I informed Mr.
Balch that I was ready to discharge any Expences which had
been incurred on Acct. of the Boys; the enclosed letter from
him is the only answer I have got to it. As they have been
there near Eight Months the Sum you sent me will not, I ex-
pect, discharge what may be due for Schooling, Board and
Clothing; I therefore wish to have more sent me as my own
expenditures are too great to allow me to be in advance for
them. I have desired Mr. Balch to receive the Boys into his
own family again as soon as his house is in order for it. Mrs.
Washington joins in love to my Sister and yr. family. And I
am etc.
How does yr. Subscriptions to the Potomk. Navigation
goon? [H.L.]
*To MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE
Mount Vernon, April 12, 1785.
My dear Marqs. Your letter of the 15th. of Septr. last year,60
introductory of Mr. Duche, I had die honor to receive a few
days since.
However great that Gentleman's merits are, and however
much I might be inclined to serve him, candor required me to
tell him, as I now do you, that there is no opening (within my
view) by which he could enter, and succeed in the line of his
profession, in this Country.
Besides being a stranger, and unacquainted with the lan-
guage of these States, perfectly, many of them, to prevent an
00 Not now found in the Washington Papers.
1785] A PAYMENT MADE 133
inundation of British Attorneys of which they were apprehen-
sive, and of whose political principles they entertained not the
most favorable sentiments; have passed qualifying Acts, by
which residence and study in them for a specific time, is made
essential to entitle a Lawyer to become a practitioner in our
Courts of justice.
Therefore, should Mr. Duche incline, notwithstanding, to
settle, altogether, or spend any considerable portion of his time
in this Country, his friends cannot serve him better than by
obtaining for him some appointment in the Consular depart-
ments; for the discharge of which, I presume he must be well
qualified.
With great attachment and the most affectionate regard I
am etc.81
To GOVERNOR GEORGE CLINTON
Mount Vernon, April 20, 1785.
Dear Sir: I promised you a letter by the last Post, but it was
not in my power to fulfill it; business not my own, and with
which I really ought not to be troubled, engrosses so large a
portion of my time (having no assistance) that which is essen-
tial to me, is entirely neglected.
I now send you Hooe and Harrisons second Bill upon Mr.
Sylvanus Dickenson; altho' I hope, and expect the first will
have been paid before it reaches. I also send you a statement
of the payments,62 as they ought to have been made to you,
and should be obliged to you for comparing them with your
own receipts, and for informing me of their correspondence.
The money now remitted I wish to have placed to the credit
81 From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by the Hon. Sol Bloom, of New
York City.
62 A photostat of this statement is in the Washington Papers. The original is in the
Huntington Library.
134 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [April
of my Bond, and the balance, if any, carried to that of the
accot. sent me in December last. I should be glad also to have
as early and long notice of the call for this last sum, as can
knowingly and conveniently be given; for I find it (under
my present circumstances) very difficult to raise money equal
to the pressure of my wants; those who owed me before the
commencement of hostilities, having taken advantage of my
absence and the tender laws, to discharge their debts with a
shilling or six pence in the pound : and those to whom I owed
money, I have now to pay in specie at the real value.
I have to thank you my dear Sir, for the duplicate Deed,
and plan of our purchase in the Ochriskeney Patent; and pray
you to take the trouble of doing with my moiety the same as you
would do with your own at all times and in all respects.
The lime trees which you were so obliging as to send me
last November were unfortunate; they lay at Norfolk until
the frosts were entirely over, and only came to my hands the
18th. of Feby. I immediately planted, and have since been
nursing them; they have yet the appearance of feeble life, but
I have no expectation of their living. My thanks nevertheless
are equally due for these, for the nutts, the corn and the pease;
the last of which I sowed yesterday : if I am too late in doing
it, the Spring (which has been the most unfavourable I ever
knew), and not me, is to blame; if too early, it is from igno-
rance and my neglect in not making the necessary enquiry for
the proper season. The corn I shall begin to plant in a few
days and will renew the seeds occasionally.
I will rely upon your Excely. for the seeds of the Balm tree,
White and Spruce Pine. I believe it is the most certain way
of raising them: most of the trees evergreen, not sowed where
they are to stand, or not raised in Nurseries and early trans-
planted, are unsuccessful; and tho' our impatience will not
1785]
TREES AND VINES 135
suffer us to adopt the practice, it is the opinion of Miller (in his
Gardeners Dy.) who seems to understand the culture of Trees
equal to any other writer I have met with, that it is the most
expeditious method of rearing them. As a quantity of these
seeds would be bulky in the Cones, they would be equally good
taken out and packed in dry sand; and is the method I would
beg leave to recommend. To them I should be glad to have
added some of the Hemlock, and indeed any other seeds of
trees which are not common in this climate. I shall make
no apology for the trouble I know this request must give you,
because I persuade myself you will have pleasure in contribut-
ing to an innocent amusement. I have planted within these
few days many of the hickory nuts which you sent me, not
doubting their successful growth here. Mrs. Washington de-
sires me to present her compliments and thanks to you, for
your care of the case of Grotto work, it came very safe. She
also joins me very sincerely in congratulating Mrs. Clinton
and yourself on her restoration to health, and in wishing it
may be of long continuance.
I am sorry for the loss of my Vines, they were of the first
quality in France; and sent to me by one of the first char-
acters in it, for abilities, respectability and his curious attention
to these things. I was in hopes there had been an abundance,
and that you would have participated in the fruit of them.
As you are at the source of intelligence, it would be idle in
me to reverberate what is brought by the packets, and we have
little of a domestic nature worthy of attention. There are
plans in agitation for improving and extending the inland
navigation of this country; and opening roads of communica-
tion between the heads of the rivers Potomac and James, and
the western waters. They have received public countenance
and support, but I cannot at this moment speak decisively to
136 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [April
the issue, we flatter ourselves it will be favourable, but may be
mistaken. Mrs. Washington joins me in very best wishes for
you and all your family. With regard and attachment, I
am, etc.63
*To MATHEW CAREY
Mount Vernon, April 20, 1785.
Sir : I have received your letter of the 30th. Ulto. If it should
ever be in my power to render you any Service, I should be
ready, and happy to do it. With the Gentlemen of my ac-
quaintance in Philadelphia, I persuade myself you stand as
well, as my introduction could place you. If there are any
here, to whom the mention of your case would be of any avail,
I should have pleasure in doing it. I thank you for your kind
offer of forwarding, with safety, the Gazettes of Philadelphia;
but believe there will be no occasion for giving you the trouble
at present. I am etc.64
To WILLIAM GRAYSON65
Mount Vernon, April 25, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I will not let your favor of the fifteenth, for which
I thank you, go unacknowledged, tho' it is not in my power to
give it the consideration I wish, to comply with the request
you have made, being upon the eve of a journey to Richmond
to a meeting of the Dismal Swamp company, which by my
own appointment is to take place on Monday next; and into
that part of the country I am hurried by an express which is
63 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
64 From a facsimile of the original in the possession of Edward Carey Gardiner, pub-
lished in "One Hundred and Fifty Years of Publishing, 1785-1935," kindly furnished
by Lea & Febiger, of Philadelphia.
65 Delegate to the Continental Congress from Virginia.
1785] SALE OF WESTERN LANDS 137
just arrived with the accot. of the deaths of the mother and
Brother of Mrs. Washington, in the last of whose hands (Mr.
B. Dandridge) the embarrassed affairs of Mr. Custis had been
placed, and call for immediate attention.
To be candid, I have had scarce time to give the report of the
Committee,66 which you did me the honor to send me, a read-
ing, much less to consider the force and tendency of it. If
experience has proven that the most advantageous way of dis-
posing of Land, is by whole Townships, there is no arguing
against facts; therefore, if I had had time I shou'd have said
nothing on that head: but from the cursory reading I have
given it, it strikes me that by suffering each State to dispose
of a proportionate part of the whole in the State, that there
may be State jobbing: in other words that the Citizens of each
State may be favored at the expence of the Union; whilst a
reference of these matters to them has, in my opinion, a tend-
ency to set up seperate interests; and to promote the independ-
ence of individual States upon the downfall of the federal
government, which in my opinion is already too feeble, much
too humiliated and tottering to be supported without props.
It is scarcely to be imagined that any man, or society of men,
who may incline to possess a township, would make the pur-
chase without viewing the Land in person or by an Agent.
Wherein then lies the great advantage of having the sale in
each State, and by State officers ? for from the same parity of
reasoning, there should be different places in each State for the
accommodation of its Citizens. Would not all the ostensible
purposes be fully answered by sufficient promulgation in each
State, of the time and place of Sale to be holden at the nearest
convenient place to the Land, or at the seat of Congress. Is it
not highly probable that those who may incline to emigrate,
68 Of Congress.
138 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [April
or their Agents would attend at such time and place? And
(there being no fixed prices to the Land) would not be the
high or low sale of it depend upon the number of purchasers
and the competition occasioned thereby; and are not these
more likely to be greater at one time and place than at thir-
teen ? One place might draw the world to it, if proper notice
be given : but foreigners would scarcely know what to do with
thirteen, to which, or when to go to them. These are first
thoughts, perhaps incongruous ones, and such as I myself
might reprobate upon more mature consideration : at present
however, I am impressed with them, and (under the rose) a
penetrating eye, and close observation, will discover thro' vari-
ous disguises a disinclination to add new States to the con-
federation, westward of us; which must be the inevitable
consequence of emigration to, and the population of that terri-
tory: and as to restraining the citizens of the Atlantic States
from transplanting themselves to that soil, when prompted
thereto by interest or inclination, you might as well attempt
(while our Governmts. are free) to prevent the reflux of the
tide, when you had got it into your rivers.
As the report of the Committee goes into the minutia, it is
not minute enough, if I read it a right; it provides for the
irregular lines, and parts of townships, occasioned by the in-
terference with the Indian boundaries, but not for its inter-
ference with Lake Erie, the western boundary of Pennsylvania
(if it is governed by the meanders of the Delaware) or the
Ohio river which separates the ceded Lands from Virginia, all
of which involve the same consequences.
I thank you for the sentiments and information, given me in
your letter of the ioth. of March, respecting the Potomac navi-
gation. My present determination is, to hold the shares which
this State has been pleased to present me, in trust for the use
1785] A REQUEST DECLINED 139
and benefit of it: this will subserve the plan, encrease the public
revenue, and not interfere with the line of conduct I had pre-
scribed myself. I am, etc.67
To CHEVALIER DE LA SERRE68
Mount Vernon, May 12, 1785.
Sir: The letter which you did me the honor to write to me
the 20th. of last month, I found at this place when I returned
from Richmond a few days ago; but it had been previously
lost in the high way, and came to me open, and without a
cover: by what means it met with this accident, I am unable
to learn, a neighbour of mine picked it up in the condition I
have mentioned, and sent it to me.
I pray you to be assured Sir, that I should have great pleasure
in presenting you with a letter to the Count de Vergennes if
I cou'd suppose that my recommendation would have any
weight at the Court of Versailles, and if I had ever opened a
correspondence with the Minister thereof on a subject of this
nature: but not having the vanity to suppose the first, and
never having attempted the latter; I persuade myself I shall
meet a ready excuse for not complying with your request in
this instance.
Not being under such delicate circumstances with my inti-
mate acquaintance and friend the Marqs. de la Fayette, I have
communicated your wishes to him; and as no language can do
it more emphatically than your own, I have taken the liberty of
enclosing your letter to me, to him. I have the honor, etc.67
6TFrom the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On April 29 Washington left Mount Vernon for Richmond, Va., which he reached
on the evening of May 1. He left Richmond May 4, and arrived at Mount Vernon,
May 6.
^OrTerre.
140 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
To MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE
Mount Vernon, May 12, 1785.
My Dr. Marqs. The enclosed letter from the Chevr. de la
Serre conveys a strong expression of his wishes; and as you
are well acquainted with his merits, his connexions, and his
intention of remaining in America, I persuade myself it is
unnecessary for me to add more to recommend him to your
favourable notice in the line he wishes, and which he finds
most convenient for himself to walk in, if the present Consul
of France, at Baltimore can be better provided for. I therefore
submit his case and pretensions to that spirit which I know is
ever ready to promote the happiness of others. It is unneces-
sary to repeat the assurances of my affection and regard for
you. You know they cannot be encreased, and will never
diminish. Adieu Yrs. &ca.69
*To FRANCIS HOPKINSON
Mount Vernon, May 16, 1785.
Dear Sir: In for a penny, in for a pound is an old adage. I
am so hackneyed to the touches of the Painters pencil, that I am
now altogether at their beck, and sit like patience on a Monu-
ment whilst they are delineating the lines of my face.
It is a proof among many others of what habit and custom
can effect. At first I was as impatient at the request, and as
restive under the operation, as a Colt is of the Saddle. The
next time, I submitted very reluctantly, but with less flouncing.
Now, no dray moves more readily to the Thill, than I do to
the Painters Chair. It may easily be conceived therefore that
69 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] A BUSINESS FAILURE 141
I yielded a ready obedience to your request, and to the views
of Mr. Pine.
Letters from England,70 recommendatory of this Gentleman,
came to my hands previous to his arrival in America; not only
as an Artist of acknowledged eminance, but as one who had
discovered a friendly disposition towards this Country, for
which, it seems, he had been marked.
It gave me pleasure to hear from you. I shall always feel
an interest in your happiness, and with Mrs. Washingtons
compliments, and best wishes joined to my own, for Mrs. Hop-
kinson and yourself, I am etc.71
To CLEMENT BIDDLE
Mount Vernon, May 16, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I stand indebted to you for your several favors of
the 7th. of March and 12th. and 19th. of April.
Believe me, the first was not productive of more surprize
than real concern: the account of your failure was as much
regretted, as it was unexpected by me, and I feel for the causes
of it, and for your present situation. You are sensible that my
commissions have been more troublesome, than profitable to
you, and as they are growing less, to continue them might add
to your embarrassments, otherwise I do assure you I would
continue them with pleasure.
For the many friendly offices you have rendered me, I pray
you to accept my thanks. The grass seeds are all at hand, tho'
70 Washington's "Diary" states that these letters were from George William Fairfax,
Gouverneur Morris, John Dickinson, Francis Hopkinson, and others. The last two,
however, were not in England. Washington wrote brief acknowledgments to John
Dickinson (May 1 6) and, presumably, to the others. A photostat of the letter to Dick-
inson is in the Washington Papers.
"The original, from a photostat of which this letter is taken, is stated to be in the
New York Historical Society. A similar claim is made by the Wyoming Historical and
Geological Society of Wilkes-Barre, Pa. This letter has been facsimiled many times
and the different facsimiles are fairly numerous.
142 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
late coming. Mr. Lewis has engaged me a Miller : the method
you have taken to get the accot. concerning the Indian meal
and flour adjusted, is perfectly agreeable to me; and I approve
of what you have done respecting my letter to Mr. Lamont,
the author of the Poems which were proposed to be dedicated
to me. I have never received a paper from Messrs. Claypoole
and Dunlap since your mention of their intention to forward
them regularly, and think myself so ungenteelly treated in
this business, by them, that I never mean to take another of
their Gazettes. If they had really sent them, I can conceive no
reason why they should not have got to hand as well as those
from Carey's, and others from Boston.
The balance of your accot. Currt. ,£2.3.0^2, 1 have given to
Genl. Moylan, who will pay it to you, or your assignees. I
have done the same with respect to Claypooles rect. for £3.15.0,
cost of printing my advertisement. If you have not already
paid his accot. for the Gazettes, do me the favor and justice to
let him know (when it is done) that I am paying for what I
have not had, and that it is my request the accot. may be closed
between us; as I do not mean, unless I can be better satisfied
than I am at present, to stand longer upon his books.
Mrs. Washington joins me in every good wish for you, Mrs.
Biddle and family, and we both hope that fortune may be
more propitious to you in future. If it should ever be in my
way to render you any services, I shou'd have pleasure in doing
• t 72
it. lam, etc.
*To THOMAS McKEAN
Mount Vernon, May 16, 1785.
Sir: I had the honor to receive your letter of the 23d. Ulto.
by Mr. Pine,73 whose character as a historical and Portrait
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
"Robert Edge Pine.
1785] POTOMAC SUBSCRIPTIONS 143
Painter, and as a friend to the rights of America, has been very
favorably represented to me from England before he made
his appearance in this Country. His present design,74 if well
executed, will do equal credit to his imagination and Pencil;
and be interesting to America. I have the honor etc. [ h. s. p. ]
To GOVERNOR WILLIAM PACA
Mount Vernon, May 18, 1785.
Sir : Mr. Pine who will deliver this letter to your Excellency,
is an artist of acknowledged eminence, and one who has given
the world many pleasing and forcible specimens of genius:
he is engaged in painting some of the interesting events of
the late war; in the prosecution of which he finds it necessary
to call at Annapolis. I take the liberty therefore of introducing
him to your civilities, and of assuring you of the esteem and
respect with which I am, etc.75
To CHRISTOPHER RICHMOND
Mount Vernon, May 19, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 10th. not getting to my hands 'till the
15th., I had no opportunity of writing to you before the meet-
ing of the subscribers on the 17th., at which I exhibited the
list you sent me, which was received and acted upon.
Agreeably to the Laws of the two States, the subscription
books ought to have been at that meeting; after which all sub-
scriptions are to be made with the President and Directors.76
If it should have happened therefore, that any names have
"Pine's project was to paint portraits of the men who took a prominent part in the
Revolution and to paint the principal of their movements.
75 On May 1 8 practically the same letter was sent to Edward Lloyd, of Maryland.
78 Of the Potomac Company.
144 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
been entered on your Books subsequent, and in addition to the
list you sent me; it would be proper for such subscribers to
enter their names as the Law directs in the Book to be opened
by the Directors, in order to give validity to their subscriptions
and to prevent disputes; this, I presume, may be done by letter.
I am, etc.77
To NATHANAEL GREENE
Mount Vernon, May 20, 1785.
My dr. Sir: After a long and boisterous passage, my Nephew
G. A. Washington returned to this place a few days since and
delivered me your letter of the 25th. of April.
Under the state of the case between you and Capt : Gunn,78
I give it as my decided opinion that your honor and reputation
will not only stand perfectly acquitted for the non-acceptance
of his challenge, but that your prudence and judgment would
have been condemnable for accepting of it, in the eyes of the
world : because if a commanding officer is amenable to private
calls for the discharge of public duty, he has a dagger always
at his breast, and can turn neither to the right nor to the left
without meeting its point; in a word, he is no longer a free
agent in office, as there are few military decisions which are
not offensive to one party or the other.
However just Capt: Gunns claim upon the public might
have been, the mode adopted by him (according to your accot.)
to obtain it, was to the last degree dangerous. A precedent of
the sort once established in the army, would no doubt have been
followed; and in that case would unquestionably have pro-
duced a revolution; but of a very different kind from that
which, happily for America, has prevailed.
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
78 Capt. James Gunn, of the First Continental Dragoons.
1785] VALUE OF BACK LANDS 145
It gives me real concern to find by your letter, that you are
still embarrassed with the affairs of Banks : I should be glad to
hear, that the evil is likely to be temporary only; ultimately,
that you will not suffer. From my Nephews account, this man
has participated of [sic] the qualities of Pandora's box, and has
spread as many mischiefs. How came so many to be taken
in by him? If I recollect right, when I had the pleasure to
see you last, you said an offer had been made you of back
lands, as security or payment in part for your demand. I then
advised you to accept it. I now repeat it, you cannot suffer by
doing this, altho' the lands may be high rated. If they are
good I would almost pledge myself that you will gain more
in ten years by the rise in the price, than you could by accumu-
lation of interest.
The Marqs. de la Fayette is safe arrived in France, and
found his Lady and family well. From his letters, those of
the Chevr. de la Luzerne, Count de Rochambeau and others
to me, dated between the middle and last of Feby., I think
there will be no war in Europe this year, but some of the most
intelligent of these writers are of opinion that the Emperial
Court of Russia, will not suffer matters to remain tranquil
much longer. The desire of the first to annex the Dutchy of
Bavaria to its dominions in exchange for the Austrian pos-
sessions in the Netherlands, is very displeasing, it seems, to the
military powers, which added to other matters may kindle
the flames of a general war.
Few matters of domestic nature are worth the relation;
otherwise I might inform you, that the plan for improving
and extending the navigation of this river has met a favourable
beginning. Tuesday last was the day appointed by Law for
the subscribers to meet; 250 shares were required by law to
constitute and incorporate the company: but, upon comparing
146 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
the Books, it was found that between four and five hundred
shares were subscribed.
What has been done respecting the navigation of James river
I know not; I fear little.
This State did a handsome thing, and in a handsome man-
ner for me; in each of these navigations they gave me, and
my heirs forever, fifty shares: but as it is incompatible with my
principles, and contrary to my declarations, I do not mean to
accept of them. But how to refuse them, without incurring
the charge of disrespect to the Country on the one hand, and
an ostentatious display of disinterestedness on my part on the
other, I am a little at a loss: time and the good advice of my
friends must aid me, as the Assembly will not meet 'till Octor.,
and made this gratuitous offer among, if not the last act of
the last Session, as if they were determined I should not resolve
what to do from the first impulse. Mrs. Washington joins me
in every good wish for you, and with sentiments of attachment
and regard, I am, &c.79
To WILLIAM FITZHUGH80
Mount Vernon, May 21, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Mr. Boulton81 delivered me your letter of the 13th.,
last evening : I thank you for sending him to me. I have agreed
with him to finish my large room, and to do some other work,82
79 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
80 Of Maryland.
"Richard Boulton, of St. Mary's County, Md.
82 Boulton was to begin work in about 3 weeks. In the Toner Transcripts in the
Library of Congress is a copy of the agreement between Boulton and Washington, dated
May 21, 1785, by the terms of which Boulton was to finish " the large room at the North
end of the said Washingtons dwelling House (Mount Vernon) in a plain and elegant
manner; either of Stucco, Wainscot, or partly of both as the said George Washington
shall direct . . . that he will give a Cieling to the Piazza of plain Wainscot . . . and
shall moreover Carve, Turn, Glaze, or Paint (inside work) if . . . required."
1785] PAINTS, ETC. 147
and have no doubt from the character given of him by you,
that he will answer my purposes, as he has no one now to lead
him into temptation, and will be far removed from improper
associates unless he is at much pains to hunt them: it may
therefore be expected that he will avoid the rock he has split
upon lately.
I thank you sincerely my good Sir, for the offer of such of
your imported articles as you have not an immediate call for;
and will take any proportion which will be most convenient
for you to share, of the Spirit of Turpentine, oil and paints of
all sorts, Lead, Sash, and pullies, of the different sorts and
sizes of nails, as also the two plate brass Locks, if Mr. Boulton
upon examination, shall think they will answer my room, and
of the glass 8 by io. The large kind of glass does not suit my
sashes (which are all made), and a marble slab (indeed two)
I am already provided with.
I have promised to send my waggon a cover'd one with lock
and key) to Colo. Platers,83 on some landing above, for Mr.
Boulton's tools : all, or such part of the articles as I have enu-
merated and you can spare, and the waggon can bring in ad-
dition to the Tools, may accompany them; and the cost and
charges of them shall be paid to your order.
Mrs. Washington and the family join me in offering re-
spectful compliments to, and best wishes for you and your
Lady, and with very great esteem and regard, I am, etc.
P. S. 'Ere this, I was in hopes of having had it in my power
to have offered the service of a Jack, or two, of the first race
in Spain, to some of your Mares, if you shou'd be inclined to
breed Mules, but they are not yet arrived, another year, I shall
be happy to do this.84
83 Col. George Plater, of St. Mary's County, Md.
84 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
148 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
To JACQUELIN AMBLER85
Mount Vernon, May 22, 1785.
Sir: I had the honor to receive your favor of the 12th. in time
for the Meeting; and in consequence of the power given me by
you, represented the State on the 17th. inst:
I have the pleasure to inform you that the subscriptions
(including those in behalf of the two States) amounted to
upwards of four hundred shares; consequently the company
became legally constituted and incorporated, a president and
Directors were chosen, and the business, we persuade our-
selves, will be advanced as fast as the nature of it will admit.
I have the honor, etc.86
* To TENCH TILGHMAN
Mount Vernon, May 23, 1785.
Dear Sir: The last Post brought me your letter of the 14th.,
inclosing one of the 30th. of April from Mr. Hollyday. As
soon as it is in my power to refresh my memory by having re-
currence to my Papers, I will write you, or Mr. Hollyday, more
fully on the subject of the legacy in Colo. Colvils Will to Miss
Anderson;87 or person under whom she claims; for, strange as
it may seem, it is nevertheless true, that I have not been able
since my retirement, to arrange my Papers, or to attend, in the
smallest degree, to my private concerns. The former, from
the hurry with which they have been removed from Book
cases into Trunks, and sent off to escape the ravages of the
enemy, when their Vessels have appeared, are in great disorder.
85 Treasurer of the State of Virginia.
80 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
87 Miss Harriet Rebecca Anderson, of London.
1785] SECRETARY NEEDED 149
I allotted the last Winter for the adjustment of all these mat-
ters; but never could command as much time as even to enter
upon the business; and every matter and thing which re-
spects the latter, are in the Situation I left them ten years ago.
The numberless applications from officers of the several lines
of the Army for Certificates of Service, recommendations,
Copies of Orders, referrences of old matters, with which I
ought not to be troubled, in addition to other corrispondencies
in which my situation has involved me, confines me more to
my writing Desk than I ever was at any period of my life;
and deprives me of necessary exercise. These, with other causes,
have produced the effect I have mentioned; which I feel more
sensibly, as the business of others, with which I have been
concerned, is involved; and is now, undergoing the same Sus-
pension, as my own. For sometime past I have been (unsuc-
cessfully) endeavouring to get a single man of good character,
and decent appearance (for he will be at my Table and with
my Company) to ease me of this burthen; and if you could
recommend one of this description, who would not expect
high wages (for these I cannot afford) I should be obliged to
you for so doing. To suit me, he must be a person of liberal
education, a master of composition, and have a competent
knowledge of Accts.; for I have those of ten years standing,
and the intermediate transactions, to overhaul and adjust.
Will you ever come to see me? You may be assured that
there are few persons in the World, whose visits would give
more sincere pleasure at Mount Vernon than yours. Nothing
could encrease the satisfaction of it more, than bringing Mrs.
Tilghman with you; to whom, and to yourself, Mrs. Washing-
ton joins in every good wish with Dr. Sir, etc.
PS. Upon Second thoughts, it occurs, that the Revd. Mr. West
of Baltimore, can do all that is necessary for Miss Anderson,
150 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
without any agency of mine; at least may determine with
precision what ought to be done. He is the Executor of his
Brother, Mr. John West, who was the principal acting Ex-
ecutor of Colo. Thos. Colvil. and has been, I am informed, as-
siduously employed lately, in adjusting the concerns of that
Estate.
As I shall not write to Mr. Hollyday until I can do it more to
the purpose than at present, I will rely upon your communi-
cating what is here mentioned, to him.
I am in want of two inch pine Plank. The man who is en-
gaged to work for me, and who came lately from Baltimore,
says he saw a good deal at that place, of the Eastern white Pine,
which appeared to him to be seasoned and fit for my uses. If
any Vessel should be coming round to Alexandria, and you
could send me from two to 500 feet of it, you would oblige
me.88 Yrs.89 [h.s.p.]
To JOHN SWAN
Mount Vernon, May 23, 1785.
Sir: The little share I had in the administration of Colo.
Colville's Estate, and the time which have elapsed since I had
any concern at all with the Affairs of it, render me very in-
competent to give the information you require.
Mr. John West deceased was the principal acting Executor
of the Will of Colo. Colvill, and the Revd. Mr. West of Balti-
more is the executor of John, and has I am told taken much
pains to adjust the papers of his brother and the business of
that Estate: from him therefore you may probably obtain
more precise information of the assets, and of the claimants
88 On July 6 Washington wrote briefly to Tilghman, acknowledging receipt of the
lumber.
^From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] THE COLVILL MATTER 151
therefor under the wild devises of the Will, than is in my
power at this time to give you.
All I recollect of the matter is, that the devises to certain
persons in England; relations of the Testator, were so indefi-
nite, and stirred up such a multitude of claims, that it was
adjudged necessary for the safety of the Executor when
the surplus Estate (if any) should be ascertained, to deposit the
same in the hands of the Chancellor to be disposed of to
the rightful owner, upon due proof of their identity before him.
What may have been the surplus, if the accots. have been
finally settled; what has been done with it, or under what pre-
dicament it may have been placed by the Laws of this Gov-
ernment, I have it not in my power, without a good deal of
research, to inform you; not having been able to look into this
business any more than into that which more immediately con-
cerns my own, since my return to private life, for eight years
previous to it, it is well known I could not. I am, etc.90
To BURWELL BASSETT
Mount Vernon, May 23, 1785.
Dear Sir: It would have given me much pleasure to have
seen you at Richmond; and it was part of my original plan
to have spent a few days with you at Eltham, whilst I was in
the lower parts of the country; but an intervention of cir-
cumstances not only put it out of my power to do the latter,
but would have stopped my journey to Richmond altogether,
had not the meeting (the time and the place) been of my
own appointing. I left company at home when I went away,
who proposed to wait my return, among whom a Mr. Pine,
an artist of eminence, came all the way from Philadelphia for
some materials for an historical painting which he is about,
90 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
152 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
and for which he was obliged to stay 'till I got back, which I
did after an absence of eight days only.
My Nephew G. Aug: Washington is just returned from his
peregrination; apparently much amended in his health, but
not quite free from the disorder in his breast. I have under-
stood that his addresses to your Daughter were made with
your consent; and I now learn that he is desirous, and she is
willing to fulfill the engagement they have entered into; and
that they are applying to you for permission therefor.
It has ever been a maxim with me thro' life, neither to pro-
mote, nor to prevent a matrimonial connection, unless there
should be something indispensably requiring interference in
the latter : I have always considered marriage as the most inter-
esting event of one's life, the foundation of happiness or misery;
to be instrumental therefore in bringing two people together
who are indifferent to each other, and may soon become ob-
jects of hatred; or to prevent a union which is prompted by
mutual esteem and affection, is what I never could reconcile
to my feelings; and therefore, neither directly nor indirectly
have I ever said a syllable to Fanny or George upon the sub-
ject of their intended connexion; but as their attachment to
each other seems to have been early formed, warm and last-
ing, it bids fair to be happy: if therefore you have no objection,
I think the sooner it is consummated the better.
I have just now informed them (the former thro' Mrs. Wash-
ington) that it is my wish they should live here.
It is unnecessary I hope to say how happy we should be to
see you, her brothers, and any of her friends here upon this
occasion (who can make it convenient and are disposed to
come); all here join in best wishes for you, and with very
sincere esteem etc.91
91 Ford's text varies in numerous points from this "Letter Book" copy in the Wash-
ington Papers. He does not state his source.
1785] THE NEW MILLER 153
To GOVERNOR DAVID PARRY92
Mount Vernon, May 25, 1785.
Sir: I have had the honor, lately, to receive your favor of the
18th. of July last year. For the politeness with which your
Excellency was pleased to receive my nephew G: A. Wash-
ington, and for the distinguished marks of attention which
you shewed him whilst he was in the Island of Barbadoes (for
which he retains a grateful sense) I feel myself exceedingly
obliged, and should be happy in opportunities to convince vour
Excelly. of the impression they had made on me.
My nephew, after a peregrination thro' many of the W.
India Islands, spending some time in Bermuda, and the winter
in Charleston (So. Carolina) returned home a few days ago,
a good deal amended in his health, but not perfectly restored
to it. I have the honor, etc.93
To ROBERT LEWIS & SONS
Mount Vernon, May 25, 1785.
Gentn: In consequence of your letter of the 5th. of last
month, I discharged Wm. Roberts from my Mill. It now is,
and has been for some time past without a Miller ; and as Mr.
Davenport from your Accot. would be ready to take charge
of it in about three weeks (now seven), and not yet come, nor
any reason given why he has not; I am apprehensive of some
disappointment.
If this is the case I should be glad to know it as soon as pos-
sible. One Baker, who referred to you for a character, and
was employ'd by Colo. Biddle at his Mill at Georgetown, has
92 Of Barbados, West Indies.
From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
154 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
applied to me; but considering myself under engagement, I
gave him no encouragement. A person who writes the en-
closed letter has also offered, but I have given him no answer.
Some others have likewise made application, but as I depended
upon Davenport I asked for no character nor enquired into
their qualifications. If Davenport should have disappointed
me, would Baker answer my purpose ? Would Reynolds do
better ? Or have you any other in view which you think pref-
erable to both ? I am sorry to give you so much trouble with
my affairs but hope you will excuse it. I am Gentn, etc.94
To WILLIAM MINOR
Mount Vernon, May 27, 1785.
Sir: My objection to paying your account when here, was,
now is, and, whether it is done or not, will be: that it comes
neither under the letter nor spirit of my letter to Mr. Baker.
My object was to give Lawce. Posey95 a years schooling, to fit
him for some of the better occupations of life: to do this, I
agreed to pay his board also, both of which together, I was
inform'd would amount at the free school, to £iy, Md. Curry.
What followed? Why he neither went to the School, nor
boarded with the person under whose care he was intended to
be put, this by your own confession. Is it just, is it reasonable
then that I should look bac\ to expences which had been in-
curred previous to the date of my letter; nor even forward to
what might be incurred, if the end which I had in view was
not to be answered by it ? If the child did not go to the school
nor derive the benefits which were intended him from it,
could it be supposed I meant to pay for his board without;
94 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Tapers.
95 A son of John Posey.
1785] THE CRESAP CLAIM 155
when his fathers House and eye were more proper than any
other? Might he not as well have been at home with his
father, as at any other place idle ? Upon these grounds it was
and under this state I repeat it, that if there is a disinterested
man upon Earth, who will say I ought to comply with your
request, I will do it: and you may have the chusing of him or
them; for it does not suit me to go from home on this business.
[ am, &c.96
ToJOHNHARVIE
Mount Vernon, May 31, 1785.
Sir: I am informed that a patent (in consequence of a Cer-
tificate from Commrs. appointed to enquire into, and decide
upon claims for settlement of the Western Lands) is about to
issue to the heirs of Michl. Cresap, from the Land Office of
this Commonwealth, for a tract of land on the river Ohio
formerly in Augusta County, now commonly called and dis-
tinguished by the [name of] Round bottom: against grant-
ing which to the heirs of the said Cresap, I enter a Caveat for
the following reasons; First, because this Land was discovered
by me in the month of Octor. 1770, and then marked; which
was before, as I have great reason to believe, the said Cresap,
or any person in his behalf had ever seen, or had the least
knowledge of the tract. Secondly, because I did at that time,
whilst I was on' the Land, direct Captn. (afterwds. Colo.)
Willm. Crawford to survey the same for my use, as a halfway
place or stage between Fort Pitt and the 200,000 acres of land
which he was ordered to survey for the first Virginia regi-
ment agreeably to Govr. Dinwiddie's Proclamation of 1754.
Thirdly, because consequent of this order he made the survey
80 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
156 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
(this survey is either in the hands of the county Surveyor of
Augusta, or with my agent in the Westn. Country: it is not
to be found among my papers ; tho' I am sure of the fact, and
will procure it if necessary) in the month of the year
following for 587 acres, and returned it to me accordingly:
and equally certain I am that it was made before Mr. Cresap
or any person in his behalf had ever stretch'd a chain thereon,
knew of, or, as I have already observed, had taken a single
step to obtain the land. Fourthly, because subsequent of this
survey; but previous to any claim of Cresaps, a certain Dr.
Brisco possessed himself of the Land, and relinquished it,
after I had written him a letter in the words contained in the
inclosure No. i.97 Fifthly, because upon the first information
I received of Cresaps pretentions, I wrote him a letter, of
which No. 2 is a copy.98 Sixthly, because it was the practice
of Cresap, according to the information given me, to notch a
few trees, and sell as many bottoms on the river above the
Little Kanhawa as he could obtain purchasers, to the disquiet
and injury of numbers. Seventhly, Because the Commrs. who
gave the Certificate under which his heirs now claim, could
have had no knowledge of my title thereto, being no person
in that District properly authorised; during my absence, to
support my claim. Eighthly, Because the survey, which was
made by Colo. Crawford, who was legally appointed by the
Masters of Wm. and Mary College for the purpose of sur-
veying the aforesaid 200,000 acres, is expressly recognized and
deemed valid by the first section of the Act, entitled an Act,
see the Act; as the same was afterwards returned by the sur-
veyor of the county in which the Land lay. Ninthly and
lastly, Because I have a Patent for the said Land, under the
97 See Washington's letter to Dr. John Brisco, Dec. 3, 1772, ante.
98 See Washington's letter to Michael Cresap, Sept. 26, 1773, ante.
1785] SECRETARY NEEDED 157
seal of the said Commonwealth signed by the Governr. in due
form on the 30th. day of Octor. 1784; consequent of a legal
Survey made the 14th. of July 1773 as just mentioned, and
now of record in the Land Office.
For these reasons I protest against a Patent's issuing for the
Land for which the Commissioners have given a Certificate
to the Heirs of Mr. Cresap so far as the same shall interfere
with mine: the legal and equitable right thereto being in me.
If I am defective in form in entering this Caveat, I hope to
be excused, and to have my mistakes rectified, I am unaccus-
tomed to litigations; and never disputed with any man until
the ungenerous advantages which have been taken of the pe-
culiarity of my situation, and an absence of eight years from
my country, has driven me into Courts of Law to obtain com-
mon justice. I have the honor, etc."
To TENCH TILGHMAN
Mount Vernon, June 2, 1785.
Dr. Sir: As your letter of the 30th. ulto. did not reach me
until late this afternoon, and as the Post goes from Alexandria
at four o'Clock in the morning, I have scarcely a moment
(being also in company) to write you a reply. I was not suf-
ficiently explicit in my last: the terms upon which Mr. Fal-
coner came to this Country are too high for my finances and
(to you, my dear Sir, I will add) numerous expences. I do
not wish to reduce his, perhaps well founded, expectations;
but it behooves me to consult my own means of complying
with them.
I had been in hopes that a young man of no great expecta-
tions might have begun the world with me, for about fifty
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
158 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
or sixty pounds pr. ann: Virga. curry: but for one qualified in
all respects to answer my purposes, I would have gone as far
as £75, more would rather distress me.
My purposes are these; to write letters agreeably to what
shall be dictated; do all other writing which shall be entrusted
to him; Keep accounts; examine, arrange and properly meth-
odize my Papers which are in great disorder; ride, at my ex-
pence, to do such business as I may have in different parts of
this or the other States, if I should find it more convenient to
send, than attend myself, to the execution thereof: And, which
was not hinted at in my last, to initiate two little children (a
girl of 6 and a boy of 4 years of age, descendants of the deed.
Mr. Custis who live with me and are very promising) in the
first rudiments of education: this, to both parties, would be
mere amusement, because it is not my desire that the Children
should be confined closely. If Mr. Falconer should incline to
accept the above stipend, in addition to his board, washing
and mending; and you (for I wou'd rather have your own
opinion of the gentleman, than the report of a thousand others
in his favor) upon a close investigation of his character, temper
and moderate political tenets (for supposing him an English
man, he may come with the prejudices and doctrines of his
Country) should find him competent to the duties above men-
tioned, the sooner he comes the better my purpose would be
promoted.
If I had had time, I might have added more; but to you it
would have been unnecessary : you know my wants, you know
my disposition, and you know what kind of a man would
suit me. In haste I bid you adieu, with assurances of great
regard, and sincere friendship, I am, &C.1
aFrom the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] HOUSE AT BATH 159
* To DAVID STUART
Mount Vernon, June 5, 1785.
Dear Sir: The celebrated Mrs. Macauly Graham.2 and Mr.
Graham her Husband 3 are here on a Visit. As I wish to shew
them all the respect I can, I should be glad if you, Mrs. Stuart
and your Sister, would come to morrow or next day, and dine
with us. lam, etc.
PS Come tomorrow if convenient.4
To JAMES RUMSEY
Mount Vernon, June 5, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 10th. of March came safe, but not in
a short time after the date of it. The reason which you have
assigned for giving me an order on Mr. Ryan, is perfectly
satisfactory. I wish that that or any other, expedient would
have extracted from him what he owes you. From the Accot.
given of his circumstances and conduct I fear you have incurred
a bad debt with the manager of the Theatre.
As the large house you was to build for me,5 was in such
forwardness at the date of the above letter, and as you expected
to have had it raised by the first of May last; I am very well
satisfied with the advance it has made, and that it should con-
tinue, provided you can make it convenient to wait a while
for your money; but I should be wanting in candor were I to
give you assurances of speedy payment. The Kitchen and stable
2 Catherine Sawbridge Macaulay Graham.
3Mrs. Graham's first husband had been Dr. George Macaulay; her second was
William Graham.
4 From a facsimile in Autograph Letters and Documents of George Washington in
Rhode Island Collections, Historical Publication, Number Six, Providence, R. I., State
Bureau of Information, 1932. p. 171.
6 In Bath, or Warm Springs, Va.
160 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
I would gladly have finished as soon as possible and what ever
the cost of them amounts to, I will settle for without delay.
It gives me much pleasure to find, by your letter, that you
are not less sanguine in your Boat project, than when I saw
you last; and that you have made such further discoveries as
will render them of greater utility than was at first expected:
you have my best wishes for the success of your plan.
Inclosed are the proceedings of the Directors of the Potomac
navigation. I pray you to have them set up at some public
place. If the manager advertised for, can come well recom-
mended, liberal wages will be given him. It were to be wished
that the following qualities could be readily combined in the
same person, integrity, abilities, indefatigable industry, and
if he has not experimental knowledge of this particular kind
of work, at least that he may be possessed of a genius which
may soon fit him for it.
Mr. Ryan's note is enclosed, and I am with great esteem,
Sir, etc.6
To WILLIAM CARMICHAEL
Mount Vernon, June 10, 1785.
Sir: It is with grateful pleasure I sit down to acknowledge
the receipt of your favour of the 25th. of March covering a
triplicate of your letter of the 3d. of December (which is the
first that has been received), and a copy of the Count of Flor-
ida Blanca's note to you.
I feel myself under singular obligation to you sir, as the
mean of procuring two Jacks of the first race, to be sent me;
but my gratitude for so condescending a mark of esteem from
one of the first crowned heads in Europe, calls for a better
expression than I have, to make suitable acknowledgments to
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] BRITISH RESTRICTIONS 161
His Catholic Majesty; especially too as his Majesty's very val-
uable present was accompanied by a sentiment of approbation
which cannot fail of making a lasting impression on my mind,
and of becoming very dear to my remembrance.
It is to you Sir, I must stand further indebted for the manner
of making known in terms most acceptable, the high sense I
entertain of the King's goodness. The Jacks are not yet ar-
rived, but I hope they soon will; and the accot. which you
mean to transmit, of the mode of treating them for the prop-
agation of mules, will be equally necessary and acceptable, for
my management of them.
Mr. Gardoqui is safely arrived at Philada. I have not had
the honor of paying my compliments to him; but, as well
for the respect I owe his sovereign, and his own great merit, as
on acct. of your recommendation of him, I shall be happy in
every opportunity which shall offer of shewing him all the
attention in my power.
Great Britain, viewing with eyes of chagrin and jealousy
the situation of this country, will not, for sometime yet if
ever, pursue a liberal policy towards it; but unfortunately for
her the conduct of her ministers defeat their own ends : their
restriction of our trade with them, will facilitate the enlarge-
ment of Congressional powers in commercial matters, more
than half a century wou'd otherwise have effected. The mer-
cantile interests of this Country are uniting as one man, to vest
the federal government with ample powers to regulate trade
and to counteract the selfish views of other nations: this may
be considered as another proof that this Country will ever
unite in opposition to unjust or ungenerous measures, when-
soever or from whomsoever they are offered. I have the
honor, etc.7
'From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
162 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
To WILLIAM GODDARD
Mount Vernon, June n, 1785.
Sir: On the 8th. inst: I received the favor of your letter of
the 30th. of May:8 In answer to it I can only say, that your
own good judgment must direct you in the publication of the
manuscript papers of Geni. Lee. I can have no request to
make concerning the work.
I never had a difference with that Gentleman but on public
grounds, and my conduct towards him upon this occasion, was
such only, as I conceived myself indispensably bound to adopt
in discharge of the public trust reposed in me. If this pro-
duced in him unfavourable sentiments of me, I yet can never
consider the conduct I pursued, with respect to him, either
wrong or improper; however I may regret that it may have
been differently viewed by him, and that it excited his censure
and animadversions. Should diere appear in Genl. Lee's writ-
ings any thing injurious or unfriendly to me, the impartial and
dispassionate world, must decide how far I deserved it from
the general tenor of my conduct.
I am gliding down the stream of life, and wish as is natural,
that my remaining Days may be undisturbed and tranquil;
and conscious of my integrity, I would willingly hope that
nothing would occur tending to give me anxiety; but should
any thing present itself in this or any other publication, I shall
never undertake the painful task of recrimination, nor do I
know that I should ever enter upon my justification. I con-
sider the communication you have made as a mark of great at-
tention, and the whole of your letter as a proof of your esteem.
I am, &c.9
This letter is in the Washington Papers, as is also the printed prospectus of the pro-
posed publication. Lee bequeathed his papers to Goddard and these were to have
formed the basis of the work which Goddard never published.
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] AN INQUIRY 163
To EDMUND RICHARDS
Mount Vernon, June 15, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 1st. of Feby. from Plymouth Dock,
came safe. In explicit terms I assure you, that the information
which I suppose you must have received respecting a Will,
and the plantations of a Mr. Richd. Richards, is without the
smallest foundation. I never heard of the man, his Will, or
the Estate which you say was left in my hands, until your let-
ter reached me: equally unacquainted am I with Lawyer
Haines or Lawr. Briton, consequently can give you no satis-
faction in any of the matters requested of me.
If any such event as you speak of ever did happen with any
of my name, it is unknown to me, it is not in my power there-
fore to give you any clue by which you may pursue your
enquiries, or I would do it with pleasure. I am, etc.10
To SAMUEL POWEL
Mount Vernon, June 15, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I have been honored with your favor of the 25th.
of April, but have not yet had the pleasure of seeing Doctr.
Moyes; on the 22d. inst: I shall look for him.
I pray you to be assured that it is unnecessary for you to
apologize to me for the introduction of any Gentleman, of
whom you entertain a favourable opinion: such as you conceive
worthy of my civilities, will always meet a welcome reception
at Mt. Vernon.
I shall now my good Sir, give you a little trouble. A Gen-
tleman whose person, whose name,11 and whose character are
10 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
u Charles Vancouver.
164 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
equally unknown to me has written me the enclosed letter,
to which, as yet I have made no reply. The work if well exe-
cuted would unquestionably be valuable and ought to be en-
couraged; but the abilities of the author I am a stranger to, and
it has been too often found that similar attempts, by persons
whose reputations not established in the literary world, are
founded in ignorance, or end in imposition: to encourage the
first, or to give sanction to the latter would be alike disagree-
able to me. I would beg therefore, if it is not likely to be
attended with much trouble, that you would be so obliging as
to give your own, and the sentiments of others on the Author
and his performance, that I may be enabled to decide properly
with respect to his request.
My respectful Compliments and best wishes, in which Mrs.
Washington joins, are presented to Mrs. Powel and yourself,
and I am, Dr. Sir, etc.12
To ROBERT HOWE
Mount Vernon, June 15, 1785.
Dr. Sir: A few days ago Mr. Sitgreaves13 gave me the pleas-
ure of receiving your letter of the 4th. of May. It is the only
one I recollect to have had from you since my return to private
life.
It gives me pleasure to hear that Congress have dealt hon-
orably by you, and mean to do more; it is devoutly to be wished
that they could do the same by all the officers whose meritori-
ous services and sufferings have a just claim upon their grati-
tude, and call loudly for their exertions.
^From die "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
"John Sitgreaves. He was a Delegate to the Continental Congress from North
Carolina.
1785] A SCHOOL EXPENSE 165
As you are at the source of intelligence, anything I could
say respecting foreign matters, would only be a reverberation
of intelligence; and few things occur of a domestic nature
worthy of recital. Mrs. Washington is in tolerable good health
and joins me in compliments and best wishes for you, Mr. Lots14
family, and others of our old acquaintance. I am, etc.15
To WILLIAM MINOR
Mount Vernon, June 16, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 14th. is this moment delivered to me.
Moral obligations, or the obligations of humanity therefore
induced me to bestow a years schooling on Lawce. Posey, and
to effect it I was willing to incur the expence of a years board
also; the same motives might have induced you, without mak-
ing a charge of it against me, to have acted a similar part in
other respects by the boy; for sure I am, my connexion with
him was not stronger, nor legal honorary obligation greater
on me than on any other mans to excite them. Schooling, I
reiterate in this letter, as I urged in my former, was my object;
consequently, if he did not go to the Free School in Queen
Anne, (the place designed) as you yourself acknowledged to
me, nor to any other School, for what purpose let me ask was
I to pay ,£17? Was not his Fathers house, if time was to be
misspent, the best place for him to waste it in ? Can it be sup-
posed I ever had it in contemplation to board him out for the
purpose of idleness ? If then the condition of my letter to Mr.
Baker were never complied with, as you candidly confessed
to me they were not when here, where is the justice of requir-
ing £ 17, or an iota of it from me, when the compensation was
"Abraham Lott, of New York City.
15 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
166 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
expressly stipulated ? But I will be done. I am too much en-
gaged in company and in business to go further into the detail
of this matter.
If Genl. Robardeau (whom you mentioned to me yourself
in a former letter) will be so obliging as to undertake to deter-
mine the point, I shall be perfectly satisfied with his decision.
I shall expect however that both this letter, and my former to
you which was directed to his care, and such papers as you
exhibited to me, will be laid before him, one of which certified
that Lawce. Posey was not at the Free school: another, in ef-
fect that your charge was antecedent to the date of my letter to
Mr. Baker, and a third, from Capt. Posey to you, which will
serve to proove that he was a House-Keeper at Rovers-delight
(as he call'd his place) at the time you want me to pay you for
the boy's board, when he was not at school, nor ever derived the
benefit which was the object of my benevolence. I am, etc.17
*To THE SECRETARY AT WAR
Mount Vernon, June 18, 1785.
My dear Sir: I am quite ashamed to be so long deficient in
acknowledging the receipt of your favors of the 24th. and 29th.
of March, and 5th. of May; but an intervention of circum-
stances (with the enumeration of which I shall not trouble
you) have prevented it.
It gave me great pleasure to hear of your appointment as
Secretary at War. without a complimt., I think a better choice
could not have been made, and though the Salary is low, it
may, under the circumstances you mention, be considered
as auxiliary. Inclosed is a certificate18 of Service for Major
10 Daniel Roberdeau.
17 From the " Letter Book " copy in the Washington Papers.
18 A copy of this certificate, dated June 18, 1785, is in the "Letter Book" in the
Washington Papers.
1785] WESTERN POSTS 167
Sergeant,19 of whose worth I have a high opinion; but for want
of a more competent knowledge of the time of his entering the
line of the Army, and of the Commissions he has borne, I could
not be more particular. At any time this Summer, the Lime-
stone would be useful to me; but the sooner it comes the greater
benefit I shall derive from it, as the Walls for which I want it,
are now in hand. The sentiment which you have dropped re-
specting the appropriation of the shares which were intended
for me, by the Assembly of this State, in the Navigations of
the Rivers Potomack and James, is very pleasing; and would
give me great pleasure to see it reallized.20
For want of a competent view of the designs of Congress re-
specting the Western Territory; and not knowing how matters
stand with Great Britain, respecting the Posts of Detroit and
other places at present occupied by British Garrisons, on the
American side of the Line; I feel an unfitness to answer your
question respecting such Posts as may be proper for the pur-
poses you mentioned; but under the ideas I hold at prest, I am
inclined to think that if Garrisons are to be established within
the limits and jurisdiction of any of the 13 States, the Fort Pitt,
or Fort Mcintosh,21 whichever shall be found most convenient
and in best repair, would suit very well for a Post of deposits;
from whence all the others should be supplied, and as it is my
opinion that great part of the Fur and Peltry of the Lakes
(when we shall have free access to them) will be transported by
the Cayahoga and big beaver Creek, a Post at the mouth of, or
19Winthrop Sargent.
20 Knox had written (March 24: "Perhaps my dear Sir you could intimate to the
Legislature in a manner which would be clear of every indelicate imputation that
should they think proper to apply the produce of this fund to the maintenance of
Widows, and the support, and education of the children of those men of their own line
who sacrificed their lives in defence of their Country, and of the maimed soldiers, that
the measure would rear an eternal monument to the virtue of the Commonwealth of
Virginia." Knox's letter is in the Washington Papers.
21 On the Ohio River, 25 miles below Pittsburgh, Pa.
168 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
at some convenient Post on the former, must be eligable. The
spot marked Miami village and Fort in Hutchins's map, I
have always considered as of importance, being a central point
between Lake Erie, Lake Michigan, and the river Ohio; com-
municating with each, by Water. To these the Falls of the
Ohio, or some more convenient spot for the lower settlements,
may be added. Whether this chain embraces territory enough,
whether it goes far enough to the Southward to afford protec-
tion to the back parts of Virginia the Carolinas and Georgia; or
whether these are objects which are meant to be comprehended,
are for those who are more behind the Curtain than I am, to
determine. My opinion of the matter is, that I have described
a sufficient extent of the Country to answer all our present pur-
poses; beyond which, neither Settlements nor Locations of
Land ought to be admitted; because a larger would open a
more extensive field for Land jobbers and Speculators. Weaken
our Frontiers, exclude Law, good government, and taxation to
a late period, and injure the union very essentially in many
respects.
At the conflux of the Great Kanhawa and Ohio, a Post might
be established so as to answer beneficial purposes. Indeed it is
the opinion of many, that it is a more eligable place than Pitts-
burg. In time, if the navigation of the Kanhawa should be ex-
tended, and an easy communication opened with James River,
it may be so; but in the present state of things, considering the
Settlements about the latter, and the sources from whence pro-
ceed all the Supplies of that Country, it certainly is not. As a
protection of the River, and the movements thereon, it is
desirable.
If I am right in my principles some such distribution as the
following may not be ineligable for the 700 men which are
ordered to be raised. At Fort Pitt, Fort Mcintosh, or the Mouth
1785] MISSISSIPPI NAVIGATION 169
of big Beaver (being in the vicinity of a thick settlemt.) only
ioo Men. Cayahoga, from whence a Detachment might occupy
the carrying place between that water and big Beaver; being
on the line, and most exposed, should have 200. Miami Fort, or
Village and Dependencies, Do. Do. 200. At the Falls of the
Ohio, or some spot more convt. and healthy, on that river 150.
At the Conflux of the Great Kanhawa and Ohio for security of
the River, protection of Trade, and covering emigrants, 50.
Total 700.
Mrs. Macauly Graham and Mr Graham, and others, have
just left this, after a stay of about 10 days. A Visit from a Lady
so celebrated in the Literary world could not but be very flatter-
ing to me.
Mrs. Washington joins me in best wishes for yourself, Mrs.
Knox and family; with great truth and sincerity I am etc.
[MS.H.SJ
ToBARBEMARBOIS
[June 21, 1785]
Sir: The last Post brought me the honor of your favor of the
12th. inst: I am made happy by occasions which induce you to
write to me, and shall take pleasure in rendering Mr. De
Corney 22 any service in my power. I will immediately inform
myself of the name and residence of the Treasurer of the So-
ciety of the Cincinnati in this State, and transmit Mr. De Cor-
ney's Bill on Colo. Wadsworth 2S to him.
I am obliged to you Sir, for the several communications in
your letter. I wish something disagreeable may not result from
the contentions respecting the navigation of the river Missis-
sippi; the emigration to the waters thereof is astonishingly
22 Louis Dominique Ethis de Corny.
23 Jeremiah Wadsworth.
170 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
great, and chiefly from a description of people who are not very
subordinate to the Laws and Constitution of the States they go
from; whether the prohibition of the Spaniards therefore is
just or unjust, politic or impolitic, it will be with difficulty that
a people of this class can be restrained from the enjoyment of
natural advantages. It is devoutly to be wished that Mr. Gar-
doqui would enter into such stipulations with Congress as may
avert the impending evil, and be mutually advantageous to
both nations.
After the explicit declarations of the Emperor respecting
the navigation of the Scheldt, and his other demands upon
Holland, it should seem I think, as if he stood in a predicament
not very desirable; for if he recedes, his foresight and judgment
may be arraigned; and if he proceeds, his ruin may be involved.
But possibly I am hazarding Sentiments from a superficial
view of things, when it will appear ultimately that he has had
important objects in view, and accomplished them.
I take the liberty of addressing the enclosed letter to your
care, and to assure you of the respect and esteem with which I
have the honor, etc.24
ToJOHNRUMNEY25
Mount Vernon, June 22, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I stand indebted to you for two letters, one of the 8th.
of September, the other of the 9th. of Feby., the first should not
have remained so long unacknowledged, but for the expecta-
tion I had of the second, the second led me to expect a third,
upon the receipt of which I meant to give you but one trouble
by replying to them all at the same time.
24 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The original of this
letter is said to be (1934) in the Historical Museum, Leningrad, U. S. S. R.
25 Of Whitehaven, England.
1785] PIAZZA FLAGSTONE 171
Permit me to thank you Sir, for your attention to my Com-
missions: the joiner arrived safe, and I believe will fully answer
your description and expectation of him; he gives great satisfac-
tion, and seems well satisfied himself. The expence of his pas-
sage, and your advance to him, has been paid to Mr. Sanderson.26
I delayed making choice of either of the samples of Flag-
stone, until I had seen the Irish marble, and was made ac-
quainted with the cost of it; but as it is not yet arrived, and I
like the whitest and cheapest of the three samples wch. you
sent me by Capt. Atkinson, I request the favor of you to forward
by the first opportunity (with some to spare in case of breakage
or other accidents) as much of this kind as will floor the Gallery
in front of my house, which within the margin, or border that
goes round it, and is already laid with a hard stone of the Coun-
try, is 92 feet 7V2 inches, by 12 feet 9% inches.
Having given the exact dimension of the floor or space which
is to be laid with flagstone, I shall leave it to the workman to
procure them of such a size (not less than one floot square, and
all of one size) as will answer best, and accord most with the
taste of the times. I take it for granted that 7^d of 8d is the
price of the white Stone in the prepared state in which it was
sent, and that shipping charges and freight only, are to be added
to the cost: if a rough estimate of the latter had been men-
tioned, it would have been more pleasing, as I could then have
prepared accordingly.
I am at a loss to determine in what manner these dressed
Flags can be brought without incurring much expence, or
being liable to great damage : to put them in Cases, will involve
the first; and to stow them loose, the other may be sustained;
unless great care is used in the stowage, which is rarely to be
found among Sailors, or even Masters of Vessels. If the Flags
26 Robert Sanderson, Rumney's partner.
172 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
are well dressed, a little matter will chip the edges, and break
the corners; which would disfigure the work and be hurtful
to the eye. I will give no direction therefore on this head, your
own judgment on the spot shall dictate; at the same time I have
but little doubt, if they are placed in the hold of the Ship with
hay or straw to keep them from rubing, of their coming free
from damage.
I will soon follow this letter with a remittance from hence, or
draft upon London for a sum to enable you to discharge the un-
dertaker. In the mean while let me pray you to hasten the
execution and Shipping of them, as my Gallery is very much in
want. With great esteem, etc.27
To WILLIAM GRAYSON
Mount Vernon, June 22, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Since my last to you I have been favored with your
letters of the 5th, 27th, and of May, and beg your accept-
ance of my thanks for their enclosures, and for the communi-
cations you were pleased to make me therein.
I am very glad to find you have pass'd an Ordinance of
Congress respecting the sale of the Western Lands : I am too
well acquainted with the local politics of individual States,
not to have foreseen the difficulties you met with in this busi-
ness; these things are to be regretted, but not to be altered until
liberallity of sentiment is more universal. Fixing the Seat of
Empire at any spot on the Delaware, is in my humble opinion,
demonstrably wrong: to incur an expence for what may be
call'd the permanent seat of Congress, at this time, is I con-
ceive evidently impolitic; for without the gift of prophecy,
I will venture to predict that under any circumstance of
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Wellington Tapers.
1785] SALE OF WESTERN LANDS 173
confederation, it will not remain so far to the Eastward long;
and that until the public is in better circumstances, it ought not
to be built at all. Time, too powerful for sophistry, will point
out the place and disarm localities of their power. In the
meanwhile let the widow, the Orphan and the suffering Sol-
dier, who are crying to you for their dues, receive that which
can very well be rendered to them.
There is nothing new in this quarter of an interesting
nature, to communicate, unless you should not have been in-
formed that the Potomac navigation proceeds under favour-
able auspices: At the general meeting of the subscribers in May
last, it appeared that upwards of 400 of the 500 shares had been
engaged; many more have been subscribed since; a Board of
Directors have been chosen, proper characters and Labourers
advertized for, to commence the work in the least difficult
parts of the river, 'till a skillful Engineer can be engaged to
undertake those which are more so; and it is expected the
work will be begun by the 10th. of next month. With great
esteem, &c.28
To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS
Mount Vernon, June 22, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I stand indebted to you for your favors of the 3d,
7th, and 29th. of last month, and feel myself exceedingly
obliged to your Excellency for the communications and en-
closures therein.
It gives me pleasure to find that an Ordinance of Congress
has passed respecting the Western Territory: A little longer
delay of this business, and I believe the Country would have
been settled, maugre all that could have been done to prevent
it; as it is, I am not clear that the same respect will be paid now
38 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
174 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
to this Ordinance, which would have been at an earlier period,
before men began to speculate in Lands No. West of the Ohio,
and to obtrude themselves thereon.
From the general tenor of my letters from very respectable
characters in France, I think it most likely that the dispute
between die Emperor and Holland will be settled without
bloodshed, and that the former will hardly be able to effect
the exchange of his Northerland Dominions for the Dutchy
of Bavaria; among other reasons, because the Duke of Deux
Ponts,29 nephew and heir to the Elector is opposed thereto: but
notwithstanding that, the state of politic's and temper of some
of the formidable Powers of Europe are such as to place war
at no remote distance.
I have just parted with Mr. and Mrs. Macauly Graham, who
after a stay of about ten days, left this in order to embark for
England, from New York : I am obliged to you for introduc-
ing a Lady to me whose reputation among the literati is high,
and whose principles are so much and so justly admired by the
friends of liberty and of mankind; it gives me pleasure to find
that her sentiments respecting the inadequacy of the powers
of Congress, as also those of Doctr. Price's, coincide with my
own; experience evinces the trutii of these observations, and
the late movements of the mercantile interest exhibits a re-
cent proof of the conviction it is working in the popular mind :
but it is unfortunate for us, that evils which might have been
averted, must be first felt; and our national character for wis-
dom, justice and temperance, suffer in the eyes of die world,
before we can guide the political machine as it ought to be.
The plan for improving and extending the navigation of
this river, is in a promising way: inclosed I do myself the
29 Charles II, Duke of Zweibriicken.
1785] DELAY OF A WORKMAN 175
honor of sending you the printed proceedings of the Board of
Directors.
Mrs. Washington joins me in compliments and every good
wish for you, and with great esteem etc.80
To RICHARD BOULTON
Mount Vernon, June 24, 1785.
Mr. Boulton: Your letter of the 4th. inst:31 never reached
me until Monday last. I do not enter into agreements, but
with an intention of fulfilling them; and I expect the same
punctuality on the part of those with whom they are made:
and you must therefore perform your's with me, or abide the
consequences.
The reason which you assign for not coming is futile and
can have no weight with your creditors ; your property and your
labour are all means with which you can satisfy them; a
mortgage or bill of sale of the first; and an order on me by
way of security of the latter as your wages shall arise, is all
they can desire (if your Tools are unsaleable) and these are
in your power to give them.
You know the purposes for which I engaged you, and that
they are important and urgent: that I waited a considerable
time after Colo. Fitzhugh had recommended you to me, with-
out applying elsewhere, for your answer; that near a month
more has elapsed since our agreement took place; that the
season is now far advanced, and workmen consequently so
much engaged as not to be procured; In the meanwhile, the
roof of my house yields to every rain, and the furniture in no
""From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
As printed in the Memoir of Richard Henry Lee, this letter contained the following
P. S., not recorded in the "Letter Book": "Col. Wm. Brent died two or three days
ago. Your son Ludwell was well at our court yesterday."
81 In the Washington Papers.
176 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
part of it is secure from the injuries which result therefrom.
These reasons will fully justify my holding you to the engage-
ment we have entered into, and I expect you will enter upon
the performance of it without delay. I am, etc.82
To GOVERNOR PATRICK HENRY
Mount Vernon, June 24, 1785.
Dr. Sir: The letter which your Excellency did me the honor
to write to me on the 10th. inst: came duly to hand, and calls for
my particular acknowledgments; and my grateful thanks
for your obliging offers.
Altho' I conceive that the sunken Lands lying on Alber-
marle sound, and the waters emptying into it, will in time be-
come the most valuable property in this Country; yet when
I reflect further, that it will require a considerable advance to
reclaim and render them fit for cultivation, and in the mean-
time that they may be subjected to expences; I believe it would
be most advisable for me, in my situation not to add to my
present expenditures; but I am so much obliged by your
friendly offer to serve me in this matter, as if they had actually
been rendered. If your Excellency could make it convenient
to give me the substance of the report of the Commrs., re-
specting the place and manner which are thought best for a
cut between the waters of Elizabeth river and those of North
Carolina, I should think myself obliged: the improving and
extending the inland navigation of the waters of this Coun-
try, are in my judgment very interesting to the well being
and glory of it, and I am always pleased with any accounts
which seem to facilitate those important objects. With great
esteem etc.82
32 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785]
DUTIES OF A SECRETARY 177
To THOMAS MONTGOMERIE33
Mount Vernon, June 25, 1785.
Dear Sir: In the evening of yesterday, I was favored with
your letter of the 21st.; and thank you for your early and
friendly attention to the enquiry I made of you.
I do not now recollect whether I was so explicit as perhaps
I ought to have been in communicating all the purposes for
which I wanted an assistant: they are these. A Gentleman
who can compose a good letter from the heads which shall be
given to him; do all other writing which shall be entrusted
to his care; keep accounts; examine, arrange and properly
methodize my papers (which from hasty removals into the
interior country, are in great disorder) ; ride, at my expence,
to do such business as I may have in different parts of this,
or the other States, if I should find it more convenient to send
than attend myself to the execution thereof; and occasionally
to devote a small portion of time to initiate two little children
(a Girl of six, and a boy of four years of age, descendants of
the deed. Mr. Custis who live with me and are very promising,
and whom I would not wish to confine) in the first rudiments
of Education.
A fit person who inclines to accept these employments, will
live as I do, be company for those who visit at the House, have
his washing and mending found him, and such wages as we
can agree upon; which I must be candid in declaring can not
be high, as my finances and expenditures will not admit of it.
If you think Mr. Shaw 34 competent to these ends and find
him disposed to be employed for them I wish to know it by
the return of the Post, as there are others offering. If he would
33 Of Dumfries, Va.
^William Shaw. He acted as a secretary from July, 1785, to May, 1786.
178 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
write to me, or to you upon the subject, the letter in the latter
case to be enclosed to me, I could form some judgment of his
hand writing and diction : he will please to signify the lowest
wages which he will take per arm : or quarterly. If he chooses
a personal interview, which perhaps may be more agreeable,
I should be glad to see him here, with some samples of his
writing. With great esteem, etc.35
To REVEREND STEPHEN BLOOMER BALCH
Mount Vernon, June 26, 1785.
Sir: My nephews are desirous of going to the Dancing School
in Georgetown kept by Mr. Tarterson (I think his name is),
and as it is my wish that they should be introduced into life
with those qualifications which are deemed necessary, I con-
sent to it. Sometime ago I expressed my approbation of their
learning French, and a wish that when you had got your
House in order to receive them, they might again board with
you: Altho' I have no occasion [sic] the care, attention and
kindness of Mr. Bailey 36 to them, I conceive they can board at
no place so eligably as at their Preceptors; for it is my wish
that their morals as well as education may be attended to; and
tho' I do not desire they should be deprived of necessary
and proper amusements, yet it is my earnest request that they
may be kept close to their studies. I am, etc.35
To THOMAS MONTGOMERIE
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I received your favor of the 28th. last night. I was
under promise when I wrote to you on the 25th. of giving an
35 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
36 William Bailey, of Georgetown.
1785]
A SECRETARY 179
answer to an application which had been made to me, in a
few days before, which are now nearly expired: that I may
be decisive on it, I should be glad to know precisely what Mr.
Shaw would expect for his services if he comes to me; for
altho' I cannot as I observed in my last, afford to give high pay
on the one hand, so neither would I, by any means, leave it
indefinite on the other : whatever stipulations I enter into, shall
be strictly complied with; which will leave no cause for dis-
content. I am the more explicit in these declarations because I
am apprehensive that higher pay is expected from me than
I can afford to give. Mr. Shaw undoubtedly has set a value
upon his (those wch. are to be rendered) services, he knows
what he has received for former services; It is not reasonable
to expect that any Gentleman will lessen his prospects by com-
ing to me, nor do I desire it. I do not expect him for less than
he can obtain elsewhere; but if my means will not enable me
to give as much, I must do without, or get one less capable of
assisting me.
Another thing in Mr. Shaw's proposals is not very agreeable
to me: if a Gentn. does not engage with me for some fixed
time, I may in a month, nay less, be put to a greater non-plus
than ever, which would be inconvenient, and perhaps injuri-
ous to me, short engagements and early notice of discontinu-
ance might answer the purpose of Mr. Shaw, and remove my
difficulties.
That matters may be reduced to a certainty, and I enabled
to give the answer above alluded to, in time, I send this by a
special messenger. I am obliged to attend the Board of Direc-
tors in Alexandria tomorrow; but whether I shall be detained
there longer is at present uncertain; I should be glad there-
fore if it is convenient, to see Mr. Shaw here this evening, or
on Saturday, or at Alexandria tomorrow, when upon a little
180 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
conversation we can readily determine whether our purposes
can be reciprocally answered.
He will not, indeed cannot, be considered in the light of a
preceptor, because this as I observed in my last, is only occa-
sional and secondary. I am, etc.37
To THE COUNTESS OF HUNTINGDON
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1785.
My Lady: In the last letter which I had the honor to write
to you, I informed your Ladyship of the communication I
had made to the President of Congress of your wishes to ob-
tain Lands in the Western Territory for a number of Emi-
grants as a means of civilizing the Savages, and propagating
the Gospel among them. In answer, he informed me that
Mr. Henry, Governor of this State, had laid your Ladyships
letter and plan which were addressed to him, before Congress,
in a full and ample manner; but his private opinion of the
matter was, that under the pressure of Debt to which this
fund was to be appropriated, and the diversity of sentiment
respecting the mode of applying it, that no discrimination
would, or indeed could be made in favor of Emigrants of any
description whatsoever. I waited however a considerable time
to know the result of Mr. Henry's reference, before I would
give your Ladyship the trouble of another letter on this sub-
ject; but hearing nothing more of the matter, and having had
the enclosed resolutions and ordinance sent to me by the Presi-
dent himself, as the result of their long and painful delibera-
tion on the mode of disposing of the Western Lands, I will
delay no longer to express my concern that your Ladyships
37 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] ACORNS, NUTS, ETC. 181
humane and benevolent views are not better seconded. The
resolutions and ordinance herewith enclosed (on which I shall
make no comments) will give the terms and shew your Lady-
ship the mode by which the Lands belonging to the Union
are to be obtained; in other words, how difficult it must be for
foreigners to know when or where to apply for them. With
the highest respect and consideration, etc.38
To WILLIAM WASHINGTON
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1785.
Dear Sir: My nephew39 delivered me your letter of the 21st.
of April. For the kind attention shewn him by Mrs. Wash-
ington and yourself he entertains a grateful sense, and I offer
you my sincere thanks, which I should be glad to renew to
you both in person at this place. He enjoys a tolerable share
of health, but is gone to (what are called in his Country) the
Sweet Springs, to obtain a better stock to fit him for the pleas-
ures, and duties too, of a matrimonial voyage on wch. he is
to embark at his return.
I would thank you my good Sir, for the Acorns, Nutts, or
seeds of trees or plants not common in this Country; but
which you think would grow here, especially of the flower-
ing kind: the best method, I believe, to preserve those which
are apt to spoil by withering and drying, and from worms, is
to put them into dry Sand as soon as they are gathered; this
retains the moisture in them, and vegitative properties, with-
out sprouting.
Mrs. Washington joins me in best respects to you and your
Lady, and I am etc.38
38 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
88 George Augustine Washington.
182 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON TJune
To WILLIAM BLAKE
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1785.
Sir: By my nephew I had the honor to receive your favor of
the 20th. Mar: accompanied with some plants and Seeds of the
Palmetto royal, for which I pray you to accept my sincere
thanks: the former are not only alive yet, but look vigorous;
and the latter (being sowed) are vegitating, and appearing
above ground. I shall nurse them with great attention.
It would give me great pleasure to visit my friends in So.
Carolina: but when, or whether ever it may be in my power
to accomplish it, is not, at this moment, in my power to decide.
I have the honor, etc.40
To GEORGE WILLIAM FAIRFAX
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1785.
My Dr. Sir: When I wrote you in Feby. last, I intended to
have followed it with a letter of earlier date than the present;
but one cause succeeding another, has prevented it 'till now.
I proceeded to a diligent search for the paper requested in
your favor of the 23d. of August last year, and after examining
every bundle, and indeed despairing of success, it occurred to
me that your accot. with Lord Fairfax might afford some clue
by which a discovery of it might be made; and in looking in
your ledger for an index I found the receipts pasted on the
cover of the Book. Having a call to Richmond the latter end
of April, I took the receipts with me intending to leave them
in the hands of the Attorney General; but it being his opinion
there would be no occasion for them, I brought them back,
and restored them to the place from whence I took them: the
40From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] NATIONAL WISDOM 183
enclosed are copies of those receipts, which I meant should sup-
ply the place of the originals, had they passed from me to the
Attorney.
I have not yet received the Pictures which you were so oblig-
ing as to send me by Mr. Bracken; but have some prospect now
of getting them, as Colo. Bassett who left this lately and who
expects to be up again in Octor. to the marriage of his Daughter
who lives with us, with a son of my brother Charles (who
acted as an Aid de Camp to the Marqs. de la Fayette from the
year 1780, to the close of the War) has promised to bring them.
Altho' I have been so long deprived of the copy, I have lately
had the pleasure of seeing the original in the hands of the
designer and executioner Mr. Pine, who spent three weeks
with me in May last.
Mr. Pine has met a favorable reception in this Country; and
may, I conceive, command as much business as he pleases: he
is now preparing materials for historical representations of
some of the most important events of the War; and if his
choice and the execution is equal to the field he has to display
his talents in, the pieces (which will be large) will do him
much credit as an artist, and be interesting for America and its
friends as a deposit for their posterity.
The information which you have given of the disposition
of a certain Court coincides precisely with the sentiments I
had formed of it from my own observations upon many late
occurrences, and from a combination of circumstances. With
respect to ourselves, I wish I could add, that as much wisdom
had pervaded our councils; as reason and common policy most
evidently dictated; but the truth is, the people must feel be-
for they will see; consequently, are brought slowly into meas-
ures of public utility. Past experience, or the admonitions
of a few, have but little weight, where ignorance, selfishness
184 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
and design possess the major part : but evils of this nature work
their own cure; tho' the remedy comes slower than those who
foresee, or think they foresee the danger, attempt to effect.
With respect to the commercial system which G: B: is pursu-
ing with this country, the Ministers, in this as in other matters,
are defeating their own ends, by facilitating those powers in
congress which will produce a counteraction of their plans,
and which half a century without, would not have invested
that body with. The restriction of our trade, and the additional
duties which are imposed upon many of our staple commodi-
ties, have put the commercial people of this Country in motion;
they now see the indispensable necessity of a general controul-
ing power, and are addressing their respective Assemblies to
grant this to Congress. Before this every State thought itself
competent to regulate its own Trade, and were verifying the
observations of Lord Sheffield; who supposed we never could
agree upon any general plan: but those who will go a little
deeper into matters, than his Lordship seems to have done, will
readily perceive that in any measure where the Fcederal inter-
est is touched, however wide apart the politics of individual
States may be, yet as soon as it is discovered they will always
unite to effect a common good.
The Subscriptions for improving and extending the inland
navigation of Potomac, have filled very fast: A Company is in-
corporated, a President and Directors are chosen, a Dividend
of the money will soon be paid in, and the work will begin
about the first of August. We still want a skilful Engineer, a
man of practical knowledge to conduct the business ; but where
to find him we know not at present : In the meanwhile the less
difficult parts of the river will be attempted, that no time may
be lost in effecting so important and salutary an undertaking.
1785J AN ENGLISH FARMER 185
Our course of Husbandry in this Country, and more espe-
cially in this State, is not only exceedingly unprofitable, but so
destructive to our Lands, that it is my earnest wish to adopt a
better; and as I believe no Country has carried the improve-
ment of Land and the benefits of Agriculture to greater per-
fection than England, I have asked myself frequently of late,
whether a thorough bred practical english Farmer, from a part
of England where Husbandry seems to be best understood and
is most advantageously practised, could not be obtain'd ? and
upon what terms ? The thought having again occurred to me,
whilst I was in the act of writing this letter, I resolved as a more
certain and eligible mode of having the questions determined,
to propound them to you. That a man of character and knowl-
edge may be had for very high wages there can be no doubt,
money we know will fetch anything, and command the serv-
ices of any man; but with the former I do not abound. To
engage a man upon shares as the Overseers of this Country
are, might be productive of much discontent to the employed;
for we could scarcely convey to a good English Farmer a just
idea of the wretched condition of our Lands, what dressings
they will require, and how entirely our system must be changed
to make them productive: and if we do not, disappointment
and continual murmurings would be the consequence. It fol-
lows then that the only means by which we can think of obtain-
ing one, must be to give standing wages: for what then my
good Sir, do you think a sober, industrious and knowing
Farmer might be had to take one of our plantations, say, of
ten labourers ? Or to bring the matter nearer to his own con-
ception of things, a Farm of about 200 or 250 acres of cleared
Land, to be stocked with a competent number of Plows, Black
Cattle, Sheep and hogs ?
186 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
When I speak of a knowing farmer, I mean one who under-
stands the best course of crops; how to plough, to sow, to mow,
to hedge, to Ditch and above all, Midas like, one who can con-
vert every thing he touches into manure, as the first transmuta-
tion towards Gold: in a word one who can bring worn out and
gullied Lands into good tilth in the shortest time. I do not
mean to put you to the trouble of actually engaging one, but I
should be obliged to you for setting on foot the enquiry, and
for communicating the result of it to me; because I could not
receive your answer in time for the next year; the autumn
being, as you well know, the season at which our Overseers are
engaged, and our plans for the ensuing Crop must be formed.
These enquiries, as you will readily perceive, are pointed to
a Farmer of the middling class; which more than probably,
would best answer my purpose : but, if it could be made con-
venient to you to extend enquiries further; permit me to ask if
one of a higher order could be had ? And upon what terms ? I
mean for a Steward.
It may not in this place be amiss to observe to you that I still
decline the growth of Tobacco; and to add, that it is my inten-
tion to raise as little Indian Corn as may be: in a word, that I
am desirous of entering upon a compleat course of husbandry
as practiced in the best Farming Counties of England. I en-
quire for a man of this latter description with little hope of
success, ist. because I believe one who is compleatly fit for my
purposes, wou'd be above my price; and 2dly because I have
taken up an idea that an English steward is not so much a
farmer, as he is an Attorney or an accomptant; because few of
the Nobility and Gentry having their Estates in their own
hands, stand more in need of a Collector who, at the same time
that he receives the rents, will see that the Covenants of the
Leases are complied with, repairs made &c, &c, than of a
1785] RECOMMENDATIONS 187
Farmer. In this however I may be mistaken. One thing more
and then I will close this long letter: if from your own observa-
tion, or from good information you should fix your eyes upon
men of one or both of these descriptions, and could ascertain
his or their terms (leaving me at liberty to accede to them or
not, within a reasonable time for an intercourse by letter), I
had rather he or they should be personally known to you; or
their characters well ascertained by a friend in whom you can
confide; because what you or such a person would say of them,
I could rely upon: but how often do we find recommendations
given without merit to deserve them, founded in a disposition
to favor the applicant, or want of resolution to refuse them,
oftentimes indeed, to get rid of a dependent who is trouble-
some or injurious to us, upon what are called decent terms. A
man in the character of a Steward (if single, and his appear-
ance equal to it) would live in the House with me and be at
my table, in the manner Lund Washington was accustomed
to do, who is now married41 and a House Keeper tho' still at-
tending my business. The common Farmer would live on the
Farm which would be entrusted to his care.
I have lately had the pleasure of receiving your favor of the
19th. of March, and to learn by it that Mrs. Fairfax and you
have enjoyed better health than usual, last winter : a continuance
of it Mrs. Washington and I most sincerely wish you.
I have not yet seen Mr. Thos. Corbin, he sent your letter
under cover a few days ago with assurances of making me a visit
as soon as he had recovered from a slight indisposition. He
appears from your account to have been very ill treated by his
brother Dick; but the latter I understand has not been behind
him in charges to some of his friends in this country, who think
Thos. in the wrong.
"He had married Elizabeth Foote in 1782.
188 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
Mrs. Washington joins me in most affectionate regards, and
in every good wish for you and Mrs. Fairfax, with much truth
I am, &c.
P. S. I thank Mr. Heartley 42 for the compliments he sent me
thro' you, and for his other polite attentions to me; and pray
you to make mine acceptable to him whenever a proper oc-
casion offers. I did not know of your Nephew's intended trip
to England or I would most assuredly have written to you by
so good an opportunity.43
To CHARLES VANCOUVER
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1785.
Sir: Your favor of the 16th. of last month came safely to
hand.
You do me much honor by proposing to inscribe a work
(of which you sent me a specimen) to my special patronage
and protection : but dio' willing to give every support to the
encouragement of literature and useful knowledge, which may
be within my sphere of action; yet, on the present occasion I
must beg leave to decline the honor of having your labors
dedicated to me. With chearfulness I will follow the subscrip-
tions (wch. I presume must 'ere this, be pretty well advanced)
of Gentn. of my acquaintance; and with a proper sense of the
distinction meant for me, I am, etc.43
To JAMES RUMSEY
Mount Vernon, July 2, 1785.
Sir: Early in last month I wrote you an answer to your letter
of March 10th., and sent it under cover to my brother in
42 David Hartley.
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] POTOMAC COMPANY MANAGER 189
Berkeley, who happened at that time to be from home: the
presumption is however, that you have received it 'ere this,
and I shall not trouble you with a repetition of the sentiments
therein contained.
In that letter I enclosed you a hand Bill of the proceedings
of the Board of Directors,44 containing an advertisement of
their want of a Manager, two Assistants, some Overseers, and
a number of Labourers; requesting that it might be exposed
at some public place in the county where you live: those of
the two first descriptions were required to meet the Directors
at Alexandria on yesterday; but whether the notice was too
short, or that characters who are competent to the business
are difficult to be met with, I shall not take upon me to deter-
mine; but none appearing with such testimonials of their
abilities, industry and integrity, as the Board conceived indis-
pensably necessary for their justification, no agreement was
made, but the 14th. inst. appointed for them and others, to
produce such, of their qualification for this business.
As I have imbibed a very favorable opinion of your me-
chanical abilities, and have had no reason to distrust your fit-
ness in other respects; I took the liberty of mentioning your
name to the Directors, and I dare say if you are disposed to
offer your services, they would be attended to under favour-
able circumstances: but as this is a business of great magni-
tude, and good or ill impressions in the commencement of it
will have a powerful effect on the minds of the Adventurers,
and on the public opinion; and as the Directors are no more
than Trustees of the Company, and of consequence must pro-
ceed circumspectly; Candour obliges me to observe to you, as
I believe some of those who will meet for the purpose of ap-
pointing a Manager and Assistants have only a superficial
44 Of the Potomac Company.
190 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
acquaintance with you, that it might be well, if you incline to
offer your services, to bring some letters or other credential of
your industry &c, and if these were to come from members
of the Company they would have the greater weight.
Colo. Gilpin45 (one of the Directors, and who is the bearer
of this letter) is on his way to the Falls of Seneca and Shenan-
doah; and it would be fortunate if he shou'd meet with you
in this trip. I am, etc.46
*To ROBERT HANSON HARRISON
Mount Vernon, July 3, 1785.
Dear Sir: In the interval, between your leaving this and the
arrival of Mr. Briscoe,47 Mr. Montgomerie (of Dumfries) rec-
ommended a young man whom he thought would answer
my purpose; and being desired to speak to him, he accepted my
offer and will be with me in the course of a few days. Had it
not been for this, the good character given of Mr. Briscoe by
you, and others, would have induced me, without hestitation
to have accepted his Services. I thank you very sincerely for
the ready and early attention you paid to my enquiries, to
assure you of the great esteem and regard I have for you, is
unnecessary, because you must be convinced of it. I shall only
add therefore that I am, etc.48
To WILLIAM SHAW
Mount Vernon, July 8, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 4th. I receiv'd on the 6th. Altho' the
sum stipulated is above the mark I had prescribed myself yet,
"George Gilpin.
46 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
"William Brisco.
48 From the original in the House of Representatives Collection, Library of Congress.
1785] SECRETARY'S PAY 191
in consideration of the good character given of you by Mr.
Montgomerie, the idea I entertain of your knowledge of
Accots., and the hope that you may answer my purposes in
other respects; I accede fully to the terms of your letter, with
this condition only, that in payment of this sum, Dollars shall
be estimated at four and six pence Sterling, and other Gold
and Silver coin (currt. in this country) in that proportion.
This is the legal difference of exchange of it, and will render
it unnecessary for either of us to enquire into the rise or fall,
to ascertain the value of any payment.
I do not request you to come hither before the time men-
tioned in your letter; but should be glad if you would not
exceed it.
With esteem and regard, I am, etc.49
To THOMAS CORBIN
Mount Vernon, July 8, 1785.
Sir: Yesterday afternoon I had the honor to receive your
favor of the 24th. of June; covering a letter from Colo. Fair-
fax of Bath, dated in Mar: last. The latter speaks of the injuri-
ous treatment you have met with, and of the aspersion of
your character in England, for which I am exceedingly sorry;
but as he draws no conclusion, and your letter is silent, I am a
little at a loss to discover the tendency of the information of
them to me; and therefore shall only add that whenever it
is convenient and agreeable to you to come into this part of
the Country, I shall be glad to see you at this place, and that,
I am, etc.49
'From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
192 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
* To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS
Mount Vernon, July 9, 1785.
Dear Sir: Mr. Dohrman50 who does me the honor of pre-
senting this letter to your Excellency, is represented to me as a
Gentleman of great merit; and one who has rendered most
benevolent and important Services to the injured Sons of Amer-
ica, at a period when our Affairs did not wear the most favor-
able aspect.
He has some matters to lay before Congress which he can
explain better than I. the justice due to which, and his suffer-
ings, need no advocate; but I take the liberty nevertheless
of introducing him to your countenance and civilities. With
great respect etc.51
To THOMAS SMITH
Mount Vernon, July 14, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the' 9th. of Feby. was long on its passage
to me; but my answer would not have been delayed 'till now,
had not much time been spent in obtaining the several en-
closures herewith sent you : a very necessary voucher however,
viz: the British King's proclamation, properly authenticated,
forbiding the settlement of the Western Lands, in defiance of
which the Defendants took possession of the Land which was
surveyed for military service, is not yet come to hand, but
shall be sent as soon as it does.
The signature to Posey's Bond has the best proof of the
handwriting I can obtain without incurring much trouble and
expence: there are numbers in this part of the Country, where
"Arnold Henry Dorham.
51 From the Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 78, vol. 8, fol. 211.
1785] a LAND TITLE DISPUTE 193
he formerly lived, who are well acquainted with his hand
writing; but these are far removed from the Executive of the
State, or any of the judges of the Supreme Court of this Com-
monwealth. To me, I confess the proof seems unnecessary;
for in my judgment there can be no higher evidence of the au-
thenticity of the Bond, than the recognition of it in the Grant
which, if I mistake not, expressly declares that it is granted to
me as Assignee of John Posey; consequently this Government
must have been satisfied of the legality of the assignment, and
such as would warrant the Patent granted me thereon.
I transmit you the act of our Assembly passed in the session
of 1779, properly authenticated, in which is included all the
Law relative to the present subject: in this you will find upon
what footing settlement and pre-emption rights are placed;
and what are the requisites necessary for rendering them valid.
It is very certain the Defendants have not taken those necessary
steps pointed out by the Law, in order to give them a title by
settlement or pre-emption : they knew that the Land had been
surveyed for me; that it was always called mine; that one
Cabbin if no more was built upon it when they came there,
and they were repeatedly forwarned from settling themselves
there during the life of Mr. Crawford. Being thus apprized
that their claim was contested, they should have submitted
it to the decision of the Commissioners sent out to that Coun-
try for the special purpose of adjusting all such disputed titles;
and altho' the jurisdiction of these Commrs. only extended to
unpatented Lands, yet such a submission was necessary on
the part of the Defendants, that they might obtain Certificates
and act agreeably to the direction of the Law: as they failed
to do this, I conceive they have precluded themselves from
setting up a title by occupancy at this day: I say they failed
194 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
to make this submission; because as I was never summoned to
litigate their claim, any proceeding therein without such a proc-
ess would have been illegal.
I expect that one objection to my title will be, that this Land
was not surveyed by a County Surveyor, but only by one in-
vested with a special commission for surveying the 200,000
acres which were given as a bounty to the 1st. Va. regiment.
But you will find that my case comes fully within the first
clause of the Law; and as this Survey was covered with a mili-
tary warrant, such as is mentioned in the Act, no person could
more legally have made it than Mr. Crawford. I will observe
here, that at the time this survey was returned to the Office,
Mr. Crawford was Deputy surveyor to Mr. Lewis. You will
observe by a subsequent clause in the Law, that all locations
made by Officers and Soldiers upon the Lands of actual set-
tlers, shall be void; but this cannot operate against me for
several reasons : in the first place it is confined merely to Loca-
tions, and cannot extend to Patents; secondly, admitting that
my survey was made lawfully, then it is evident that instead
of being intruded upon, the Defendants themselves were the
intruders: and thirdly, setting my survey and Patent out of
the question, I was the prior occupant and entitled to at least
1400 acres, admitting only one Cabbin to have been built;
altho' I believe, and Capt. Crawford in letters which I left
with you expressly declares it, there were more; so that which-
ever way you view their title, it appears to be defective. From
what cause I know not, but I believe Capt. Posey's warrant is
dated subsequent to the return of the Survey made by Mr.
Crawford, and if I remember right the recital in the Patent
which you have makes this appear; I apprize you of this lest
any handle should be made of it by your Opponents.
1785] TITLE TO OHIO LANDS 195
The only difficulty which can arise in the prosecution of the
ejectments in my conception (if my legal title shou'd be thought
insufficient, which I scarcely think possible) is to prove the ex-
tent of my improvement before the Defendants took possession
of the Land, and the warnings wch. they received afterwards
to quit it.
Colo. Crawford who transacted my business in your County,
or his Brother Val52 could have placed these matters in a clear
point of view, as I dare say many others are able to do, if I
knew who to fix upon and how to come at them; but never
having an idea that it was necessary, and the removal of per-
sons &c, may give some trouble.
To ease you as much as I am able of this, I have in a paper
enclosed, put down the ground and supports of my title under
all circumstances as they have occurred to me; and the plea
which I suppose will be urged in behalf of my Opponents in
opposition thereto.
I feel myself under great obligation to Mr. Wilson53 for sig-
nifying a readiness to serve me in this suit, because I am satis-
fied motives of friendship more than of interest were at the
bottom. His attendance in Congress must now render this
impracticable if it were ever so necessary; but to me the case
seems so clear and self evident, that I think nothing more is
necessary but to state facts: however, as you understand the
decision of your Courts better than I do, I leave it wholly to
yourself to call in assistance or not, and from whom you please.
I should be glad to know when you think the cause will come
to issue: if I could be morally certain of the time and nothing
of greater importance should happen to prevent it, I would
be in the Western Country at that time. I am, etc.
62 Valentine Crawford.
53 James Wilson.
196 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
P. S: Since writing the above I have received an attested
Copy of the Proclamation alluded to in the body of this letter,
which with the letter enclosing it, from our Attoy. General,
I send. On a cursory reading of it, (for I was obliged to
enclose it almost in the same instant I received it) it may
be doubted, I think, whether military Locations beyond the
sources of the rivers running into the Atlantic, do not come
under the general restrictions: to remove this objection, if
it should be made, I will endeavor to obtain an attested copy
of an order of the Governor and Council of this Dominion,
recognizing the right of the Troops of this State, to Lands under
the aforesaid Proclamation; and directing surveys thereof to
be made on the Western Waters; tho' I fear it will be diffi-
cult to come at, as I have understood that the records of the
privy Council had fallen into the hands of the Enemy, or were
otherwise lost.54
To ALEXANDER WHITE55
Mount Vernon, July 14, 1785.
Dear Sir: Mr. Fraunces's56 letters to you and to me, the last
of which I also enclose for your perusal, are so expressive of his
want as to render it unnecessary for me to add ought, on the
occasion of them.
He has been considered (tho' confined within the british
lines) as a friend to our cause: It is said he was remarkably at-
tentative to our prisoners in the City of New York; supporting
them, as far as his means would allow, in the hour of their
54 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
55 Member of the Virginia House of Delegates from 1782 to 1786 and from 1799 to
1801; Member of Congress from 1789 to 1793; one of the Board of Commissioners
for the District of Columbia from 1795 to the abolition of the Board in 1802.
M Samuel Fraunces.
1785] A WORTHLESS OVERSEER 197
greatest distress: this it is which lead both Governor Clinton
and myself to countenance and support him; and is the cause I
presume of his applying, thro' me, to you, and must be my
apology for giving you the trouble of this letter.
With respect to his demand against the Estate of Genl. Lee,
I know nothing; his letter, to the best of my recollection, is the
first intimation I ever had of his being a Creditor; die propriety
and justice therefore of the claim must speak for themselves,
and will no doubt have their due weight: the time of payment
seems interesting to him.
The subject of this letter reminds me of an accot. of my own
against Genl. Lee's Estate, which I put into your hands at the
Springs last year.57 With great esteem I am, etc.58
To WILLIAM FITZHUGH59
Mount Vernon, July 14, 1785.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 4th. came to me on the 12th: at
the time of writing it you could not have received my letter
dated in the latter part of June, covering one for Richard Boul-
ton; not knowing how, otherwise, to get one to him, I took the
liberty of addressing it to your care.
In that letter I informed him, that if he did not immedi-
ately enter upon the execution of his Contract, I would put
the penalty thereof in force: but from the abandoned course
in which he seems to have engaged, from your last letter; and
" In Washington's "Ledger B" is the following account against Gen. Charles Lee:
"J775» Jan- 4- To Cash lent him at Mt Vernon ^15. June. To Ditto lent him on
the Road from Phila. to Cambridge, at different times, viz. 6 Guineas & 4 dollars
9:12 — . 1786, Deer. 28. By Cash reed of Alexr White Esqr. Exr. to Genl Lee by the
hands of Mr. Lear 24: 12: — "
58 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
BeOf Patuxent, Md.
198 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
his unwillingness to forsake his associates in drunkeness, I
do not choose (altho' the disappointment occasions me the
loss of a summer) to be concerned with him, lest his bad
example should have an unfavorable influence upon my work-
men, of which I have several. I beg therefore, if my letter to
him has not been forwarded, that you would be so obliging as
to destroy it.
As I am not in immediate want of the Articles which you
were so good as to offer me, I had rather take the chance of a
water conveyance round, than to send my waggon to Colo.
Platers: but as this may not happen soon, and it is unreason-
able to keep you out of the cost of them ; if you will ascertain the
quantity and price of such as you can best spare, I will pay
the amount to your order at any time. The brass-spring Locks
and hinges, and any other hinges, the mortice locks and furni-
ture, the Glue, and Painters brushes, or such part of each as you
can most conveniently dispense with, may be added to my
former list.
The Guinea-grass seeds which I sowed proved as defective
as yours; but my nephew who arrived after I had the pleasure
of your company at this place, brought me a small quantity
from Bermuda, some of which I sowed and part has vegitated:
if it prospers and is worth cultivating, I will supply you with a
little of it to put you in stock, he speaks of it in very favourable
terms, but is doubtful of the Climate.
Mrs. Washington joins in complimts. and best wishes for
Mrs. Fitzhugh and yourself with Dr. Sir, &c.
P: S: I address this letter to you at Annapolis in consequence
of the information of your intention to be there about the mid-
dle of this month.60
'From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] OHIO LANDS 199
To ISRAEL SHREVE
Mount Vernon, July 15, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 22d. of June came safely to hand.
I have no Lands in the Western Country which I incline,
at this time, to make actual sale of. Between the two Kan-
hawa's on the banks of the Ohio, I hold (bounded by the
river, and of rich bottom with good Mill Seats) about 10,000
acres of as valuable land as any in that region: and on the
Gt. Kanhawa, from near the mouth upwards, I have about
30,000 acres more of equal quality with the first mentioned;
all of which I have offered on Leases, for 21, 999, or 10 years,
renewable forever, on encreasing rents; on certain conditions
which were published in Claypoole's paper in March or April
of last year, and may easily be resorted to.
As I have not disposed of these lands yet, I presume the
terms are thought too high; but as I know the situation and
convenience of them, and that the quality of the soil is in-
ferior to none in all the Western Territory, I do not incline
to make any change in my terms, unless I am, in a manner
compelled to it by taxation, which (however inconvenient it
may be to myself) I wish to see heavily laid on, that the offi-
cers and Soldiers, and other public creditors may receive their
just dues. I am, etc.61
To TENCH TILGHMAN
Mount Vernon, July 17, 1785.
Dr. Sir: By Mr. Gouverr. Morris I sent you the amount of
the cost of plank, which you were so obliging as to send me
from Baltimore.
'From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
200 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
The packet02 enclosed with this, for Mr. Hilligas63 contains
necessary and valuable papers for Mr. Thos. Smith, in a suit
I have been obliged to commence in Washington County,
State of Pennsylva., against sundry persons who taking ad-
vantage of my absence and peculiar situation during the War,
possessed themselves of a tract of Land I hold in the vicinity
of Fort Pitt; for which I have a Patent, obtained in legal form,
ever since the year 1774, and for which I am now compelled
to bring ejectmts.
Mr. Smith requested these papers to be sent to him under
cover to Mr. Hilligas as a certain mode of conveyance; but
as much time has elapsed in obtaining them; as some of the
papers point to evidence which may not readily be come at;
as the Suit may come forward at the Septr. term, and as the
channel of conveyance pointed out by him is very circuitous;
I should be much obliged, if good opportunities frequently
offer from Baltimore to Carlisle, by your stripping off the ad-
dress to Mr. Hilligas, and forwarding the enclosure as directed
to Mr. Smith. With much truth and sincerity, I am, etc.64
To SAMUEL POWEL
Mount Vernon, July 19, 1785.
Sir: The honor which the Society for promoting agricul-
ture, lately established in the City of Philada., has done me by
electing me an honorary member, is highly pleasing and flat-
tering to me; the strongest assurances of which I pray you,
02 On July 17 Washington wrote briefly to Michael Hillegas, a copy of which letter
is in the "Letter Book," asking him to forward this packet of papers to Thomas Smith.
63 Michael Hillegas.
64 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] AGRICULTURAL MATTERS 201
at the next meeting, to communicate with my respectful com-
pliments to the Society. Accept at the same time Sir, my ac-
knowledgment of the flattering expression, with which you
have accompanied the certificate of my election.
No measure, in my opinion, will be more conducive to the
public weal than the establishment of this Society, if the pur-
poses of it are prosecuted with spirit. Much is it to be wished
that each State would institute similar ones; and that these
Societies when formed would correspond regularly and freely
with each other. We are not only in our infancy of agricul-
ture improvement, but in this State the farmers are pursuing
an unprofitable course of Crops, to the utter destruction of
their Lands.
I am obliged to the Society for its address to the public, and
for the summary of a course of crops by Mr. Bordely :65 the lat-
ter I had before received from the Author, who was so obliging
as to send me several copies immediately after the publication
thereof. I have the honor, etc.68
To GEORGE WEEDON
Mount Vernon, July 23, 1785.
Dr. Sir: It is some time since I received the enclosed Bill,
under cover from the Drawer: among a multiplicity of other
letters it got buried and forgot; until a line from Mr. de Mar-
bois the other day, forwarding the third bill of same tenor and
date, reminded me of it.
As I do not know who the Treasurer of the Society of the
Cincinnati of this State is, I take the liberty of committing the
^BealeC?) Boardly, of Wye, Md.
From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
202 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
Bill to your care, with a request that you would be so obliging
as to ask him personally if he is near you, or by letter if he is
at a distance, for a receipt for it, that I may transmit the same
to Colo. De Corney, with an apology for my long silence.
If I knew who the state Treasurer is, I would not give you any
trouble in this business; but as I really do not, I hope it will
be received as an excuse for having done it. I am, etc.07
To DAVID HUMPHREYS
Mount Vernon, July 25, 1785.
My dr. Humphreys: Since my last to you, I have received
your letter of the 15th. of January, and I believe that of the
nth. of November, and thank you for them.68 It always gives
me pleasure to hear from you; and I should think if amuse-
ments would spare you, business could not so much absorb your
time as to prevent your writing more frequently, especially as
there is a regular conveyance once a month by the Packet.
As the complexion of European politics seems now (from
letters I have received from the Marqs. de la Fayette, Chevrs.
Chartellux, De la Luzerne, &c.,) to have a tendency to Peace,
I will say nothing of war, nor make any animadversions upon
the contending powers; otherwise, I might possibly have said
that the retreat from it seemed impossible after the explicit
declaration of the parties: My first wish is to see this plague to
mankind banished from off the Earth, and the sons and Daugh-
ters of this world employed in more pleasing and innocent
amusements, than in preparing implements and exercising
them for the destruction of mankind : rather than quarrel about
07 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
08 Humphreys was then in Paris.
1785] COMMENTARIES 203
territory let the poor, the needy and oppressed of the Earth, and
those who want Land, resort to the fertile plains of our western
country, the second69 Promise, and there dwell in peace, ful-
filling the first and great commandment.
In a former letter, I informed you my Dr. Humphreys, that
if I had talents for it, I have not leisure to turn my thoughts to
commentaries: a consciousness of a defective education, and a
certainty of the want of time, unfit me for such an undertak-
ing; what with company, letters and other matters, many of
them quite extraneous, I have not been able to arrange my own
private concerns so as to rescue them from that disorder'd state
into which they have been thrown by the war, and to do which
is become absolutely necessary for my support, whilst I re-
main on this stage of human action. The sentiments of your
last letter on this subject gave me great pleasure; I should be
pleased indeed to see you undertake this business : your abilities
as a writer; your discernment respecting the principles which
lead to the decision by arms; your personal knowledge of
many facts as they occurred in the progress of the War; your
disposition to justice, candour and impartiality, and your dili-
gence in investigating truth, combining fit you, when joined
with the vigor of life, for this task; and I should with great
pleasure, not only give you the perusal of all my papers, but any
oral information of circumstances, which cannot be obtained
from the former, that my memory will furnish: and I can with
great truth add that my house would not only be at your service
during the period of your preparing this work, but (and with-
out an unmeaning compliment I say it) I should be exceedingly
happy if you would make it your home. You might have an
apartment to yourself, in which you could command your own
69 The words "land of" inadvertently omitted by the "Letter Book" recorder.
204 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
time; you wou'd be considered and treated as one of the family;
and meet with that cordial reception and entertainment which
are characteristic of the sincerest friendship.
To reverberate European news would be idle, and we have
little of domestic kind worthy of attention: We have held
treaties indeed, with the Indians ; but they were so unseason-
ably delayed, that these people by our last accounts from the
westward, are in a discontented mood, supposed by many to be
instigated thereto by our late enemies, now, to be sure, fast
friends; who from any thing I can learn, under the indefinite
expression of the treaty hold, and seem resolved to retain pos-
session of our western Posts. Congress have also, after a long
and tedious deliberation, passed an ordinance for laying off the
Western Territory into States, and for disposing of the land;
but in a manner and on terms which few people (in the South-
ern States) conceive can be accomplished : Both sides are sure,
and the event is appealed to, let time decide it. It is however
to be regretted that local politics and self-interested views ob-
trude themselves into every measure of public utility: but to
such characters be the consequences.
My attention is more immediately engaged in a project
which I think big with great political, as well as commercial
consequences to these States, especially the middle ones: it is,
by removing the obstructions, and extending the inland naviga-
tion of our rivers, to bring the States on the Atlantic in close
connexion with those forming to the westward, by a short and
easy transportation: without this, I can easily conceive they
will have different views, separate interests and other con-
nexions. I may be singular in my ideas; but they are these,
that to open a door to, and make easy the way for those Set-
tlers to the westward (which ought to progress regularly and
1785] WESTERN COMMERCE 205
compactly) before we make any stir about the navigation of
the Mississippi, and before our settlements are far advanced
towards that river, would be our true line of policy. It can,
I think, be demonstrated, that the produce of the western Terri-
tory (if the navigations which are now in hand succeed, and of
which I have no doubt) as low down the Ohio as the Great
Kanhawa, I believe to the Falls, and between the parts above
and the Lakes, may be brought either to the highest shipping
port on this or James river, at a less expence, with more ease,
(including the return) and in a much shorter time, than it can
be carried to New Orleans if the Spaniards instead of restrict-
ing, were to throw open their ports and invite our trade. But
if the commerce of that country should embrace this channel,
and connexions be formed; experience has taught us (and
there is a very recent proof with G : Britain) how next to im-
practicable it is to divert it; and if that should be the case, the
Atlantic States (especially as those to the westward will in a
great degree fill with foreigners) will be no more to the pres-
ent union, except to excite perhaps very justly our fears, than
the Country of California which is still more to the westward,
and belonging to another power.
Mrs. Washington presents her compliments to you, and with
every wish for your happiness, I am etc.70
To MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE
Mount Vernon, July 25, 1785.
My Dear Marquis : I have to acknowledge and thank you for
your several favors of the 9th. of February, 19th. of March and
16th. of April, with their enclosures; all of which (the last only
From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
206 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
yesterday) have been received since I had the honor to address
you in February.
I stand before you as a Culprit: but to repent and be for -given
are the precepts of Heaven : I do the former, do you practice the
latter, and it will be participation of a divine attribute. Yet I
am not barren of excuses for this seeming inattention; frequent
absences from home, a round of company when at it, and the
pressure of many matters, might be urged as apologies for my
long silence; but I disclaim all of them, and trust to the for-
bearance of friendship and your wonted indulgence: indeed
so few things occur, in the line on which I now move, worthy
of attention, that this also might be added to the catalogue of
my excuses; especially when I further add, that one of my let-
ters, if it is to be estimated according to its length, would make
three of yours.
I now congratulate you, and my heart does it more effectu-
ally than my pen, on your safe arrival at Paris, from your voy-
age to this Country, and on the happy meeting with Madame
la Fayette and your family in good health. May the blessing
of this long continue to them, and may every day add in-
crease of happiness to yourself.
As the clouds which overspread your hemisphere are dis-
persing, and peace with all its concomitants is dawning upon
your Land, I will banish the sound of War from my letter: I
wish to see the sons and daughters of the world in Peace and
busily employed in the more agreeable amusement of fulfill-
ing the first and great commandment, Increase and Multiply:
as an encouragement to which we have opened the fertile
plains of the Ohio to the poor, the needy and the oppressed of
the Earth; any one therefore who is heavy laden, or who wants
land to cultivate, may repair thither and abound, as in the Land
of promise, with milk and honey: the ways are preparing,
1785] THE WEST AND THE EAST 207
and the roads will be made easy, thro' the channels of Potomac
and James river.
Speaking of these navigations, I have the pleasure to inform
you that the subscriptions, (especially for the first) at the sur-
render of the books, agreeably to the act which I enclosed you
in my last, exceeded my most sanguine expectation: for the
latter, that is James river, no comparison of them has yet been
made.
Of the ,£50,000 Sterlg. required for the Potomac navigation,
upwards of ,£40,000, was subscribed before the middle of May,
and encreasing fast. A President and four Directors, consisting
of your hble. Servant, Govrs. Johnson and Lee of Maryland,
and Colo. Fitzgerald and Gilpin of this State, were chosen to
conduct the undertaking. The first dividend of the money was
paid in on the 15th. of this month; and the work is to be begun
the first of next, in those parts which require least skill; leav-
ing the more difficult 'till an Engineer of abilities and practical
knowledge can be obtained; which reminds me of the question
which I propounded to you in my last, on this subject, and
on which I should be glad to learn your sentiments. This pros-
pect, if it succeeds and of which I have no doubt, will bring the
Atlantic States and the Western Territory into close connexion,
and be productive of very extensive commercial and political
consequences; the last of which gave the spur to my exertions,
as I could foresee many, and great mischiefs which would natu-
rally result from a separation, and that a separation would
inevitably take place, if the obstructions between the two coun-
tries remained, and the navigation of the Mississippi should be
made free.
Great Britain, in her commercial policy is acting the same
unwise part, with respect to herself, which seems to have influ-
enced all her Councils; and thereby is defeating her own ends:
208 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
the restriction of our trade, and her heavy imposts on the staple
commodities of this Country, will I conceive, immediately pro-
duce powers in Congress to regulate the Trade of the Union;
which, more than probably would not have been obtained
without in half a century. The mercantile interests of the
whole Union are endeavouring to effect this, and will no doubt
succeed; they see the necessity of a controuling power, and the
futility, indeed the absurdity, of each State's enacting Laws for
this purpose independent of one another. This will be the case
also, after a while, in all matters of common concern. It is to
be regretted, I confess, that Democratical States must always
feel before they can see: it is this that makes their Govern-
ments slow, but the people will be right at last.
Congress after long deliberation, have at length agreed upon
a mode for disposing of the Lands of the United States in the
Western territory: it may be a good one, but it does not com-
port with my ideas. The ordinance is long, and I have none of
them by me, or I would send one for your perusal. They seem
in this instance, as in almost every other, to be surrendering the
little power they have, to the States individually which gave it
to them. Many think the price which they have fixed upon
the Lands too high; and all to the Southward I believe, that
disposing of them in Townships, and by square miles alter-
nately, they will be a great let to the sale: but experience, to
which there is an appeal, must decide.
Soon after I had written to you in Feby., Mr. Jefferson, and
after him Mr. Carmichael informed me that in consequence of
an application from Mr. Harrison71 for permission to export a
Jack for me from Spain, his Catholic Majesty had ordered two
of the first race in his Kingdom (lest an accident might happen
to one) to be purchased and presented to me as a mark of his
"Richard Harrison. He was a merchant of Cadiz, Spain.
1785] FRENCH HOUNDS 209
esteem. Such an instance of condescension and attention from
a crowned head is very flattering, and lays me under great obli-
gation to the King; but neither of them is yet arrived: these I
presume are the two mentioned in your favor of the 16th. of
April; one as having been shipped from Cadiz, the other as
expected from the Isle of Malta,72 which you would forward.
As they have been purchased since December last, I began to
be apprehensive of accidents; which I wish may not be the case
with respect to the one from Cadiz, if he was actually shipped
at the time of your account: should the other pass thro' your
hands you cannot oblige me more, than by requiring the great-
est care, and most particular attention to be paid to him. I
have long endeavoured to procure one of a good size and breed,
but had little expectation of receiving two as a royal gift.
I am much obliged to you my dear Marquis, for your atten-
tion to the hounds, and not less sorry that you should have met
the smallest difficulty, or experienced the least trouble in ob-
taining them : I was no way anxious about these, consequently
should have felt no regret, or sustained no loss if you had not
succeeded in your application. I have commissioned three or
four persons (among whom Colo. Marshall 73 is one,) to pro-
cure for me in Kentucke, for the use of the Kings Garden's at
Versailles or elsewhere, the seeds mentioned in the list you
sent me from New York, and such others as are curious, and
will forward them as soon as they come to my hands; which
cannot be 'till after the growing Crop has given its seeds.
My best wishes will accompany you to Potsdam, and into
the Austrian Dominions whenever you set out upon that tour.
As an unobserved spectator, I should like to take a peep at the
72The jack from Malta was obtained by Lafayette and was separate and distinct
from the Spanish jacks.
,3Thomas(?) Marshall.
210 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
troops of those Monarch's at their manoeuverings, upon a
grand field day; but as it is among the unattainable things, my
philosophy shall supply the place of curiosity, and set my mind
at ease.
In your favor of the 19th. of March you speak of letters
which were sent by a Mr. Williams; but none such have come
to hand. The present for the little folks did not arrive by Mr.
Ridouts Ship as you expected; to what cause owing I know not.
Mrs. Washington has but indifferent health ; and the late loss of
\ier mother, and only brother Mr. Barthw. Dandridge (one
of the Judges of our Supreme Court) has rather added to her
indisposition. My mother and friends enjoy good health.
George has returned after his peregrination thro' the West
Indies, to Bermuda, the Bahama Islands, and Charlestown; at
the last place he spent the winter. He is in better health than
when he set out, but not quite recovered: He is now on a jour-
ney to the Sweet Springs, to procure a stock sufficient to fit him
for a matrimonial voyage in the Frigate F. Bassett, on board
which he means to embark at his return in October: how far
his case is desperate, I leave you to judge, if it is so, the remedy
however pleasing at first, will certainly be violent.
The latter end of April I had the pleasure to receive in good
order, by a Ship from London, the picture of yourself, Madame
la Fayette and the children, which I consider as an invaluable
present, and shall give it the best place in my House. Mrs.
Washington joins me in respectful compliments, and in every
good wish for Madame de la Fayette, yourself and family, all
the others who have come under your kind notice present their
compliments to you. For myself, I can only repeat the sincere
attachment, and unbounded affection of My Dr. Marqs., &c.74
MFrom the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] BLASTING ROCK 211
*To CLEMENT BIDDLE
Mount Vernon, July 27, 1785.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 5th. came duly to hand, and
should have been acknowledged sooner, if it had been in my
power, conveniently. I thank you for your attention to the
Certificates which I committed to your care; and will obtain
an order from Gilbert Simpson, by which the Interest may be
received. This money is all I am likely to get for a Mill which
he ran me to the Expence of ^1200 hard money to build, near
Yohiogany, now tumbling down, and for which I can not get
a farthing, rent. If Mr. Stelle75 has the cover, in which the
Certificates were wrapped, I should be glad to have it returned
to me, or, if there is any thing within, useful to him, a Copy of
the memn. on the back of it. It is the only minutes I took of the
different Interests in the Certificates, it enclosed.
Since your last conference with Messrs. Dunlap & Claypool,
their Advertiser has come to hand regularly. I am content
therefore to have it continued.
As you think my small Commissions will not give you more
trouble than they are worth, I shall, when I find occasion, con-
tinue them with pleasure.
We expect to begin our operations on the Potomack Naviga-
tion about the 6th of next Month, under the Management of a
Mr James Rumsey. If the Miners therefore, who have been
accustomed to the blowing of Rocks under Water, are desirous
of employment in this way, and are not extravagant in their
demands, I am persuaded he would hire them, were they to
apply to him, either at the Seneca falls, or the Falls of Shan-
nondoah; neither of which are far from Frederick Town in
TO Benjamin Stelle.
212 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
Maryland, or, if they think the distance too great to come on an
uncertainty if through you, they will communicate to me their
lowest terms, I will see that an answer to them is obtained.
Mrs. Washington joins me in compliments to, and best wishes
for you, Mrs. Biddle and the family and I am, etc.76
To BATTAILE MUSE
Mount Vernon, July 28, 1785.
Sir: A few days ago by a Mr. Hickman,77 who either is, or
wants to be a tenant of mine in Frederick County. I sent you a
dozen blank Leases. The tract on which he says he is fixed, is
part of two Lots which I purchased at the sale of Colo. George
Mercer's Estate, in the year 1774 ; a plat of which I send you, that
the whole may be arranged into four tenements, as conven-
iently disposed as water &c. will admit.
In September last, whilst I was at my brothers in Berkeley,
many persons applied for this Land; but from causes which
then existed I came to no positive agreement with any; refer-
ring them to Mr. Snickers,78 who was so kind as to promise that
he would fix matters for me (as I was in a hurry and could not
go upon the Land myself) on the terms which, if I recollect
right, I gave him in a letter. Some time after, two men of the
names of Winzer 70 and Beaven, with the letter enclosed from
Mr. Snickers, came here, and were told that I would com-
ply with whatever agreement was made with them by him.
Among other things they said Mr. Snickers had promised them
Leases for fourteen years; this I observed could not, in my opin-
ion, be the case, because I had expressly named ten years (the
"This text is from that printed in a sales catalogue in 1924.
77 Joseph Hickman.
78 Edward Snickers.
70 Joseph Winsor or Windsor.
1785] LEASES 213
term for which Mr. Burwell let his Lands adjoining), but not-
withstanding if the case was so, and Mr. Snickers would declare
it, the Leases should be filled up accordingly: this I repeat, and
as far as the matter respects Winzer, for it seems Beaven has
changed his mind, the other conditions endorsed on the back
of Mr. Snickers's letter to me, are to be granted him; he paying
all the taxes wch. may be laid on the Land he holds.
However, as filling up one Lease may be a guide with respect
to the others, I enclose one in the name of Winzer, with the
blank, as completely filled as I can do it under my uncertainty
with respect to the term of years for which he is to have it, and
which is to be determined by Mr. Snickers; and for want of
the quantity of acres in, and a description of the Lot which he
is to have.
There are already three Tenants on this tract, to whom you
may fill up Leases on the same terms which I have done for
Winzer; and whenever they will bring evidences to prove
them, I will sign them. As Beaven has declined taking the
Lot which he agreed for first with Mr. Snickers and afterwards
with me, you may let it to any good tenant who offers, upon
the terms on which the others are held. The three new en-
gaged will have rents to pay thereon the first of next January.
It will be necessary to take an Assignment of Mr. Whitings
Lease, before one can be made to Mr. Airess;80 or some instru-
ment of writing by which it will be cancelled, in order to ren-
der the new one valid; and I hope payment of the money due
on the replevy Bonds of the former will not be delayed longer
than the time mentioned in your last letter, viz, September.
Having got a Gentleman to assist me in my business; I hope
shortly to have my Accots. so arranged as to be able to send you
^Ariss.
214 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
a rental of what is due to be in London, Fauquier and Berkeley
Counties. I have a Lot in the town and common of Winchester
of which, when you have occasion to go thither, I beg you to
enquire into the state and condition, and give me information
of what can be made of them: the one in the Town, I believe a
Doctr. McKay has something to do with.
I would be obliged to you for enquiring of Mr. Wormley's
manager, if he has any good red clover seed for sale, what quan-
tity, and the price thereof, and let me know the result by the
first conveyance to Alexandria. I am, etc.81
To EDMUND RANDOLPH
Mount Vernon, July 30, 1785.
Dear Sir: Altho' it is not my intention to derive any pecuni-
ary advantage from the generous vote of the Assembly of this
State, consequent of its gratuitous gift of fifty shares in each of
the navigations of the rivers Potomac and James; yet, as I con-
sider these undertakings as of vast political and commercial
importance to the States on the Atlantic, especially to those
nearest the centre of the Union, and adjoining the Western
Territory, I can let no act of mine impede the progress of the
work: I have therefore come to the determination to hold
the shares which the Treasurer was directed to subscribe on my
account, in trust for the use and benefit of the public; unless
I shall be able to discover, before the meeting of the Assembly,
that it would be agreeable to it to have the product of the Sales
arising from these shares, applied as a fund on which to estab-
lish two Charity schools, one on each river, for the Education
and support of the Children of the poor and indigent of this
81 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] THE JAMES RIVER COMPANY 215
Country who cannot afford to give it; particularly the children
of those men of this description, who have fallen in defence of
the rights and liberties of it. If the plans succeed, of which I
have no doubt, I am sure it will be a very productive and en-
creasing fund, and the monies thus applied will be a beneficial
institun.
I am aware that my non-acceptance of these shares will have
various motives ascribed to it, among which an ostentatious
display of disinterestedness, perhaps the charge of disrespect
or slight of the favors of my Country, may lead the van: but
under a consciousness that my conduct herein is not influenced
by considerations of this nature, and that I shall act more agree-
ably to my own feelings and more consistent with my early
declarations, by declining to accept them; I shall not only hope
for indulgence, but a favorable interpretation of my conduct:
my friends, I persuade myself, will acquit me, the World I hope
will judge charitably.
Perceiving by the advertisement of Messrs. Cabell, Buchanan
and Southa; that half the sum required by the Act, for open-
ing and extending the navigation of James river, is subscribed;
and the 20th. of next month appointed for the subscribers to
meet at Richmond, I take the liberty of giving you a power
to act for me on that occasion.82 I would (having the accom-
plishment of these navigations much at heart) have attended
in person; but the President and Directors of the Potomac
Company by their own appointment, are to commence the
survey of this river in the early part of next month; for which
purpose I shall leave home tomorrow. Besides which, if the
^Washington was elected president of the James River Navigation Co., but declined
to serve. A copy of his power to Randolph to represent him at the James River meet-
ing follows this letter in the "Letter Book."
216 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
Ejectments which I have been obliged to bring for my Land in
Pennsylva. are to be tried at the September Term, as Mr. Smith,
my Lawyer, conceived they would, and is to inform me, I shall
find it necessary I fear, to attend the trial; an intermediate
journey therefore, in addition, to Richmond would be imprac-
ticable for me to accomplish. I am, etc.
* To NOAH WEBSTER
Mount Vernon, July 30, 1785.
Sir : I received your letter of the 19th. Instt.83 Being convinced
from the respectable characters whose names are prefixed to
your Grammatical Institute, as well as from the cursory exami-
nation I have had it in my power to bestow on the Books, of
the judicious execution, and usefulness of the Work; it would
give me pleasure if I could be instrumental, in any degree, to-
wards the introduction of it to public notice. But I am a little
at a loss, from the purport of your letter, to decide, whether it
is your desire that my name should appear amongst those who
have already subscribed to the utility of the Work; or, by intro-
ducing its Author to some of the first characters in the South-
ern States (under the favourable impression he has made upon
me) to act more remotely. If the first is meant, I wish to de-
cline it; because I have not leizure to examine the Institute with
that attention which ought, always, to precede a certificate;
and because I do not think myself a competent Judge, if I had.
But if the other is your object, I shall have great pleasure in
giving you Letters of recommendation to some of the first
Gentlemen of my Acquaintance in Charleston, or elsewhere,
being Sir Yr. etc. [n.y.p.l.]
sz Webster's letter, dated July 18, 1785, from Baltimore, is in the Washington Papers.
1785] A WRIT 217
To WILLIAM BAILEY
Georgetown,84 August 2, 1785.
Sir: By a letter which I lately received from Mr. Stoddert, I
am informed that you had agreed to supply my nephews
George and Lawrence Washington with such articles from
your Store as their necessities might require. For which I
thank you, and I have no doubt of your doing it upon good
terms : the amount of which I hope will always be ready when
called for. But I have to beg Sir, that they may not be indulged
in any extravagance, or with any thing improper; school boys
of their size, and growing, should have decent, but not expen-
sive things; their inclinations too often prompt them to the
latter, which grows upon them in proportion as they are in-
dulged : nor should they have pocket money given them, unless
the necessity is apparent and the application approved of.
Any advance for Dancing, French &ca., which may be di-
rected by their Tutor Mr. Balch, will be chearfully repaid. I
am, etc.85
To JOHN SEDGWICK
Falls of Shannondoah, August 8, 1785.
Sir: In answer to your letter of this date, I think I may ven-
ture to assure you that no writ has issued by order, or under my
"According to his "Diary," Washington left Mount Vernon early in the morning of
August 1 "and, after escorting Fanny Bassett to Alexandria, I proceeded to Doctr.
Stuart's v/here I breakfasted; from thence to George Town to the Annual Meeting of
the Potowmack Company appointed to be held at that place. . . . Dined at Shuter's
Tavern and lodged at Mr. Oneal's." Shuter's was John Suter's Tavern, and Bernard
O'Neale (O'Neill, Oneal) was one of the stockholders of the Potomac Company.
On August 2 Washington left Georgetown about 10 o'clock a. m., dined at
Thomas Beall's Mill, about 14 miles from Georgetown, and afterwards proceeded to
Mr. Goldsborough's, at the head of Seneca Falls. From thence he went, on August 5,
to Harper's Ferry by way of Frederick, Md. On August 6 he was at Harper's Ferry,
and on August 10 he returned to Mount Vernon at about 9 o'clock in the evening.
85 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
218 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
authority, against the Exors and Security of your deceased
Father, for the amount of a Bond passed by him to Colo. Tay-
loe 86 and myself, as Attornies for Colo. George Mercer and his
Mortgagees, in England.
The high Court of Chancery of this Commonwealth decreed
(I do not at this moment recollect when) that the Bonds, and
other papers which were in my possession relative to this busi-
ness (as my situation did not admit of my acting, and as I had
refused to do so) should be given up to John Mercer Esqr.,
which was accordingly done.
If under this Decree such of the Bonds as were made payable
to the Attornies aforesaid have been put in Suit in my name
as the surviving Attorney; I presume it is a matter of course:
but how a Bond which you say has been discharged, and not
among the papers which were surrendered, should be under
this predicament, I am not able to inform you. I am, etc.87
To EDMUND RANDOLPH
[Mount Vernon] August 13, 1785.
Dear Sir: At the time your letter from the Rocks was deliv-
ered to me, I had neither pen, ink, paper, or a table to write on
at command; consequently could only verbally acknowledge
the receipt of it, which I did by Mr. Wormley:ss since my re-
turn home I have met your other favor of the 29th. ulto.
The great object, for the accomplishment of which I wish
to see the inland navigation of the rivers Potomac and James
improved and extended, is to connect the Western Territory
with the Atlantic States; all others, with me, are secondary:
tho' I am clearly of opinion that it will greatly increase our
80JohnTayloe.
87 From the " Letter Book " copy in the Washington Papers.
88 Ralph Wormley.
1785] THE JAMES RIVER COMPANY 219
commerce, and be an immense saving, in the article of trans-
portation, and draft cattle, to the Planters and Farmers who are
in a situation to have the produce of their labor water borne.
These being my sentiments, I wish to see the undertaking
progress equally in both rivers; and but for my local situation,
and numerous avocations, my attention to each should be
alike: what little I do for the advancement of the enterprize in
this river, is done, as it were en passant; and because I think the
difficulties greater than in the other, and not because I give it
the preference, for both in my opinion have their advantages,
without much, if any interference with each other. The advan-
tages arising from my patronage of either, is probably more
ideal than real; but such as they are, I wish them to be thought
equally distributed: my contribution to the works shall be the
same. I have already subscribed five shares to the Potomac
navigation; and enclosed I give you a power to put my name
down for five shares, to that of James river.
With respect to acting as President to the Board of Directors
for that Company, it is a delicate subject for me to speak to:
every person who knows how much my time (by company
and other matters) is occupied, must also know that it would
be impossible for me to discharge the duties of the office, as
they should be; even here, where the business for the most part
is, and will continue to be done at Alexandria, or George-town
(eight miles further from me), it was so evident to me that I
could not perform the duties of President with that diligence
and propriety which I thought necessary, that I wish to decline
it, but could not get excused: How much more would this be
the case with James river, where the journey to it alone would
be a work of time and labour: and besides, let it not be forgot-
ten my Dr. Sir, that tho' some of the Subscribers may wish to
see me at the head of the Board of Directors; yet there may be
220 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
others who would feel disappointed and hurt if they are over
looked, and this might have an influence on their connexions.
I mention these things to you with the candour and frankness
of a friend, and under the rose; after which your own judg-
ment and those of your friends, must dictate for the best. I
am persuaded all of us have the same object in view, and what
ever shall be deemed, by the concurrent voice of the subscribers,
the best means to effect it, shall meet my hearty approbation.
My last letter was written to you in such haste, that I appre-
hend I was not sufficiently explicit to be understood. It was not
my intention to apply for a copy of the Governor's instructions
releasing him from the restriction of the Kings Proclamation;
but for the order of Council consequent thereof, directing or
permitting Warrants to issue on military rights, agreeably
thereto: because if the date of this order had been found to be
antecedent to the occupancy of my adversaries, it would re-
move them from their grand Fort, for on possession, before I
took any legal steps, I know they mean to place their sole
defence.
The Patent, and thousands of Warrants are evidences that
the restrictions respecting military settlers was taken off; but
they do not ascertain the time. My Patent, if I recollect right,
was dated in July, 1774; but the occupants, according to their
own accounts, possessed the Land in the Octobr. preceding;
if therefore I could have obtained a Certificate of the loss of the
Council Books; and any circumstance could have been rec-
ollected by which it should appear (as unquestionably the
fact is) that the recognition of military rights was previous to
October 1773, and so intimated in the Certificate aforesaid; it
would have been useful: Without this indeed, the matter is so
clear, in my judgment, as not to admit of dispute before an
impartial Jury; but an impartial Jury I do not expect, and much
1785]
FAWNS 221
less since I have heard that the high Sheriff of the County
(lately chosen) is of the fraternity of my competitors, and in-
terested in the decision, so far at least as similar circumstances,
and the suffrages of these people in his election, can bias him.
Indeed I have lately been told that the decision of this case will
be interesting to numbers whose rights are disputed on similar
grounds. I am, &c.89
To THE SHERIFF OF HAMPSHIRE COUNTY
Mount Vernon, August 15, 1785.
Sir: The enclosed came under cover to me: I send it to you,
and beg it may be executed and returned in time.
Captn. Jacobs married the widow of Captn. Michael Cresap;
which, if it was a fact unknown to you before, is given as a clue
by which you may come at the parties, and serve the summons.
I am, etc.89
To BENJAMIN OGLE
Mount Vernon, August 17, 1785.
Sir: The enclosed from Mr. Dulaney did not come to my
hands (being from home) until Sunday last. I thank you for
your obliging offer of two or three Fawns ; but presuming the
season is now too far advanced either to catch or gentle them, I
will not send before I hear further from you on this subject.
If it is too late to obtain them this year, I would thank you for
the like number next Spring; by which time I shall have a
proper inclosure for them, and for the Deer of this Country, of
which I am also endeavouring to procure a stock to breed from.
With compliments to Mrs. Ogle, I have the honor, etc.89
80 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
222 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
*To CLEMENT BIDDLE
Mount Vernon, August 17, 1785c
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 8th. came safely by last Post. I
will, the first time I go to Alexandria, get an order from Colo.
Hooe, Mr. Hartshorne, or some other who has dealings in
Philadelphia (for I have none, and know of no direct and safe
opportunity of sending money) to the amount of the Sum
which you have lately paid on my Acct. to Mr. Boudinot.
The inclosed is to Edward (I do not know his Sirname)90
who formerly lived with Mr. R.Morris, but now, I am informed,
keeps the City Tavern, to see if he can be instrumental in pro-
curing me a House keeper. I beg you to be so obliging as to
direct, deliver, and consult him on the contents of the letter,
which is left open for your perusal, and return me an answr.
as soon as possible.
The man who at present lives with me in the capacity of a
Housekeeper (and is a very good one) is bound for the port of
Matrimony, and will, after 4 or 5 Weeks which he has agreed
to stay, leave me in a very disagreeable Situation if I cannot get
supplied in the meanwhile. I give him ^25 this Curry, pr.
Ann. and a suit of Clothes which cannt. be less than Seven
pounds more, these, with the difference of Exchange, will be
equal to abt. ^40 pensa. Cury. This Sum I am willing to give
to Man, or Woman (the former I would prefer) of good char-
acter, and really knowing and competent to my purposes.
I have seen an Advertisement in some of the Philadelphia
Papers of an Office for this kind of business, but however good
it may be as a channel for enquiry I would not depend upon it,
without other testimonials respecting the character and abil-
ities of an applicant for the final adoption. Mrs. Washington
90 Edward Moyston.
1785] CINCINNATI CHINA 223
joins me in best wishes for yourself, and Mrs. Biddle and
family. I am etc.
PS. Since writing the foregoing, I have met with, and now
inclose you, a bank note for 30 dollars; which please to receive,
and carry to my credit. [h.s.p.]
*To TENCH TILGHMAN
Mount Vernon, August 17, 1785.
Dear Sir: The Baltimore Advertiser of the 12th. Instt. an-
nounces the arrival of a Ship at that Port, immediately from
China; and by an advertisement in the same Paper, I perceive
that the Cargo is to be sold at public Vendue, on the first of
Octr. next.
At what prices the enumerated articles will sell, or the terms
proposed, can only be known from the experiment; but if the
quantity at Market is great, and they should sell as goods have
Sold at Vendue, bargains may be expected. I therefore take the
liberty of requesting the favor of you, in that case, to purchase
the several things contained in the inclosed list.91
You will readily perceive, My dear Sir, my purchasing, or
not, depends entirely upon the prices. If great bargains are to
be had, I would supply myself agreeably to the list. If the
"This list, in Washington's writing, was inclosed in his letter to Tilghman. It called
for the purchase of the following articles. Those "marked in the Margin of the In-
voice" were so marked with a star:
A Sett of the best Nankin Table China
Ditto, best Evening China Cups and Saucers
*A set of large blue and White China Dishes, say half
a dozn., more or less /
*i Dozn. small bowls, blue and white.
*6 Wash hand Guglets and Basons
6 large Mugs, or 3 Mugs and 3 Jugs.
A Quartr. Chest, best Hyson Tea. A Leagure of Battavia Arrack if a Leagure is not
large. About 13 yds. of good bla: Paduasoy. *A ps. of fine Muslin, plain. *i ps. of
Silk Handkerchiefs. 12 ps. of the best Nankeens. 18 ps. of the second quality, or
coursest kind, for Servants.
With the badge of the Society
of the Cincinnati, if to be had.
224 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
prices do not fall below a cheap retail Sale, I would decline
them altogether, or take such articles only (if cheaper than
common) as are marked in the Margin of the Invoice.
Before October, if none of these Goods are previously sold,
and if they are the matter will be ascertained thereby, you will
be able to form a judgment of the prices they will command
at Vendue. Upon information of which, I will deposit money
in your hands to comply with the terms of the Sale.
Since I began this letter, I have been informed that good
India Nankeens are selling at Dumfries (not far from me) at
7/6 a ps. this Curry. But if my memory has not failed me, I
used to import them before the War for about 5/ Sterlg. If so,
though 50 pr Ct. is a small advance upon India Goods, through
a British Channel, (with the duties and accumulated charges
thereon) yet, quaere would not 7/6 be a high price for Nan-
keens brought immediately from India, exempted from such
duties and Charges ?
If this is a conjecture founded in fairness, it will give my
ideas of the prices of other Articles from that Country, and be
a government for your conduct therein, at, or before the day
appointed for the public Vendue, with the highest esteem and
regard I am etc. C h. s. p. ]
To THOMAS RIDOUT
Mount Vernon, August 20, 1785.
Sir: By the return of the Brig I was favored with your letter
of the 1st. of May, with several cases of wine, and a box of
sundries which came to hand in good order, and I presume are
of good quality; as the wine which you sent to others is, I
am informed, much esteemed, my own I have not tasted. I am
obliged to you for sending these things, the amount shall be
paid to Colo. Geo: Fitzgerald in a short time.
1785] WINE AND WALNUTS 225
For your care of the enclosed letters, I will thank you : the one
under a blank cover I shall be obliged to you for giving the
proper address of the Father of Baron de Montesquieu; from
whom I received a letter,92 but under such a signature as leaves
me at a loss how to direct my answer to him. If my letter to
the Baron is like to subserve the purpose for which it was in-
tended, it will give me pleasure.
The small packages which the Marqs. de la Fayette intended
to send by your Brig, must, I presume, have miscarried between
Paris and Bourdeau, as his letters to me speak positively as to
their being sent from the former place. I am, etc.93
To JEAN BAPTISTE, BARON DE SECONDAT
Mount Vernon, August 20, 1785.
Sir: By a brig belonging to Mr. Ridout of Bourdeaux, I had
the honor to receive your letter of the 2d. of May and the Wine
which accompanied it; which you were so obliging as to send
me at the request of your worthy son, it came in very good
order. For this instance of his kind remembrance and your
polite attention, I pray you to accept my warmest acknowledg-
ments: my thanks are due also in a particular manner to you,
Sir, for the walnuts you sent me, which are very fine; and I
shall endeavour to propagate them in the manner directed by
you.
I pray you to forward, when you shall find a convenient op-
portunity, the enclosed letter for the Baron de Montesquieu,
with assurances of my sincere regard and friendship for him,
I have the honor, etc.93
82This letter, dated May 2, 1785, is in the Washington Papers, and is signed
"Secondat."
83 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
226 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
To BARON DE MONTESQUIEU94
Mount Vernon, August 20, 1785.
Sir: The receiving a letter from you is pleasing, the expres-
sion of it is flattering; and for the valuable testimony of your
recollection of me, I pray you to accept my warmest acknowl-
edgments.
The bare intimation of your once more making a visit to the
Land, to the liberties of which your sword has contributed, is
flattering, and should you realize it, I hope you will consider
my seat as your head quarters whilst you remain in the United
States, I can assure you, you would no where meet with a more
cordial reception, or give more pleasure, as I have ever had a
high esteem and regard for you : but whether in this town, or
any other to which you may be called by duty or inclination,
my warmest wishes shall always attend you, being Dr. Sir
Yrs., etc.95
To VAN DRILLON
Mount Vernon, August 22, 1785.
Sir: Thro' the hands of Mr. Van Berkel, I had the honor to
receive your letter of the first of March.
It rests with a General Meeting of the Society of the Cincin-
nati to admit foreigners as honorary members; tho' it has been
done by many of the State Societies, where the subject proposed
was a resident. The general Meeting is triennial, and will not
assemble again before May 1787; but if my memory serves me,
there were some particular reasons given at the last, which
induced a resolution to suspend the further appointment of
w Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu, Marquis de La Brede, grand-
son of the author of "L'Esprit des Lois."
85 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] POWERS OF CONGRESS 227
honorary members, as well citizens as foreigners: but if I
should be mistaken in this, I shall have great pleasure in pro-
posing you as a member of that body, which have associated
for the purpose, amongst others, of commemorating the great
events to which, under providence, they owe the deliverance of
their country from systematic tyranny.
With a grateful sense of the flattering expression of your let-
ter, and with much esteem and regard, I have the honor, etc.96
To JAMES McHENRY
Mount Vernon, August 22, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Your letter of the first inst: came to this place whilst
I was absent on a tour up the river, or an earlier acknowledg-
ment of it shou'd have been sent to you: the inclosure shall,
either by this or the next post, be sent to Dr. Gordon for his
information, and that justice may be done to a character so
deserving American gratitude and the pen of an historian, as
the Marqs. de la Fayette.
I am very glad to hear that Congress are relieved from the em-
barrassment which originated with Longchamp:97 had the de-
mand of him been persisted in, it might have involved very
serious consequences; it is better for the Court of France to be
a little vexed, than for it to have perservered in the demand of
him.
As I have ever been a friend to adequate powers of Congress,
without which it is evident to me we never shall establish a
On August 22 Washington also wrote briefly to Van Berckel, asking him to for-
ward this letter, a copy of which is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
97 Chevalier Longchamp. He had assaulted Barbe Marbois in a street in Phila-
delphia and, although arrested, tried, found guilty, imprisoned, and fined by the Penn-
sylvania courts, France demanded that he, as a French subject, should be surrendered
to her and sent to Paris for trial. (See the Journals of the Continental Congress for
1784 and 1785.
228 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
national character, or be considered as on a respectable footing
by the powers of Europe, I am sorry I cannot agree with you in
sentiment not to enlarge them for the regulating of commerce.
I have neither time nor abilities to enter into a full discussion
of this subject, but it should seem to me that your arguments
against it; principally, that some States may be more benefited
than others by a commercial regulation, apply to every matter
of general utility; for can there be a case enumerated in which
this argument has not its force in a greater or less degree ? We
are either a united people under one head, and for federal pur-
poses; or we are thirteen independant sovereignties, eternally
counteracting each other: if the former, whatever such a ma-
jority of the States as the Constitution98 points out, conceives
to be for the benefit of the whole, should, in my humble opin-
ion, be submitted to by the minority: let the southern States
always be represented; let them act more in union; let them
declare freely and boldly what is for the interest of, and what
is prejudicial to their constituents; and there will, there must
be an accommodating spirit; in the establishment of a naviga-
tion act, this in a particular manner ought, and will doubtless
be attended to. If the assent of nine (or as some propose, of
eleven) States is necessary to give validity to a Commercial
system; it insures this measure, or it cannot be obtained:
Wherein then lies the danger ? But if your fears are in danger
of being realized, cannot certain provisos in the ordinance
guard against the evil ? I see no difficulty in this, if the south-
ern Delegates would give their attendance in Congress, and
follow the example, if it should be set them, of hanging to-
gether to counteract combinations. I confess to you candidly,
that I can foresee no evil greater than disunion than those
unreasonable jealousies (I say unreasonable, because I would
""The Articles of Confederation,
1785] OCEAN CARRIAGE 229
have a proper jealousy always awake, and the United States on
the watch to prevent individual States from infracting the
constitution with impunity) which are continually poisoning
our minds and filling them with imaginary evils to the pre-
vention of real ones.
As you have asked the question, I answer, I do not know
that we can enter upon a war of Imposts with Gt : Britain, or
any other foreign power; but we are certain that this war has
been waged agst. us by the former, professedly upon a belief
that we never could unite in opposition to it; and I believe there
is no way of putting an end to, or at least of stopping the
encrease of it, but to convince them of the contrary. Our trade
in all points of view, is as essential to G: B : as hers is to us; and
she will exchange it upon reciprocal and liberal terms, if better
cannot be had. It can hardly be supposed, I think, that the
carrying business will devolve wholly on the States you have
named, or remain long with them if it should ; for either G : B :
will depart from her present contracted system; or the policy
of the southern States in framing the Act of navigation, or by
Laws passed by themselves individually, will devise ways and
means to encourage seaman for the transportation of the prod-
uct of their respective Countries, or for the encouragement
of ." But admitting the contrary ; if the Union is considered
as permanent, (and on this I presume all superstructures are
built) had we not better encourage seamen among ourselves,
with less imports, than divide it with foreigners, and by in-
creasing the amount of them, ruin our Merchants and greatly
injuring the mass of our Citizens ?
To sum up the whole, I foresee, or think I do it, the many
advantages which will arise from giving powers of this kind
to Congress (if a sufficient number of States are required to
"Blank in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
230 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
exercise them) without any evil, save that which may proceed
from inattention, or want of wisdom in the formation of the
act; whilst without them we stand in a ridiculous point of view
in the eyes of the nations of the world with whom we are
attempting to enter into Commercial treaties, without means
of carrying them into effect; who must see and feel that the
Union, or the States individually are sovereigns as best suits
their purposes; in a word, that we are one nation today, and
thirteen to-morrow, who will treat with us on such terms?
But perhaps I have gone too far, and therefore will only add
that Mrs. Washington offers her compliments and best wishes
for you and that with great esteem etc.1
To THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS
Mount Vernon, August 22, 1785.
Dear Sir: In my absence with the Directors of the Potomac
navigation, to examine the river and fix a plan of operations,
your favor begun on the 23d. and ended the 31st. of July came
to this place.2 I am sorry to hear of your late indisposition, but
congratulate you on your recovery; hoping the reestablishment
of your health may be of long continuance.
The Packet which you were so obliging as to send for me,
came safe; and I thank you for your care of it, but for want of
knowledge of the language, I can form no opinion of my own
of the Dramatic performance of Monsr. Serviteur la Barbier.3
1From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
2 Richard Henry Lee's letter of July 23, to which this letter is the reply, says: "Is it
possible that a plan can be formed for issuing a large sum of paper money by the next
Assembly? I do verily believe that the greatest foes we have in the world could not
devise a more effectual plan for ruining Virginia. I should suppose, that every friend
to his country, every honest and sober man would join heartily to reprobate so nefari-
ous a plan of speculation." Lee's letter is in the Washington Papers.
3Le Barbier, jr. His letter of March 4 is in the Washington Papers, but his drama
concerning Captain Asgill is not now found therein. Barbier had also sent the
drama to the President of Congress.
1785] MISSISSIPPI NAVIGATION 231
The current of my information from France is, that the dis-
pute between the Emperor and Holland will be accommodated
without bloodshed; but after the explicit declarations which
have been made on both sides, I do not see how either (espe-
cially the first) can recede from their claims. To save appear-
ances, and to let the contending parties down handsomely, say
some of my letters, is now the greatest difficulty; but all agree
that a spark may set the whole in flames, indeed, Bavaria it is
expected will do this.
It is to be hoped that our Minister at the Court of London
will bring that Government to an explanation respecting the
Western Posts, which it still retains on the American side
the line, contrary to the spirit, if not the letter of the Treaty. My
opinion from the first, and so I declared it, was that these posts
would be detained from us, as long as they could be held under
any pretence whatsoever. I have not changed it, tho' I wish for
cause to do so, as it may become a serious matter. However
singular the opinion may be, I cannot divest myself of it: that
the navigation of the Mississippi, at this time ought to be no
object with us: on the contrary untill we have a little time
allowed to open and make easy the ways between the Atlantic
States and the Western Territory, the obstruction had better
remain. There is nothing which binds one Country or one
State to another but interest; without this cement the Western
Inhabitants (who more than probably will be composed in
a great degree of Foreigners) can have no predilection for us;
and a Commercial connexion is the only tie we can have upon
them. It is clear to me that the trade of the Lakes, and of the
river Ohio as low as the Great Kanhawa if not to the Falls, may
be brought to the Atlantic ports easier and cheaper, taking the
whole voyage together, than it can be carried to New Orleans:
but once open the door to the latter, before the obstructions are
232 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
removed from the former, let commercial connexions, which
lead to others, be formed, and the habit of that trade well estab-
lished, and it will be found to be no easy matter to divert it:
and vice versa. When the settlements are stronger and more
extended to the westward; the navigation of the Mississippi
will be an object of importance; and we shall then be able
(reserving our claim) to speak a more efficacious language
than policy, I think dictate at present.
I never have, and I hope never shall, hear any serious men-
tion of a paper emission in this State; yet such a thing may be
in agitation. Ignorance and design are productive of much
mischief: the first are the tool of the latter, and are often set to
work suddenly and unexpectedly. Those with whom I have
conversed on the subject in this part of the State, reprobate the
idea exceedingly.
We have lately had the pleasure of Miss Lee's and Miss Han-
nah's company at this place; they were both well five days ago.
Mrs. Washington prays you to accept her compliments; and
with sentiments of great respect, esteem, and regard, I am, &c.
P. S. Your name, I well remember, stands among those of
the subscribers, for a share in the Potomac navigation.4
To WILLIAM GRAYSON
Mount Vernon, August 22, 1785.
Dear Sir: During my tour up the Potomac River, with the
Directors to examine and to form a plan for opening and ex-
tending the navigation of it, agreeably to the acts of the Vir-
ginia and Maryland Assemblies, your favor of the 25th. came
to this place, with the letters brought by the son of Mr. Adams5
from France; for your care of which I thank you. Appropos,
'From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
6John Quincy Adams.
1785] COINAGE 233
did you hear him say anything of Hounds which, the Marqs.
de la Fayette has written to me, were committed to his care ? 6
If he really brought them (and if he did not I am unable to
account for the information) it would have been civil in the
young Gentleman to have dropped me a line respecting the dis-
posal of them, especially as war is declared against the canine
species in New York, and they being strangers, and not having
formed any alliances for self-defence, but on the contrary, dis-
tressed and friendless may have been exposed not only to war,
but to pestilence and famine also. If you can say any thing on
this subject pray do so.
I thank you for the several articles of intelligence contained
in your letter, and for the propositions respecting a coinage of
Gold, Silver and Copper; a measure which in my opinion is
become indispensably necessary : Mr. Jefferson's ideas upon this
subject are plain and simple; well adapted, I think, to the na-
ture of the case, as he has exemplified by the plan.7 Without a
Coinage, or without some stop can be put to the cutting and
clipping of money; our Dollars, pistareens &c. will be con-
verted (as Teague says) into five quarters; and a man must
travel with a pair of money scales in his pocket, or run the risk
of receiving Gold at one fourth less by weight than it counts.
I have ever been a friend to adequate Congressional powers;
consequently wish to see the ninth article of the Confedera-
tion amended and extended : Without these powers we cannot
support a national character, and must appear contemptable
in the eyes of Europe; but to you My Dr. Sir, I will candidly
confess, that in my opinion, it is of little avail to give these to
"The hounds were taken care of by Dr. John Cochran, while in New York, and sent
to Mount Vernon in a Captain Packard's sloop. John Quincy Adams had evidently
found the task of escorting them across the ocean distasteful. Grayson's answer to this
letter is dated Sept. 5, 1785, and is in the Washington Papers.
'Jefferson's plan, which used the dollar as the unit and divided it decimally, was the
one adopted by Congress.
234 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
Congress: the members seem to be so much afraid of exerting
those which they already have, that no opportunity is slipped
of surrendering them, or referring the exercise of them, to the
States individually: instance your late ordinance respecting
the disposal of the Western Lands; in which no State, with the
smallest propriety, could have obtruded an interference. No
doubt but the information of Congress from the back Country
is better than mine respecting the operation of this ordinance;
but I have understood from some sensible people therefrom,
that besides running8 they do not know where to purchase,
the Lands are of so versatile a nature, that to the end of time
they will not, by those who are acquainted therewith, be pur-
chased either in Townships or by square miles : this, if I recol-
lect right, was the sentiment I delivered to you on the first
mention of the matter; but past experience you said was
brought forward in support of the measure, and appealed to
for the issue. I submitted therefore to its decision, but still
retained my opinion of the matter.
We have got the Potomac navigation in hand: workmen
are employ 'd under the best manager and assistants we could
obtain, at the Falls of Shenandoah and Seneca; and I am happy
to inform you that, upon a critical examination of them by the
Directors, the manager and myself, we are unanimously of
opinion that the difficulties at these two places, do not exceed
the expectations we had formed of them; and that the naviga-
tion thro' them, might be effected without the aid of Locks:
how far we may have been deceived with respect to the first
(as the water, tho' low may yet fall) I shall not decide; but we
are not mistaken I think in our conjectures of the other. With
very great esteem and regard, I am, &c.9
8 Carelessness of the " Letter Book " recorder. The meaning seems to be that besides
the difficulty in running boundary lines.
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785]
PRICE OF WHEAT 235
ToBATTAILEMUSE
Mount Vernon, August 22, 1785.
Sir: Both your letters of the 16th. have come safe. As you
have engaged the clover seed of Mr. Wormeley's manager, I
will take one bushel of it; tho' I had no idea of giving so high
a price, as I could have got the same quantity from Philada.
(I suppose equally good) for half the sum. If you send it to the
care of Mr. Hartshorne in Alexanda. it will come safe, and
the sooner it is done the better: pay for it out of the first money
you receive for any use.
I am willing to take your Wheat, if it is free from the Fly,
well cleaned and of good quality; provided it is delivered at
my Mill, the road to which (by being less used) is better than
that to Alexandria or Dumfries. My prices are always gov-
erned by the Alexandria Cash market; for I neither give more,
nor expect it for less: The price current there at present (ac-
cording to Richard's Gazette) is five shillings; but the state of
our Trade at this time is so uncertain, that it is almost impos-
sible to determine whether it will be more, or less.
If the present restriction of our commerce continues, the man-
ufacturing of Wheat must be broken up altogether; as the
West India markets which afford the greatest demands for our
Flour, are shut against our Vessels. If you choose to take the
certainty of five shillings for your wheat, it may be a bargain
at that, provided you determine immediately: or if you prefer
to abide by the rise, or fall of the Alexandria market, I am wil-
ling to do this also, if you will fix a period at which you shall
determine to accept the price which is then existing; by this I
mean, (and it is necessary to declare it in order to avoid mis-
understandings,) that if you should be from the first of Oc-
tober to the first of April, for instance, in delivering your Crop,
236 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
I shall not think myself under an obligation to allow the highest
price that may be given within those periods; because the price
may rise to six shillings, and then fall to five; according to the
demand arising from circumstances. It would therefore be as
unreasonable for you to expect that I should give the highest
price at which wheat had sold within the before mentioned
periods, as for me to suppose that you ought to take the lowest.
However, to be more clearly understood (if the price is to
be regulated by the Alexandria cash market, for I shall not be
governed by what they offer in goods), it must be the price of
the day on which you determine to take it: that is, if it should
start from 5/. and keep rising 'till, by the first of Deer, it had
reached 6/., and on that day you inform me personally, or by
letter, that you will take the market price, I shall think myself
obliged to allow 6/. for your Crop : On the other hand, if you
expect the price will get higher, and wait for its doing so until
it falls to 4/., I will pay no more than 4/. for it.
I have been thus explicit because I dislike disputes and wish
to avoid them; which makes it necessary to mention another
case which sometimes happens; and that is, that what a few
bushels of wheat may sell for; or what a Merchant, when he
has got a vessel nearly loaded, may give rather than detain her
at high charges, is not to be considered as the market price. You
are not in a situation (having your wheat to transport from a
distant part) to take advantage of the case last mentioned; and
a few bushels of particular wheat, or wheat for particular uses,
can have no influence upon the general price which is always
very well established in a place of such trade as Alexandria.
After all I confess it would be more agreeable to me to fix a
price between ourselves: but I cannot at the time exceed 5/. as
that is the price now current.
When you come down in Octr. I shall be glad to see you
here; by that time I expect to have the accounts against my
1785] THE BANQUET HALL 237
Tenants brought into some kind of order. If you could engage
me about 250 wt. of good fall butter, from such farmers as you
can depend upon for the quality and their punctuallity. I
should be obliged to you: if you let me have your wheat, the
butter may come down occasionally with that. I am, etc.10
To JOHN RAWLINS
Mount Vernon, August 29, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 20th. of this month, only came to my
hands by the last Post, or I would have replied to it sooner.
I have a room 32 by 24 feet, and 16 feet pitch, which I want
to finish in stucco; it is my intention to do it in a plain neat
style; which, independantly of its being the present taste, (as
I am inform'd) is my choice. The Chimney is in the centre of
the longest side, for which I have a very elegant marble piece;
directly opposite thereto is a Venetian window, of equal
breadth and pitch of the room; on each side of the chimney
is a door, leading into other rooms, and on each of the short
sides is a door and window.
I mention these things that you may be apprized of the sort
of work; the time it may take you to execute it, and that you
may inform me upon what terms; and also, if you are inclined
to undertake it, that you may have leisure to think of a design.
The season being so far advanced, I had given up the idea of
doing anything to the room this year; but if I could enter upon
the work with well founded assurances of accomplishing it
soon, I am ready and willing to go on with it immediately;
having by me stucco, and seasoned plank for the floor and
other parts (if necessary) and good Joiners of my own to
execute what may be wanting in their way.
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
238 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
You will please to let me hear from you without delay on
this subject, and I pray you to be explicit; because, as I would
undertake it at once, or not at all this year, I should like to
know your terms and sentiments precisely, that I may govern
myself accordingly. I am, etc.11
To TENCH TILGHMAN
Mount Vernon, August 29, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 25th. in answer to mine of the
preceeding week, came safe. At the time I wrote that letter, I
was uninformed of the circumstances with which you have since
made me acquainted; however, you will be at no loss from the
contents of it, to discover that I had in contemplation Bargains,
which, from the quantity of Goods at Market, scarcity of cash
according to newspaper Accounts, distress of the Trade, and
the mode of selling, I thought might probably be obtained:
but if I am mistaken herein, I shall content myself with the few
marked articles, or such of them as can be had cheap. Fine
Jaconette12 Muslin (apron width) is what Mrs. Washington
wants, and about five or seven yards would do. As the Arrack
is in large Casks, and new, I decline taking any.
If Mr. O'Donnell13 should feel an inclination to visit this
part of Virginia, I shall be happy in seeing him : and if, instead
of furnishing him with a letter of introduction, you should
change the mode and introduce him in your own propria
personae, it would add much to the pleasure of the visit. Before
your letter was received,14 from my reading, or rather from an
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
12 In the text of this letter, printed in a sales catalogue in 1907-8, this word is
" Jaccanet."
"Owner of the ship from India and China, which brought the goods to the port of
Baltimore.
"Tilghman's letter (in the Washington Papers under date of Aug. 25, 1785) de-
scribed the crew of O'Donnell's ship.
1785] HANDKERCHIEFS 239
imperfect recollection of what I had read, I had conceived an
idea that the Chinese, tho' droll in shape and appearance, were
yet white.
I am glad to hear that my packet to Mr. Smith had got safely
to hand, as there were papers of consequence transmitted. I
expect some other Documents for my Law suit in the course of
a few days, from our Attorney General; which I shall take the
liberty of enclosing to you, to be forwarded to Mr. Smith; and
as I seem to be in the habit of giving you trouble, I beg the favor
of you to cause the enclosed to be delivered. I leave it open for
your perusal, my reason for it is, that thereby seeing my wants,
you may be so obliging as to let me know your opinion of Mr.
Rawlins with respect to his abilities and diligence as a work-
man; whether he is reckoned moderate or high in his charges;
and whether at this time there is much call for a workman of
his profession, in Baltimore; for on this I presume his high or
moderate terms will greatly depend.
Mrs. Washington joins me in best respects to Mrs. Tilghman,
and thanks her for her obliging assurance of chusing the ar-
ticles she wants perfect in their kind. With great esteem and
regard, I am, etc.
P. S. Since writing the above Mrs. W n, requests me to
add, that if any fine thin handkerchiefs with striped or worked
borders are to be had, she would be glad to get six of them.15
To ARTHUR ST. CLAIR
Mount Vernon, August 31, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 21st. ulto. inclosing a letter written
in behalf of the Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Penn-
sylvania on the 9th. of July in the preceding year, came to this
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
240 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
place in my absence on a tour up the river Potomac with the
Directors, to examine the obstructions and to point out a mode
for the improvement and extension of its navigation.
I am perfectly convinced that if the first institution of this
Society had not been parted with, 'ere this we should have had
the country in an uproar, and a line of separation drawn be-
tween this society and their fellow citizens. The alterations
which took place at the last general Meeting have quieted the
clamours which in many of the States were rising to a great
height; but I have not heard yet of the incorporation of any
Society by the State to which it belongs, wch is an evidence in
my mind, that the jealousies of the people are rather asleep
than removed on this occasion.
I am always made happy, when I hear that any of my fellow
labourers have received appointments that may in some meas-
ure compensate them for their past services and losses in the
late revolution: I feel it in two respects, first, as it benefits
the individual, and next, as it is a testimony of public gratitude,
be assured then My Dr. Sir, that your appointment to the office
which you now hold 18 gave me much pleasure, as I am told
the emoluments of it are handsome. My best wishes will ever
attend you: with sincere esteem and regard, I am, etc.17
To DOCTOR JOHN COCHRAN
Mount Vernon, August 31, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 9th. by Capt. Packard accompany-
ing the Hounds sent by the Marqs. de la Fayette to your care for
me, came safely to my hands a few days ago; for the trouble
you have had with the latter I offer you my thanks; and if any
"In the Pennsylvania Council of Censors.
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] RECOMMENDATION POLICY 241
expences have been incurred previous to their reimbarkation
at New York, I will pay them upon the first notice.
I persuade myself you are too well convinced my Dr. Doctor
of my friendship, and of my inclination to promote your inter-
est or wishes, to doubt my ready compliance with the request
of your letter (respecting the office of Continental treasurer)
if it comported with the line of conduct which I had prescribed
for my government. But from my knowledge of the composi-
tion of Congress, the State politics of its members, and their
endeavors to fill every civil office with a citizen from their own
State, if not altogether, at least by compromise, that I took up
an early determination not to hazard the mortification of a
refusal, or of the passing by my application; by not asking any-
thing from it, and to this resolution I was further prompted by
the numberless applications with which it was impracticable,
and in many instances would have been improper, for me to
comply. Except in a single one, and that not pointed to any
office directly, I have never gone beyond the general recom-
mendation which accompanied my resignation, nor do I be-
lieve I ever shall.
Mrs. Washington who does not enjoy good health, presents
her compliments to, and offers best wishes for Mrs. Cochran
and yourself to which please to add and accept those of Dear
Sir etc.18
To REVEREND WILLIAM GORDON
Mount Vernon, August 31, 1785.
Dr. Sir : In my absence from home on a tour up this river, to
view the nature of it and to direct the improvements agreeably
the Acts of Assemblies of Virginia and Maryland; the enclosed
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
242 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
memoirs arrived here, covered by a letter, of which the follow-
ing is an extract, from a member of Congress.19
As I am fully persuaded it is your wish to transmit to pos-
terity a true history of the Revolution, and of course you desire
to receive every information which will enable you to do jus-
tice to the principal Actors therein; it cannot be unpleasing
to you to receive a narrative of unadorned facts which serve to
bring forward circumstances which, in some measure, may be
unknown to you : I therefore make no apology for transmitting
the enclosed; nor shall I do more than hint to you, the pro-
priety of keeping the Marquis's wishes in this business, behind
the Curtain; your own good sense must dictate the measure,
and furnish the reason for it.
The noble, conspicuous, and disinterested part which this
Nobleman has acted on the American theatre deserves all the
gratitude which this Country can render him, and all the eloge
which the pen of a faithful historian can bestow, with its ap-
pearing to be the object of his wishes.
The family is as well as usual; Mrs. Stuart has been sick, but
is now getting better. Mrs. Washington does not enjoy good
health, but joins me in best respects to Mrs. Gordon. I am, etc.20
To MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE
Mount Vernon, September i, 1785.
My dr. Marqs. : Since my last to you, I have been favored with
your letters of the nth. and 13th. of May by young Mr. Adams,
who brought them to New York, from whence they came
safely to this place by the Post : the first is a Cypher; and for the
"At this point the "Letter Book" has the footnote reference: "See Mr. McHenry's
Letter to me dated ist. Augt. 1785;" but this letter is not now found in either the
Washington Papers or the McHenry Papers.
^From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] FRENCH HOUNDS 243
communications therein contained I thank you : My best wishes
will always accompany your undertakings; but remember my
dear friend it is a part of the military art to reconnoitre and feel
your way, before you engage too deeply. More is oftentimes
effected by regular approaches, than by an open assault; from
the first too, you may make a good retreat; from the latter (in
case of repulse) it rarely happens.
It is to be hoped that Mr. Adams 21 will bring the British min-
istry to some explanation respecting the western posts. Noth-
ing else can, I conceive, disturb the tranquillity of these States;
but if I am mistaken in this conjecture, you know my senti-
ments of, and friendship for you too well to doubt my inclina-
tion to serve you to the utmost of your wishes, and my powers.
It gives me very singular pleasure to find the court of France
relaxing in their demand of Longchamps; to have persisted in
it would have been a very embarrassing measure to this Coun-
try under the Laws and Constitution of the Federal Govern-
ment, and those of the several parts which compose it.
The Hounds which you were so obliging as to send me ar-
rived safe, and are of promising appearance; to Monsieur le
Compte Doilliamson (if I miscall him, your handwriting is to
blame, and in honor you are bound to rectify the error) ; and
in an especial manner to his fair Competesse, my thanks are
due for this favor: the enclosed letter which I give you the
trouble of forwarding contains my acknowledgement of their
obliging attention to me on this occasion.
If I recollect right, the letter which was written by the Mar-
quis de St. Simon was on the business of the Cincinnati, and
was laid before the general meeting at Philada. in May 1784;
consequently, the answer must have proceeded from the So-
ciety either especially to him, or generally, thro' the Counts de
21 John Adams.
244 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
Estaing and Rochambeau, who were written to as the heads
of the naval and military members of that Society in France;
but as all the papers relative to the business of the Society were
deposited in the care of the Secretary, General Knox, or the
assistant Secretary, Williams,22 1 have them not to refer to; but
will make enquiry and inform you or the Marqs. de St. Simon
more particularly of the result.
Your constant attention, and unwearied endeavors to serve
the interests of these United States, cannot fail to keep alive in
them a grateful sensibility of it; and the affectionate regard
of all their citizens for you. The footing on which you have
established a market for whale oil must be equally pleasing
and advantageous to the States which are more immediately
engaged in that commerce.
Having heard nothing further of the Jacks which were to
be sent to me from Spain, and which by Mr. Carmichael's let-
ter (enclosing one from the Count de Florida Blanca) of the
3d. Deer, were actually purchased for me at that date, I am at a
loss to account for the delay, and am apprehensive of some acci-
dent. Be this as it may, if you could My Dr. Marquis, thro' the
medium of Admiral Suffrein, or by any other means that
would not be troublesome, procure me a male or female, or one
of the former and two of the latter, upon the terms mentioned
in your letter of the 3d. of May, I should think it a very for-
tunate event and shou'd feel myself greatly indebted to your
friendship. The Mules which proceed from the mixture of
these Animals with the horse, are so much more valuable un-
der the care which is usually bestowed on draught cattle by
our Negroes, that I am daily more anxious to obtain the means
for propagating them.
^Otho Holland Williams. He was assistant secretary general of the Society of the
Cincinnati.
1785] POTOMAC NAVIGATION 245
When George returns from the Springs and gets a little
fixed, I will set him about copying your letters to me, which
will be better than to hazard the originals at Sea, where an acci-
dent might occasion the loss of them to both of us. In my last I
informed you of his intended marriage, which I suppose will
take place in the early part of next month.
I should have given an earlier acknowledgment of your let-
ters of the nth. and 13th. of May aforementioned, had I been
at home when they came to this place, but at that time I was on
a tour up this river with the Directors (Johnson, Lee, Fitzger-
ald and Gilpin) to examine the obstructions, and to fix upon a
plan of operations; which having done, we commenced our
labours on the 5th. of last month, under a full persuasion that
the work will not prove more arduous than we had conceived
before the difficulties were explored. The James River Com-
pany, by my last accounts from Richmond, is formed; a meet-
ing of the members was summoned to be held on the 20th. of
last month, but what the determinations of it were, I have not
yet heard; Nor (so barren are the times) have I a tittle of news
to communicate to you; the several assemblies are in their re-
cesses but will be addressed I presume at their autumnal meet-
ings by the commercial interests of the United States to vest
Powers in Congress to regulate the Trade of the Union which
they see clearly must be directed by one head in order to obtain
consistency and respectability at home and abroad. I am, etc.23
To MARIE GABRIEL ELEANOR,
COMTE D'OILLIAMSON
Mount Vernon, September 1, 1785.
Sir : I have just received seven very fine Hounds, for which,
the Marqs. de la Fayette informs me, I am indebted to your
23 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
246 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
goodness. I know not in what terms to acknowledge my grati-
tude for the obligation, but pray you to be assured that I have
a due sense of the honor; and feel in a particular manner the
force of the goodness of Madame la Comptesse, to whom
the Marqs. adds, I am beholden for a favorite hound. I pray you
to offer my best respects, and to make my acknowledgment of
this favor, acceptable to her: at the sametime I beg you to assure
her that her favorite shall not suffer under my care, but become
the object of my particular attention. I have the honor, etc.24
To DAVID HUMPHREYS
Mount Vernon, September i, 1785.
My Dr. Humphreys: In the latter part of July I wrote to you
very fully, since which I have received your favor of May. As
nothing has occurred since that period worthy of observation,
except that the Indians, suposed to be instigated thereto by the
B are getting more and more out of humour, this letter
will be shorter than I usually write to you.
I find by your last that your time has been more occupied by
your official duty than I had conceived; for, to be frank, I sup-
posed that amusements more than business had been the occa-
sion of the brevity of your letters to me.
The times are dull with us, the Assemblies are in their recess;
and the Merchants are preparing petitions to them respec-
tively to enlarge the powers of Congress for Commercial pur-
poses. In Congress I understand diversity of opinion prevails
respecting the extent of these powers. They are also deliberat-
ing on the establishment of a Mint for the Coinage of Gold,
Silver and copper; but nothing final is yet resolved on respect-
ing either. Our winter has been severe, but different (in the
From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] MEDAL FROM CONGRESS 247
middle States) from the one you last saw in America; it was
long, wet and disagreeable. We are just emerging from a
drought which it was supposed eight days ago, would have
annihilated the Indian Corn in the lower parts of this, and the
neighbouring States; and tho' it has been raining incessantly
for several days past, I am of opinion that a great deal of the
corn is irrecoverably lost for want of the farina (the tassel being
dry) to impregnate the young shoots. The calamity which
you apprehended from the drought which had followed the
hard Winter in France, has yielded I hope, to more pleasing
prospects.
I thank you for your attention to the Medal which was voted
for me by Congress,25 1 expected it was to have remained on the
Journals of that honl. Body as a dead letter; and never having
hinted, so I never intended to hint my knowledge of such a
Vote; or my apprehension of the effect of it, to any one in
power or in Office. You may believe me sincere when I assure
you that I am, etc.26
To LAMAR, HILL, BISSETT & CO.27
Mount Vernon, September i, 1785.
Gentn : I am honored with your favor of the 22d. of June. As
I have been very unlucky hitherto, in the transportation of
Wine (in the common Craft of the Country) from one port, or
one from one river to another; I had rather the old Maderia
ordered by Mr. Hill28 for my use should remain with you
(as I am not in immediate want) until a conveyance may
offer directly to Alexandria. But if this is not likely to happen
soon, and you should think it safe to Ship it to the address of
25 On the occasion of the evacuation of Boston in 1776.
28 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
"Of Madeira.
28 Henry Hill, in Philadelphia.
248 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
Doctr. Taylor29 of Norfolk; I should be glad in that case, to
have it well secured against adulteration; for I had rather lose
the whole, than to have part taken out and the deficiency sup-
plied with water, which is too common a practice with the river
Shippers. Or if neither of these is done, I would next pray that
Doctr. Taylor may be requested to detain the Wine in his cellar
until a conveyance, on which he can rely, may offer to Alex-
andria, or to my house which is nine miles below on the bank
of the river. lam, etc.
To THOMAS NEWTON, JUNIOR
Mount Vernon, September 3, 1785.
Sir: I am now about to inform you of the reason why I suf-
fered your letter of the 27th. of April, with its enclosures, to
remain so long unacknowledged.
In an absence of almost nine years from home, my private
concerns had got so much deranged, and my accounts and pa-
pers, by the frequent hasty removal of the latter to get them
out of the reach of the enemy when their shipping appeared,
had got into such a jumble and confusion that it was next to im-
possibility for me, without spending much time, to adjust the
former : I still hoped however that after awhile I should have
been able to accomplish it, and that long 'ere this I should
have sent you a statement of the account as it stands betwen us.
But reckoning without my host, I have been obliged to hire a
Clerk to settle all my accounts, and to take this business off my
hands; as from a variety of circumstances I found it imprac-
ticable for me to attend to it myself.
Inclosed is his statement of the account between you and
me, made out from my books and your return of Sales. The
28 Dr. James Taylor.
1785] A FLOUR DEBT 249
balance from his accot. differs widely from yours; arising first
from the charge of Jacob Williams's payment of £ 178.9.8. to
James Hill; whereas ^50. only of that sum, according to Lund
Washington's accot. (who superintended my business) was re-
ceived from Williams. Secondly, from £ 123.7.4 l/2 charged me,
as paid by Mr. Wm. Holt, of which I have no account. Thirdly,
between ,£174. charged me as paid to Colo. Lewis, and my
credit of ,£170 only which was received from him; and lastly,
from the Debts yet due, amounting pr. your List to ,£175.16.2.
The three first of these you will please to enquire into; and
the last, to use the most speedy, and which to you may seem the
most effectual, means of obtaining them.
The sum which is in your hands, I could wish to have re-
mitted, or an order given me on some Gentleman in Alexan-
dria: Or, which in part would answer my purpose equally, I
wou'd take one hundred pair of large, strong and well made
Negro Shoes, provided I could have them at a reasonable price
and by the 20th. of October; formerly I know these were to be
had at Norfolk readily; and it is essential for me to know
immediately, whether, I may depend upon you for them or not.
The Drought has been so severe in these parts, that my Mill
was entirely stopped: the rain which has fallen within these
ten days, has done no more than to enable her to grind for my
own consumption, when I begin to manufacture I will consign
you a parcel of superfine flour, as well to try the Norfolk Mar-
ket, as to prove a new Miller whom I have lately got, and who
comes well recommended to me from some of the best Judges
in Pennsylvania.
If you should be able at any time to put me in a way of secur-
ing the Debt due to me from Balfour and Baran,30 it would be
rendering me a very acceptable service: Without this, or unless
^Balfour & Barrand, merchants of Hampton, Va.
250 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
some proof could be had (as I believe the fact undoubtedly is)
of the partnership of these Gentlemen or connexion in this bus-
iness with Messrs. Hanburys of London, I must loose upwards
of ^2000 by my sale of Flour to them.31 With great esteem
and regard I am, etc.32
To CHEVALIER DE LA LUZERNE
Mount Vernon, September 5, 1785.
Sir: I am indebted to you for your several favors of the 20th.
of Deer, introdultory of Mr. de Chateaufort,33 of the 15th. of
Feby. and 25th. of March, which I should not have suffered to
have remained so long unacknowledged, if anything had oc-
curred, the relation of which could have compensated for the
trouble of reading my letter.
Long as I have waited for such an event, nothing has yet hap-
pen'd of much importance in our political movements, and the
Assemblies of the different States being now in their recesses,
nothing probably will occur 'till they have met. In the mean-
while the mercantile interest feeling the necessity of giving a
controuling power to Congress to regulate the trade of this
Country, have prepared, and are now preparing Addresses to
their respective Assemblies for this purpose. They are now
clearly convinced that this power cannot be exercised with pro-
priety unless one system pervades the whole Union, and is
made competent to the ends. It has happened in this instance
as in the revolution itself, that the means which G: B. pursues
to obtain advantages, defeat her own ends; for I am certain,
that if she had forborne to tax our trade with those restrictions
and, imposts, which are laid on it by Acts of Parliament, or
21 The flour had been furnished in the year 1775.
32 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
23 French consul for South Carolina.
1785] INDIAN TREATY 251
orders of the King in Council, that half a century would not
have produced those powers in Congress, which, or more than
probably will be given to them in a few months, and by which
equal restrictions and duties may be laid; and in the interim,
sorry I am to add, she would have monopolized in a very great
degree, the commerce of the United States.
At length Congress have adopted a mode for disposing of
the western Lands; but I confess it does not strike me as a very
eligible one: however mine is only an opinion, and I wish to be
mistaken in it, as the fund wou'd be very productive and afford
great relief to the public creditors if the Lands meet with a
ready sale.
Treaty has been holden with the Western Indians at Fort
Mcintosh on the Ohio, (twenty-five miles below Pittsburgh)
and advantageous terms entered into with those who met, for
they ceded without any compensation as large a District, North-
west of that river as we have any occasion for at present: but
it should seem that others of their respective Tribes are dissatis-
fied, and keep the settlers of the Western Territory in a state of
disquietude. This I am persuaded will be the case whilst the
British retain the Posts within the American lines, and when
they will be surrendered, is not for me to decide.
Congress have had also under contemplation a Mint for the
coinage of Gold, Silver and Copper; a committee has reported
in favor of the measure, but I believe no ultimate decision is yet
come to on the subject, by that Honl. Body.
From the last European accounts we have reason to hope that
the clouds which seemed to be gathering in your hemisphere,
will yield to a tranquil sky; and Peace, with all its blessings will
spread its mantle over the threatened Lands. My first wish is
to see the sons and Daughters of the World mixing as one fam-
ily, enjoying the sweets of social intercourse, and reciprocal
252 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
advantages: the Earth certainly is sufficient to contain us all,
and affords every thing necessary to our wants, if we would be
friendly and endeavour to accommodate one another. Why
then should we wrangle, and why should we attempt to in-
fringe the Rights and properties of our Neighbours ? But lest
you shou'd suppose that I am about to turn preacher, I will
only add that, with the highest esteem and consideration, I
have the honor, etc.
P. S. I had not the pleasure of seeing Mr. de Chateaufort:
upon the receipt of your letter of the 20th. of December, en-
closed to me by that Gentleman from Philada.; I wrote to him
praying that I might be honored with his company on his way
to Carolina; but he found it more convenient at that hot season
to go thither by Sea in the Packett.34
To DAVID HENLEY
Mount Vernon, September 5, 1785.
Sir: I am sorry the enclosed account should be brought
against me in my private character: it is a fact which I thought
had been well known to all the public Departments, and to
those employed by the public, that expences of the nature of
Otis and Henley's Accots. (which is for clothing for the ser-
vants I was obliged to employ in my public character) were
paid from the public funds.
If I mistake not Otis & Henley were Agents for the purpose
of supplying clothing (or materials for it) for the Army; to
them in this character I apply 'd; and never until the enclosed
account was presented, had I any other idea of the matter, than
that the amount had been settled for by them in their public
34 From the " Letter Book " copy in the Washington Papers.
On September 5 Washington also wrote a brief acknowledgment to Baron Viomenil
for his introductory letter to De Chateaufort. A copy of this is in the " Letter Book."
1785] A CLOTHING ACCOUNT 253
accounts. As this is not the case, had it been presented to me
whilst I had authority so to do, I should have ordered the pay-
master to have discharged it; but as the matter now stands, I
can do no more than certify that the Goods were receiv'd on
public account for my use; for I really cannot pay for them out
of my private purse. It is to be regretted that the matter has
lain over so long. I am, etc.
Certificate.
I certify that the Goods which are charged within were re-
quired on public account to clothe the servants who attended
me in my public character; and is a proper charge against the
United States, not against me as a private person, who derived
no other benefit therefrom.35
To MARQUIS DE CHASTELLUX
Mount Vernon, September 5, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I am your debtor for two letters, one of the 12th. of
Decemr., the other of the 8th. of April. Since the receipt of the
first, I have paid my respects to you in a line by a Majr. Swan;
but as it was introductory only of him, it requires an apol-
ogy, rather than entitles me to a credit in our epistolary corre-
spondence.
If I had as good a nack my dear Marquis, as you have at say-
ing handsome things, I would endeavor to pay you in kind for
the flattering expressions of your letters, having an ample field
to work in; but as I am a clumsy workman in the manufactory
of compliments, I must first profess my unworthiness of those
which you have bestowed on me, and my inability to meet you
35 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
254 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
on that ground; and therefore will not expose myself in the
attempt.
It gives me great pleasure to find by my letters from France,
that the dark clouds which hung over your hemisphere, are
vanishing before the all-chearing Sunshine of peace. My first
wish is to see the blessings of it diffused through all Countries,
and among all ranks in every Country; and that we should
consider ourselves as the children of a common parent, and be
disposed to acts of brotherly kindness towards one another. In
that case all restrictions of trade would vanish; we should take
your Wines, your fruits and surplusage of other articles: and
give you in return our oils, our Fish, Tobacco, naval stores &ca.;
and in like manner we should exchange produce with other
Countries, to our reciprocal advantage: the Globe is large
enough, why then need we wrangle for a small spot of it ? If
one Country cannot contain us another should open its arms
to us. But these halcyon days (if they ever did exist) are now
no more; a wise providence, I presume, has ordered it other-
wise, and we must go on in the old way disputing, and now and
then fighting, until the Globe itself is dissolved.
I rarely go from home; but my friends in and out of Con-
gress sometimes tell me what is on the carpet; to hand it to
you afterwards would be a circuitous mode, and altogether
idle, as I am persuaded you have correspondents at New York
who give it to you at first hand, and can relate it with more
clearness and perspicuity than I can. I give the chief of my
time to rural amusements; but I have lately been active in in-
stituting a plan which, if success attends it and of which I have
no doubt, may be productive of great political as well as com-
mercial advantages to the States on the Atlantic, especially the
middle ones; it is the extending and improving the inland
1785] THE FRENCH CINCINNATI 255
navigations of the rivers Potomac and James, and communi-
cating them with the Western waters by the shortest and easiest
portages and good roads. Acts have passed the Assemblies of
Virginia and Maryland authorising private Adventurers to un-
dertake the work; Companies in consequence have been incor-
porated; and that on this river is begun, but when we come to
the difficult parts of it we shall require an Engineer of skill and
practical knowledge in this branch of business; and from that
Country where these kind of improvements have been con-
ducted with the greatest success. With every great esteem and
regard, I have the honor, etc.36
*To COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU
Mount Vernon, September 7, 1785.
My dear Count: Since I had the honor to address you last, I
have been favored with your letters of the 9th. of Septr. and
24th. of Feby. The first enclosing a list of the New promotions,
and additional members of the Society of the Cincinnati as
consented by the King; for which I thank you, as it will en-
able me to give answers to those Gentlemen who, unacquainted
I presume, with his Majesty's pleasure, are still offering to me
their pretensions to be admitted into this Order.
Every occasion that assures me of your health, encreases my
happiness, as I have a sincere respect, and an affectionate re-
gard for you. My time now, as the Marquis de la Fayette has
informed you, is spent in rural employments, and in contem-
plation of those friendships which the revolution enabled me
to form with so many worthy characters of your Nation,
through whose assistance I can now sit down in my calm
38 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
256 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
retreat; and under my own Vine, and my own fig tree, enjoy
those pleasures which are rarely to be found in the more active
pursuits of life, on a larger theatre.
I hope the storms which rumbled about you all the Winter,
and wch. seemed to portend so much mischief, are dispersed;
and that a tranquil sky has succeeded. Although it is against
the profession of Arms, I wish to see all the World in Peace.
How long this blessing may be dispensed to us, I know not,
the British still hold the Posts upon the Lakes, within the Ter-
ritory of the United States; and discover no inclination (that
has come to my knowledge) of giving them up. With respect
to the Spaniards, I do not think the Navigation of the Missis-
sippi is an object of great importance at present, when it be-
comes so, when the Banks of the Ohio are thick settled, and
when the fertile plains of that Western Country are covered
with people they will not be deprived of natural advantages.
I am very thankful for the polite attentions of Madame de
Rochambeau, to whom I pray you to present my best respects,
and to any of our worthy compatriots in the late War. Mrs.
Washington, sensible of your kind remembrance of her, begs
you to accept her Compliments. With sincere friendship and
perfect attachment I am etc.
I take the liberty of putting the enclosed letter under your
cover as it contains original papers wch. might be a loss to
Captn. de Pusignan.37
*To CLEMENT BIDDLE
Mount Vernon, September 7, 1785.
Dear Sir: The man who at present lives with me in the ca-
pacity of a Housekeeper, or Household Steward, will leave me
37 From the original in the Rochambeau Papers.
1785] A STEWARD NEEDED 257
in a day or two; which (until his place can be supplied) will
throw a great additional weight on Mrs. Washington. I there-
fore beg, if you, or Mr. Moyston,38 should have met with a per-
son whom you think would answer my purposes (as described
in my former letters) that you would engage him, or her ab-
solutely instead of conditionally, and send him (or her) abso-
lutely, instead of conditionally, and send him on by the Stage.
In the meanwhile, if one should offer to my liking here, my
engagement shall be conditional. No disappointmt. therefore
can happen to the person engaged by you.
Inclosed is a letter to Mr. Frauncis (als. black Sam) late of
New York, now of some place in the Jerseys. I leave it open
for your perusal, to be forwarded, or destroyed, as circum-
stances may require. If you should have succeeded at Phila-
delphia, or are in the way of doing so, the latter will take place ;
if not, the sooner it can be got to his hands, the better. My best
respects, in which Mrs. Washington joins, are offered to Mrs.
Biddle. I am etc. [h.s.pj
To SAMUEL FRAUNCES
Mount Vernon, September 7, 1785.
Sir: As no person can judge better, of the qualifications nec-
essary to constitute a good Housekeeper, or Household stew-
ard, than yourself, for a family which has a good deal of com-
pany and wishes to entertain them in a plain, but genteel style;
I take the liberty of asking you if there is any such an one
within your reach, whom you think could be induced to come
to me on reasonable wages. I would rather have a man than a
woman, but either will do, if they can be recommended for
their honesty, sobriety, and knowledge of their profession;
^Edward Moyston.
258 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
which in one word, is to relieve Mrs. Washington from the
drudgery of ordering and seeing the Table properly covered,
and things ceconomically used: nothing more therefore need
be said to inform you of a character that would suit me, than
what is already mentioned.
The wages I now give to a man who is about to leave me in
order to get married (under which circumstances he would
not suit me) is about one hundred Dollars pr. annum; but for
one who understands the business perfectly, and stands fore in
all other respects, I would go as far as one hundred and twenty
five dollars. Sometime ago I wrote to Colo. Biddle, and to Mr.
Moyston (who keeps the City Tavern in Philada.) to try if
they could procure me such a person as I want; I therefore beg,
if you know of one that would suit me, and is to be had upon
the terms above, and who can attend properly to a large family
(for mine is such, with a good many workmen), that you
would immediately inform Colo. Biddle of it before any en-
gagement is entered into by you on my behalf, lest one should
be provided at Philada. and embarrassments arise from the dif-
ferent engagements. I am sorry to give you so much trouble,
but I hope you will excuse it in, Sir Yr. etc.39
To JOHN DE NEUFVILLE
Mount Vernon, September 8, 1785.
Sir: I have lately been honored with your favors of the 10th
and 15th of March. Until the latter explained the mistake of
the former, I was puzzled to get at the meaning of it; because,
I did not recollect that I had ever made application to your
Son for the loan of any money; but since the subject has been
started, I will take the liberty of pursuing it.
^From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] DISMAL SWAMP LOAN 259
I am a member of a Company in this State, who associated
many years ago for the purpose of reclaiming what is called
the Great Dismal Swamp near Norfolk. The war gave consid-
erable interruption, indeed almost put an entire stop to the
progress of the business; but in May last the members (for the
first time since the war) had a meeting, and resolved to prose-
cute the work with vigor: for this purpose they are inclined to
borrow money on interest; and to import, if they can do it
upon advantageous terms, a number of Hollanders, or Ger-
mans, as being best acquainted with the nature of the work;
which is to drain and bank level, low and wet land, which
would from its situation, and the quality of its soil, be invalu-
able if accomplished.
Individually, the members possess considerable property, as
a company they have little money at command; but would I
believe, bind themselves jointly and severally for the repay-
ment of the principal sum borrowed, in a given number of
years; and for such interest as may be agreed upon annually:
and as a collateral security they would moreover, I imagine,
mortgage the Estate which they are about to improve.
Under this Statement of the matter, permit me to ask you
frankly, if four or five thousand pounds could be borrowed in
Amsterdam; at what interest and for how long a term? and
whether it is a matter which could be easily accomplished, to
import about three hundred laborers (a few women among
them would be no objection), for what time they might be
engaged and upon what wages? and what expence would
attend the importation?
Since my last to you I have had the pleasure of your son's
company at this place ; he appeared at the time to be in good
health, and I hope has been able to put your business in this
Country on a more favourable footing, than your letter of the
260 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
15th. of June last year indicated; in a word, I hope it is placed
on as good a footing as the nature of the case will admit. I
have the honor, etc.40
To GOVERNOR PATRICK HENRY
Mount Vernon, September 10, 1785.
Dear Sir : The enclosed was put into my hands yesterday; and
I take the liberty of forwarding it by the post today, hoping if
no person is appointed in the place of Mr. Massey, that your
Excellency for the reason assigned by the Maryland Commrs.
and on account of the advanced season, will cause it to be done
as soon as convenient.41 With very great esteem and respect,
I have the honor, etc.40
To THOMAS JOHNSON AND THOMAS SIM LEE
Mount Vernon, September 10, 1785.
Gentn: Your favor of the 30th. ulto. did not reach me until
the 8th. instant; I went the next day to Alexandria and laid it
before Colos. Fitzgerald and Gilpin, who with himself, ac-
ceded fully to the propriety of your proposal of buying serv-
ants. Of this, the Secretary was directed to inform you; also
of our sentiments respecting the hire of negroes by the year,
and to ask your opinion of the number necessary, and of the
terms on which to employ them.
Colo. Gilpin has lately seen Mr. Stuart, who informed him
that fifty hands were then employed at Seneca, and in his
opinion going on very well until the waters were swelled by
40 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
41 Henry answered (September 26): "Your Favor covering Mr. Deakins's Letter I
received this Morning. As soon as Mr. Massey's Resignation was handed to me, the
Appointment of Mr. Neville was made and sent out to him with a Copy of the Resolu-
tion of Assembly." Henry's letter is in the Washington Papers.
^>
1785] THE OHIO LANDS 261
the late rains. He and I (if I am not prevented by company
which I have some reason to expect about that time) intend to
be at Seneca on Wednesday the 21st., and at the Great Falls at
Eight oclock next morning; where we are to meet Colo. Fitz-
gerald for the purpose of viewing for our private satisfaction,
the place talked of for the Canal; and the water between the
Great and little falls. Mr. Stuart informed Colo. Gilpin that
he had never seen the Butcher from Fredk. town; nor had he
received an ounce of provisions from him.
I am sorry to receive so unfavourable a report from Shenan-
doah as your letter contains; I hope it will mend, or the cause
must be removed. If the health of Mr. Johnson, and the cir-
cumstances of Mr. Lee would permit them to visit that place
now and then; it would, I am persuaded, have a happy effect:
the eye of a Director will be of service to the Conductors.
With very great esteem and regard, I am, etc.42
To THOMAS SMITH
Mount Vernon, September 10, 1785.
Sir: My last letter to you was so full, that I should not have
troubled you again at this early period, but to observe as I did
before, that upon reading the Proclamation which I then en-
closed (and which I had scarce time to run over before it was
dispatched), it appeared to me that as it forbid in general
terms, the settlement of Lands upon the western waters, it
might be necessary for me to adduce the subsequent Act of the
King's Governor; by which the military rights under that
Proclamation were recognized, and exempted from the re-
striction thereof. Accordingly, I wrote to our Attorney Gen-
eral Mr. Randolph, for a certified copy thereof; under which
^From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
262 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
the warrants for surveying these claims were directed to be
issued; but in some measure he misconceived my request.
However, his answer and reasoning applies with as much force
to the order of Council, as it does to the instruction which gave
rise to it; I therefore send his letters with a Certificate of the
Governor and the seal of the Commonwealth to give validity
to the Acts wch. have been already forwarded to you from the
Registers office under the direction of Mr. Harvie.
My title to the Land in dispute, in my own judgment, is so
clear, that I can scarce conceive what my opponents will urge,
that can have the least weight with an impartial Count and
Jury; but as I apprehend there will be some management in
obtaining the latter, it may not be amiss to apprize you, that
from my best information (and a gentleman on whom I can
depend, told me that he had it from Mr. Prothonotary Scott,
brother to my principal opponent) a majority of the occupants
settled on the Land after my Patent had actually issued, and
consequently in his opinion, could not have the shadow of a
claim. Putting my military right then, and all the steps which
were taken in consequence of it, out of the question; my im-
provement (admitting there never was more than one) which
stands on the Land to this day, and which was acknowledged
by themselves to be there when the Defendants first came to it,
will entitle me, for settlement and pre-emption rights, to 1400
acres under our Laws, as you may perceive by the authentic
documents already sent you: and these 1400 acres, without
the aid of an irregular form and unnatural extension, would
comprehend James Scott's farm, and I presume all those which
were seated before I obtained my Patent. It appears to me
therefore that in one way or other, they must be overthrown.
It has been reported to me (and as report only I give it) that
the Defendants are preparing to remove off. Whether, if true,
1785] DEFAULTING TENANTS 263
the measure proceeds from a conviction of the futility of their
claim, or that they mean to be prepared against the worst, or,
as it was said whilst I was out, their only design was to gain
time, I shall not decide: but be it as it may, as they have with-
held the Land from me ten or twelve years after all the admo-
nition I could give, and the favorable offers which have been
made them, and finally have put me to the expence and trouble
of bringing and supporting Ejectments, it is my wish and de-
sire, whether they leave the land voluntarily, or are compelled
to do so by a course of Law, that you will sue them respectively
for Trespasses, rents or otherwise as you shall judge best and
most proper to obtain justice for me. I should be glad to hear
that this and my former letter had got safe to hand. I am, etc.43
To WILLIAM HARTSHORNE
Mount Vernon, September 14, 1785.
Sir: Colo. Wm. Fitzhugh of Maryland has this day requested
me, to enter his name for one share of the Potomac navigation;
of which I give you this information: he has also deposited in
my hands ten pounds for the first and second advances there-
on; which I will pay you when I come next to town, or to your
order at any time.
I should take it very kind of you to forward the enclosed
letter by the first safe consequence; it contains a summons of
some consequence to me, I am, etc.43
To TENCH TILGHMAN
Mount Vernon, September 14, 1785.
Dear Sir: Mr. Rawlins brought me your favor of the 31st.
ulto., and I thank you for sending him; he is to furnish me a
43 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
264 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
design for my room, and an estimate of the cost; after which
I shall be better able to make an estimate of his conscience.
When Mr. ODonnal44 has determin'd on his plan, I shall ex-
pect to hear from you.
Enclosed is the packet mentioned in my last, for Mr. Smith
of Carlisle which I pray you to send by a safe rather than the
first opportunity which may offer to that place.
With great truth I am, etc.
P. S. Since writing the above, Mr. Fitzhugh of your State
has informed Mrs. Washington that there is, or was very fine
and pretty Dimmity Muslin selling on board the Indian Ship
at half a dollar pr. yard: if this is now the case, she desires me
to tell you that she would be much obliged to you for getting
her two or three pieces.45
To EDMUND RANDOLPH
Mount Vernon, September 16, 1785.
Dear Sir: It was not in my power to obtain the enclosed in
time, to forward them by the last mail; but they will, I hope,
reach you seasonably for your intended meeting on the 26th,
by the present mail.
I feel very sensibly, the honor and confidence which has
been reposed in me by the James river company; and regret
that it will not be in my power to discharge the duties of the
office of President of the Board of Directors, with that punctu-
ality and attention which the trust requires. Every service
however that I can render, compatible with my other avoca-
tions, shall be afforded with pleasure, and I am happy in being
associated in the business with Gentlemen so competent to the
purposes of their appointment, and from what I have heard of
"O'Donnell.
45 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] POTOMAC FALLS 265
the navigation, and seen of the Falls, I think your work may
be soon and easily accomplished, and that it will be of great
public utility, as well as private emolument to the subscribers
when done: for the advantage of both, tho' I believe the busi-
ness lies in another line, I would earnestly recommend it to you
to press the execution of the survey between James river and the
navigable waters of the Kanhawa, and a proper investigation
of the latter. It will be a source of great commerce with the
capitol and in my opinion will be productive of great political
consequences to this country : the business of a similar nature,
as it respects this river, is at an entire stand. Mr. Massey who
was first appointed on the part of this State, having declined
acting; the Maryland Commissioner knows of no other in his
room, and is unable, tho' ready to proceed.
Besides what appears in the minutes, which are enclosed, it
is in contemplation by the Board of Directors of the Naviga-
tion of this river, to endeavor to hire a number of Slaves next
year as laborers therein, and as the Great Falls are tremendous,
and the navigation thereof, in whatever manner it is attempted,
will require much skill and practical knowledge in the execu-
tion; we propose, before this is undertaken, to invite a proper
person from Europe, who has been employed in works of this
kind, as a superintendant of it: With respect to the other parts
of the river, tho' what are called the Shanandoah Falls are as
difficult in my opinion as the Falls of James river, at Westham,
we seem to have confidence enough in ourselves to undertake
them; and mean to do so without having recourse to either
canals or Locks. Thro' all the Falls and rapids above the Great
jails, we mean to attempt nothing more than to open a strait
passage to avoid, as much as possible, currents; giving suffi-
cient depth, and as much smoothness as may be to the surface;
and if Rumsey's project fails (of which he has not the smallest
266 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
apprehension) to pull the Boats up by chains floated by buoys:
the latter, when Ice begins to form, may be slipped and thereby
saved; whilst the former rivoted to rocks at bottom, may re-
main during the intemperate season undisturbed and without
injury.
Upon an estimate of the expence of those chains and Buoys,
we (that is, the Directors of the Potomac navigation and my-
self) are of the opinion, without having an eye to the probable
advantages which are expected to be derived from Rumsey's
mechanical discovery, that it will be infinitely less than what
must arise from cutting canals, building Locks, making track
paths, &c, as was the design of Ballendine and others; and will
have this advantage over them, that when once done, that is
when the passage is opened in a straight direction in the nat-
ural bed of the river, it is done as it were forever, whereas canals
and Locks, besides the natural decay of them, are exposed to
much injury from Ice, drift-wood, and even the common
freshes; in a word, are never safe where there are such sudden
inundations and violent torrents, as the rivers in this country
are subject to.
It has so happened that Thursday the 22d inst. is a day of my
own appointing to meet the Directors at the Great Falls of this
river, for the purpose of examining the place proposed for a
canal; and the river and ground from thence to tide water, on
which business I expect to be employed (at least to be from
home) four or five days.
Altho' I see no impropriety myself in laying the Proceedings
of the Potomac Company before the Board of Directors of the
James river navigation, it being my wish that every intelligence
which one can give to the other should be mutually afforded;
yet it is my desire that the act may be considered as transmitted
for the private information (if it shou'd convey any light) of
yourself and the Directors.
1785] WORK ON POTOMAC 267
We are endeavoring to engage our miners to bore by the
foot; rather than by the day; but as yet have not agreed with
any in this way: they ask a shilling, which we think is too
much to common labourers we pay 40/ per month; and we
find paying the workmen every fortnight, rather troublesome
once a month would do better: as they will be frequently mov-
ing, we have provided Tents as most convenient and least
expensive, for their accommodation.
I find I have been under a mistake with respect to the sub-
scriptions for the James river navigation; I conceived the
Books were to lie open 'till the general meeting appointed (as
that for this river was) by law; and if the aggregate amounted
to more than the sum required by the act, at such meeting they
were then to be reduced in the manner therein directed.
The expression of the Law, " the highest point practicable,"
is certainly too indefinite; and in the hurry which the act
passed, the import of it was not sufficiently adverted to: but
how far it may be politic for the Potomac Company to meddle
in the matter, I will not at this moment undertake to decide;
as the concurrence of two States is required to effect the Alter-
ation, and as one of them, it is said by those who are unfriendly
to the measure, has been surprized into it.
If it would not be too troublesome for your Secretary, it
would be a satisfaction to me to receive a copy of your proceed-
ings, With great esteem and sincere friendship, I am, &C.46
*ToBATTAILEMUSE
Mount Vernon, September 18, 1785.
Sir: I have received two or three letters from you of late. The
clover Seed which was sent to the care of Mr. Hartshorne I
^From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
268 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
have got, and am obliged by the dispatch with which you have
sent it.
The great inattention to my Tenants during the nine years
that I was absent, and the traffick which they made of my Land
(expressly contrary to the Tenor of my Leases) renders it next
to impossible for me without being upon the Land, and obtain-
ing oral information, to make out the Accts. or discover in
whose possession the Lotts now are precisely. The best sketch
I can give, is herewith enclosed; but I do not suppose to be
accurate.
The Man from whom you could have obtained the best in-
formation respecting the Tenants, their arrearages of Rent,
Transferances, &ca. on that Tract of Land which I hold in
Ashby's bend (partly in Fauquier and partly in Loudoun Coun-
ties) was one Lewis Lamart, but he died last Spring, after hav-
ing Collected some of the Rents for me; to whom to advise you
in the next place, I am at a loss; Captn. Robert Ashby has a
pretty good knowledge of some matters, but either he or one of
his Son's, stands I believe among the list of delinquents, which
may render his information dubious where his knowledge is
most perfect.
Besides the Lotts and Tenants mentioned in the list enclosed,
there are, or ought to be, several more of the latter on a Tract
I have on Chattins run of Goose Creek, adjoining Captn. Rob-
ert Ashby; among whom, I presume the Rectors are. But with
respect to this Land, I can give less information than on any
other. Whether any Leases have ever been given, or not, I am
unable to say. What follows, is taken from a Memorandum
which I found tied up in the bundle of Leases.
Memm. March 16th. 1774.
Agreed with one Thompson for the Land at the upper end of my
Chattins run Tract; That is to give him a lease for it at the rate of ^5 pr.
1785] RENTAL DIFFICULTIES 269
hundd. Acres. He is to have all the Land So. Wt. of the branch which
runs through the Tract, unless there should be enough for two lotts; in
which case he is to have but one Lott. Rent to be pd. the 25th Deer. 1777.
Also agreed to let Edwd. Grymes have the Lott he lives on, extending
towards Chattins run and Ashbys Mill path for quantity. He also is
to have a lease, and to pay at the rate of ^5 pr. hundd. acres next
Christmas.
Also agreed to Lease Enoch Ashby 150, or 200 acs. upon the back line,
and middle run; he paying at the rate of ^5 pr. hundd. to commence the
25th. Deer. 1777.
Also was spoke to for the Lott adjoining this and Edwd. Grymes's, by
Robt. Ashby for one Richard Watts upon the same terms.
The foregoing was taken upon the Land at the time I was
there for the purpose of renting it, but what has happened
since, as I have observed to you before, I am unable to inform
you. I am willing to preserve good faith with every Tenant;
and am ready to fulfil all my engagements with them, not only
such as are legal and just, but those that are honorable, nay
more, such as have no other claim but upon my generosity,
where there shall appear a proper conduct on their part. But
where you shall find they have taken advantage of me by pay-
ing paper money when Six pence on a Shilling would pay a
pound, where they have paid little or no Rents at all, and their
sole aim seems to have been to make a prey of me, by bartering
and selling my Land, solely for their own emolument, I should
have no scruple in any of those cases, or any other, which shall
appear unjustifiable, to take advantage of the Covenants in the
Leases where they have been given; and to refuse them when
they have not, set them aside, and Re-Rent the Land to the
highest bidder, and best possible advantage to my Interest.
Enclosed I send you a short power, which may do for the
present; and when you come down in October it may be en-
larged, and some further light perhaps, thrown on this busi-
ness. You will observe that the list inclosed does not include
270 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
the Rents of the present year. Except in cases where the Ten-
ants are about to remove, and the rents thereby or by other
means are endangered; I would wish to avoid making distress
until you have more precise information, and have had an in-
terview with me in October; for besides the Ballances which
appear to be due by the inclosed list, many of my Leases require
an Alienation Rent for every transference; which, at present,
I have not time to look into; but will prepare by October; at
which time I will put the Leases into your hands. In the mean-
while, it would be well for you to examine each Tenant, that
I may know by what authority he came on the Tenement,
how far he has complied with the Covenants of the Lease, what
Transferences have taken place, and what Rents (by their re-
ceipts, or authentic proofs which no doubt every one of them
can shew) has been paid. By doing this some line of conduct
may be adopted which will avoid evil and bad consequences
either to the tenant or myself. I am etc.
PS. If you could transmit, previously to your coming down,
an account of the information you get, on the above points, the
accts. may be prepared against you arrive here in Octooer.47
POWER OF ATTORNEY
[September 18, 1785.]
I do hereby authorize, constitute and appoint Mr. Battaile
Muse to be collector of my rents in the Counties of Berkeley,
Frederick, Loudon and Fauquier: and do by these presents em-
power him to settle with the Tenants, and to make distress for
the rents on all cases where it shall be found necessary. I also
empower him to rent any of my Lotts which are now vacant;
"From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by William Randolph Hearst,
of New York City.
1785] A DREDGING MACHINE TJX
and where he shall find the covenants of the Leases which
have already been granted, unattended to by the Tenants, and
a disregard of that mutual interest which induced me to dis-
pose of my Lands on the terms therein mentioned, whereby
forfeitures are incurred; that he will use every just and proper
means to set them aside, and rent them to others on the most
advantageous terms for my use, and in my behalf.48
To LEVI HOLLINGSWORTH
Mount Vernon, September 20, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 24th. ulto. did not get to my hands
until the 17th. inst: and then came by the Post, for Mr. Jackson
is an inhabitant of Red Stone, 250 miles distant from me. I am
obliged to him however for having taken notice of a wish of
mine which was accidentally expressed before him, more so to
you for having facilitated it, and particularly so to Mr. Donald-
son for obliging offering to carry it into effect.
I have long been convinced, that the bed of the Potomac be-
fore my door, contains an inexhaustable fund of manure; and
if I could adopt an easy, simple and expeditious method of
raising, and taking it to the land, that it might be converted
to useful purposes. Mr. Donaldson's Hippopotamos49 goes be-
yond anything I had conceiv'd with respect to the first; but
whether the manner of its working would answer my purpose
or not is the question; by his using a horse, I fear it will not, as
I shall have to go from one hundred to eight hundred or a
thousand yards, from high water mark for the mud; tho' I
believe any quantity may be had at the lesser distance; the
48 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
49Noted in Arthur Donaldson's letter to Washington, Oct. i, 1785, with an engrav-
ing o£ the "Hippopotamos" and an explanation, clipped from The Pennsylvania
Magazine, which are in the Washington Papers.
272 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
depth of water at the greater will not exceed eight feet, and not
much swell unless the wind is turbulent.
Under this information, it would give me great satisfaction
to have Mr. Donaldson's opinion of the utility of his Hippo-
potamos for my purposes; as Mud which is many feet deep,
and soft, is to be raised at a distance from, and to be brought
to the shore when the tide is up, in vessels which draw but
little water. And he would add to the favor (if the machine
is applicable to my wants) by informing me what kind of a
vessel is necessary for its operation; what would be the cost of
this vessel, and of the machine I should have to use on it;
whether by a model the whole could be constructed by in-
genious workmen here; or whether it must be done under his
own eye, and in the latter case, what would be the additional
expence of getting them from Philadelphia to this place.
The kind offer of Mr. Donaldson, for which I pray you to
return him my sincere thanks, of furnishing me with a model,
or other information; and your obliging communication there-
of has drawn upon you both this trouble; instead therefore of
apologizing for giving it, I will assure you that I have a grate-
ful sense of the kindness of you both and am his and your Most
Obt. &ca.50
To THOMAS FREEMAN
September 22, 1785.
Sir: If Mr. Jonathan Johnson will give one hundred Dollars
per ann: for my tract at the Great Meadows, he may have a
Lease therefor, for the term of ten years without any other
conditions annexed than those of reclaiming the Meadow and
putting the whole under a good fence; leaving it to himself
""This text is a combination of that found in the "Letter Book" in the Washington
Papers and one printed in a sales catalogue of 1891, the catalogue being followed
where it is, obviously, closer to Washington's original.
1785] THE FRENCH CINCINNATI 111
to place such buildings on the premises as his own inclination
may prompt him to. Or, if he will build a dwelling House
36 feet by 24, with three rooms below and four above, with two
stone chimneys, and fire places in each room, the House to
be of hewed Logs or framed work, with glass windows. A
Kitchen 16 by 20 feet, of the same kind of work with one stone
chimney; and a Stable sufficient to contain twelve horses con-
veniently, I will allow him two years of the ten, exempt from
rent. I am, etc.61
To CAPTAIN DE GENEVY DE PUSIGNAN52
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1785.
Sir: It is not fourteen days since I was honored with your
letter of the 16th. of last Octr. to what cause the delay is to be
ascribed I am unable to inform you; but lest this answer with
the inclosure should meet with any accident, I dispatch it under
cover to the Count de Rochambeau at Paris.
I am sorry Sir, it is not in my power to comply with your
wishes in regard to the Order of the Cincinnati. The institu-
tion itself points out the different grades of Officers who are to
be admitted into this Society; and at its last General Meeting,
the members thereof in France, of which the Counts de Ro-
chambeau and de Estaing were placed at the head; one in the
Military, the other in the Naval Line, were empowered to hold
meetings and to decide upon the Claims of Officers belonging
to either department in that Country.
It is there Sir, your pretensions must be offered; and if they
are not precluded by the determination of your Sovereign, will
I doubt not, meet with the liberal and favourable interpretation
to which your merit entitled you. I have the honor to be, etc.51
61 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Taper s.
B2Capt. Alexandre Cesar de Genevy de Pusignan. He had been lieutenant en second,
Regiment D'Auxonne, French allied troops.
274 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
To J. L. LE BARBIER, JUNIOR
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1785.
Sir: I have been honored with the receipt of your letter dated
at Paris the 4th. of March; and pray you to accept my thanks
for those copies of your Dramatic performance53 which you
had the goodness to send me, and in which you have made
such honorable and flattering mention of my name.
I lament Sir, that my merits are not equal to your praises,
and regret exceedingly that my deficiency in the knowledge of
the French language does not allow me to become master
of the Drama, and of those sentiments which I am told are
beautifully expressed in it by the author. Upon my gratitude
you have a large claim for those expressions of esteem with
which your letter is replete, and which, from a Gentleman
who professes not to compliment, are the more to be valued.
I have the honor, etc.54
To BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1785.
Dear Sir: Amid the public gratulations on your safe return
to America, after a long absence and the many eminent services
you have rendered it, for which as a benefited person I feel
the obligation, permit an individual to join the public voice in
expressing a sense of them; and to assure you, that, as no one
entertains more respect for your character, so none can salute
you with more sincerity, or with greater pleasure, than I do on
the occasion. With the highest regard and greatest considera-
tion, I am, &c.54
raSee Washington's letter to the President of Congress, Aug. 22, 1785, ante.
54 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] CINCINNATI DIPLOMAS 275
ToBARB^MARBOIS
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1785.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your favor of the 14th.
from New York. At the moment I congratulate you on your
late appointment,55 and this fresh instance of his most Chris-
tian Majesty's attention to your merits, I cannot but express my
sorrow that you are so near the eve of your departure from
America.
I shall remember with pleasure Sir, the friendship you have
always expressed for me; and with gratitude shall recollect the
many instances of your partiallity and attention towards me.
I should receive with great satisfaction the accot. of your safe
arrival at Hispaniola and of every other event which can be
interesting and pleasing to you; being with much truth, and
great esteem and regard Sir Yr. etc.56
*To OTHO HOLLAND WILLIAMS
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1785.
Dear Sir: Your letter of the 15th. of Augt. from Bath, only
got to my hands on Sunday last. The one alluded to, of April,
as giving an acct. of the miscarriage of the Diplomas,57 and the
best information you could obtain respecting them, nor any
other since that which accompanied the Parchments, and wch.
received an immediate acknowledgement, have reached me
at all.
In a word, I never had the least intimation, or knowledge of
the accident until Major Jacksons58 Letter (copy of which I
sent you) was delivered to me.
^Intendant for Hispaniola.
MFrom the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
87 Of the Cincinnati.
58 William Jackson.
276 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
I have since enquired of Colo. Fitzgerald if he could recollect
in whose care they were placed; his memory he says does not
serve him on this occasion, but he is sure they were entrusted to
safe hands, or such as appeared to him at the time to be so. It is
a little extraordinary therefore that this person, whoever he may
be, should not have given notice of the loss either to him, from
whom the parcel was received, or to you to whom it was
intended.
It is to be feared, under these circumstances, that neither the
Diploma's, or the money advanced for them, will ever be re-
covered, however, if you conceive that an Advertisement will
effect any valuable purpose, or be satisfactory to the Gentle-
men for whose benefit they were designed, you can, as Secre-
tary, recite the event and request information from any who
may have it in their power to give it. With great esteem etc.
[H.S.P.]
To VICOMTE D'ARROT59
Mount Vernon, September 25, 1785.
Sir: Your kind remembrance of me in a letter of the 15th. of
July from the Island of Tobago, does me much honor; at the
sametime that the knowledge of your appointment as Gover-
nor of that place, and your good health, gave me much pleas-
ure. I pray you to be assured that nothing which comes from
Colo. D'Arrot can be considered as a trouble, and that to hear,
at his moments of leisure, that you are in the enjoyment of per-
fect health, and the smiles of your Sovereign will always be
pleasing; as I recollect with gratitude those instances of Men-
tion with which you have honored me, and the circumstances
that brought us acquainted.
09 Rene Marie, Vicomte D'Arrot, Major General and Governor of the Island of
Tobago.
1785] HOU DON'S ARRIVAL 277
In the enjoyment of ease and tranquillity, which your sword
has contributed to procure, I am now seated under my own
Vine and my own Fig-tree in the occupations of rural life, at
the Seat which you once honored with your presence, and
where I should be happy to meet you again.
At present we have no news that could afford you any enter-
tainment: these States are in the full enjoyment of peace, and
nothing, it is to be hoped will disturb the quiet of them. Tho'
there is something misterious and not easy to reconcile with the
spirit of the treaty, in the British still continuing their Garrisons
at the posts of Niagara, Detroit &c. which are on the American
side of the territorial line, notwithstanding a demand has been
made of them.
Mrs. Washington, who remembers with pleasure your call-
ing here with some Officers of your Legion, thanks you for
your attention, and prays you to accept her compliments. With
sentiments of great esteem etc.60
To JEAN ANTOINE HOUDON
Mount Vernon, September 26, 1785.
Sir: By a letter61 which I have lately had the honor to receive
from Dr. Franklin at Philada., I am informed of your arrival
at that place; many letters from very respectable characters in
France, as well as the Doctors, inform me of the occasion, for
which, tho' the cause is not of my seeking, I feel the most agree-
able and grateful sensations. I wish the object of your mission
had been more worthy of the masterly strokes of the first Statu-
ary in Europe; for thus you are represented to me.
*°From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
a On September 26 Washington wrote briefly to William Temple Franklin, acknowl-
edging his letter of Sept. 20, 1785. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in
the Washington Papers.
278 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
It will give me pleasure Sir, to welcome you to this seat of
my retirement: and whatever I have, or can procure that is
necessary to your purposes, or convenient and agreeable to your
wishes; you must freely command, as inclination to oblige you,
shall be not found deficient, either on your arrival, or during
your stay.
With sentiments of esteem, etc.62
*To THOMAS JEFFERSON
Mount Vernon, September 26, 1785.
Dear Sir: I have had the honor to receive your favors of the
10th. and 17th. of July which were committed to the care of Mr.
Houdon; but I have not yet had the pleasure to see that Gentle-
man. His Instruments and materials (Doctr Franklin informs
me) not being arrived at Havre when they Sailed he was obliged
to leave them; and is now employed in providing others at
Philadelphia, with which he will proceed to this place as soon
as they are ready. I shall take great pleasure in shewing Mr.
Houdon every civility, and attention in my power during his
stay in this Country, as I feel myself under personal obligations
to you and Doctr. Franklin (as the State of Virginia have done
me the honor to direct a Statue to be erected to my Memory) for
havg. entrusted the execution of it to so eminent an Artist, and
so worthy a character. I have the pleasure to inform you, that the
subscriptions to the inland Navigations of the Rivers Potomack
and James require no aid from Foreigners, the product of the
first when the Books were exhibited at the General Meeting in
May last, amounted to ^40,300. Sterling, and is since nearly
compleatedto the full Sum required by Law. That of the latter,
at the General Meeting in August, were superabundant. The
62 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] KENTUCKY CONVENTIONS 279
work of the former began the first of August, and is progress-
ing very well, the latter I am persuaded will do more than keep
pace with it, as the difficulties are much less.
I have the further pleasure to inform you (and I should have
done it long since, had I not supposed that your information
would have been more full and perfect from some of your friends
in the Assembly) that a resolution authorizing the Executive
to appoint Commissioners to explore, and report the best com-
munication between the Waters of Elizabeth River and those of
Albermarle passed last Session. That the Commrs. have pro-
ceeded to the Survey, and have reported in favor of that which
will pass through Drummonds pond to the Pasquetank; but
what will be the result I am unable to inform you, as I find by
some of the principal characters of No. Carolina (Members of
Congress) who have called here, that jealousies prevail, and a
powerful opposition will be given to any Water Communica-
tion between the two States, lest Virginia should derive the
benefits arising from their Exports &ca.
I am very happy to find that your sentiments respecting the
interest the Assembly was pleased to give me in the two naviga-
tions of the Potomack and James Rivers, coincide so well with
my own. I never, for a moment, entertained an idea of accept-
ing; the difficulty which laboured in my mind was how to
refuse without giving offence. Ultimately I have it in contem-
plation to apply the profits arising from the Tolls to some
public use. In this, if I knew how, I would meet the wishes of
the Assembly; but if I am not able to get at these, my own in-
clination leads me to apply them to the establishment of two
charity Schools, one on each river, for the Education and sup-
port of poor Children; especially the descendants of those who
have fallen in defence of their Country.
I can say nothing decisely [sic] respecting the Western Set-
tlement of this State. The Inhabitants of Kentucke have held
280 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
several Conventions, and have resolved to apply for a Sepera-
tion. But what may be the final issue of it, is not for me, at this
time, to inform you. Opinions, as far as they have come to my
knowledge, are diverse. I have uniformly given it as mine, to
meet them upon their own ground, draw the best line, and best
terms we can of seperation and part good friends. After the
next Session of our Assembly more may be discovered, and
communicated, and if you should not receive it through a better
channel, I will have the honor to inform you.
I am sorry I cannot give you full information respecting
Captn. Bushnals projects for the destruction of Shipping. No
interesting experiment having been made, and my memory be-
ing treacherous, I may, in some measure, be mistaken in what
I am about to relate. Bushnel is a man of great Mechanical
powers, fertile of invention, and master in execution. He came
to me in 1776 recommended by Governor Trumbull (now
dead) and other respectable characters who were proselites to
his plan. Although I wanted faith myself, I furnished him
with money, and other aids to carry it into execution. He la-
boured for sometime ineffectually, and though the advocates
for his scheme continued sanguine he never did succeed. One
accident or another always intervening. I then thought, and
still think, that it was an effort of genius; but that a combina-
tion of too many things were requisite, to expect much success
from the enterprise against an enemy, who are always upon
guard.
That he had a Machine so contrived as to carry a man under
water at any depth he chose, and for a considerable time and
distance, with an apparatus charged with Powder which he
could fasten to a Ships bottom or side and give fire to in a given
time (Sufft. for him to retire) by means whereof a ship could
be blown up, or sunk, are facts which I believe admit of little
doubt; but then, where it was to operate against an enemy, it is
1785] A SUBMARINE 281
no easy matter to get a person hardy enough to encounter
the variety of dangers to which he must be exposed, i from the
novelty 2 from the difficulty of conducting the machine, and
governing it under water on Acct. of the Currents &ca. 3 the
consequent uncertainty of hitting the object of destination, with-
out rising frequently above water for fresh observation, wch.,
when near the Vessel, would expose the Adventurer to a dis-
covery, and to almost to certain death. To these causes I always
ascribed the non-performance of his plan, as he wanted nothing
that I could furnish, to secure the success of it. This to the best
of my recollection is a true state of the case. But Humphreys, if
I mistake not, being one of the proselites, will be able to give
you a more perfect Acct. of it than I have done. With the most
perfect esteem etc.33
To RICHARD VARICK
Mount Vernon, September 26, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Mr. Taylor84 brought me your favor of the 28th. ulto.,
and I have received your other letter of the 2d. of December;
for both I thank you, as also for the proceedings of the Mayors
Court in the case of Rutgars and Waddington which was en-
closed in the latter. I have read this with attention; and tho' I
pretend not to be a competent judge of the Law of Nations, or
of the act of your Assembly, nor of the spirit of the confedera-
tion in their niceties; yet it should seem to me that the inter-
pretation of them by the Court, is founded in reason and
common sense; which is, or ought to be the foundation of all
Law and Government.
I am sorry to hear of your long indisposition and repeated
attacks; it may be well to nurse a little. Disorders oftentimes,
63 From the original in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.
64 George Taylor, jr.
282 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
are easier prevented than cured, and while you are in the way
to re-establish your health, (on which I congratulate you) it
is better to use preventatives, than alteratives &c. &c. with which
the Apothecaries Shops are replete.
As you are at the source of foreign intelligence, I could only
reverberate what you have before heard; and having nothing of
a Domestic kind worth communicating, I shall be rather laconic
in my perfect address. I enjoy, thank God, very good health,
but Mrs.W n,is scarce ever well, she joins me in best wishes
for you, and I am, etc.65
To BENJAMIN FRANKLIN
Mount Vernon, September 26, 1785.
Dear Sir: I had just written, and was about to put into the
hands of Mr. Taylor,68 (a gentleman in the department of
the secretary of foreign affairs) the enclosed letter, when I
had the honor to receive by post your favor of the 20th instant.
I have a grateful sense of the partiality of the French nation
towards me, and feel very sensibly the indulgent expression of
your letter, which does me great honor.
When it suits M. Houdon to come hither, I will accommo-
date him in the best manner I am able, and shall endeavour to
render his stay as agreeable as I can. It would give me infinite
pleasure to see you. At this place I dare not look for it; though
to entertain you under my own roof would be doubly grati-
fying. When or whether I shall ever have the satisfaction of
seeing you at Philadelphia is uncertain, as retirement from the
public walks of life has not been so productive of leisure and
ease as might have been expected. With very great esteem, etc.65
85 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
68 George Taylor.
1785] A REVOLUTIONARY REPORT 283
To THE SECRETARY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Mount Vernon, September 27, 1785.
Dear Sir: Mr. Taylor presented me the honor of your favor
of the 25th. ulto., and gave me the pleasure of hearing that Mrs.
Jay, yourself and family were well when he left New York.
Upon your safe return to your native Country, after the long
absence, and important services you have rendered it in many
interesting negotiations, I very sincerely congratulate you and
your Lady. It gave me great pleasure to hear of your late ap-
pointment as Secretary of Foreign Affairs: a happier choice
in my opinion, could not have been made; and I shall always
rejoice at any circumstance which can contribute either to your
honor, interest or convenience.
Having compleated his mission, Mr. Taylor returns to you
with the proceedings, and report of the Commissioners who
were sent into New York to inspect the embarkations; which
by the by, was little more than a farce, as they inspected no
more property than the British chose they should be witness
to the embarkation of. It will always give me pleasure to hear
from you. Mrs. Washington joins me in most respectful com-
pliments to, and best wishes for yourself and Mrs. Jay, and I
am, etc.67
*To JONATHAN TRUMBULL
Mount Vernon, October 1, 1785.
My dear Sir: It has so happened, that your letter of the first
of last month did not reach me until Saturdays Post. You
know, too well, the sincere respect and regard I entertained for
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
284 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Sept.
your venerable fathers public and private character, to require
assurances of the concern I felt for his death; or of that sym-
pathy in your feelings for the loss of him, which is prompted
by friendship. Under this loss however, great as your pangs
may have been at the first shock, you have every thing to con-
sole you. A long and well spent life in the Service of his Coun-
try, placed Govr. Trumbull amongst the first of Patriots. In
the social duties he yielded to none, and his Lamp, from the
common course of Nature, being nearly extinguished, worn
down with age and cares, but retaining his mental faculties in
perfection, are blessings which rarely attend advanced life.
All these combining, have secured to his memory universal
respect and love here, and no doubt immeasurable happiness
hereafter.
I am sensible that none of these observations can have es-
caped you, and that I can offer nothing which your own rea-
son has not already suggested on this occasion; and being of
Sterne's opinion, that "Before an affliction is digested, consola-
tion comes too soon; and after it is digested, it comes too late:
there is but a mark between these two, as fine almost as a hair,
for a comforter to take aim at." I rarely attempt it, nor shall
I add more on this subject to you, as it would only be a renewal
of sorrow, by recalling a fresh to your remembrance things
which had better be forgotten.
My principal pursuits are of a rural nature, in which I have
great delight, especially as I am blessed with the enjoyment of
good health. Mrs. Washington on the contrary is hardly ever
well, but thankful for your kind remembrance of her, and joins
me in every good wish for you, Mrs. Trumbull and your family.
Be assured that with sentiments of the purest, esteem etc.68
88 From a photostat of the original in the Washington Papers.
1785] RELIGIOUS TAX 285
To GEORGE MASON
Mount Vernon, October 3, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I have this moment received yours of yesterday's date,
enclosing a memorial and remonstrance against the Assess-
ment Bill,69 which I will read with attention. At present I am
unable to do it, on account of company. The bill itself I do not
recollect ever to have read: with attention I am certain I never
did, but will compare them together.
Altho, no man's sentiments are more opposed to any kind of
restraint upon religious principles than mine are; yet I must
confess, that I am not amongst the number of those who are so
much alarmed at the thoughts of making people pay towards
the support of that which they profess, if of the denomination
of Christians; or declare themselves Jews,Mahomitans or other-
wise, and thereby obtain proper relief. As the matter now
stands, I wish an assessment had never been agitated, and as it
has gone so far, that the Bill could die an easy death; because I
think it will be productive of more quiet to the State, than by
enacting it into a Law; which, in my opinion, would be im-
politic, admitting there is a decided majority for it, to the dis-
quiet of a respectable minority. In the first case the matter will
soon subside; in the latter, it will rankle and perhaps convulse,
the State. The Dinner Bell rings, and I must conclude with an
expression of my concern for your indisposition. Sincerely and
affectionately, I am Sec.70
69 The bill in question was to provide for teachers of the Christian religion in Vir-
ginia by means of a specified tax, the money to be paid out on order of the vestries,
elders, etc., of each religious society to a teacher or minister of its denomination. It
could also be used to provide places of worship. Mason had printed the remonstrance
against the bill and sent it to Washington, asking him to sign it. Mason's letter (Octo-
ber 2) is in the Washington Papers, but the remonstrance is not now found therein.
T0From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
286 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Oct.
To JOHN PAGE
Mount Vernon, October 3, 1785.
My Dear Sir: The last Post from Richmd. gave me the pleas-
ure of your favor of the 9th. from Rosewell. Expressions of
friendship from good men, and the congratulations of those
who are not addicted to unmeaning compliments, cannot fail
to be acceptable. In this light I view and thank you for the
obliging and endulgent sentiments of your letter, which have
affected my mind with gratitude and pleasure.
It will be unnecessary I hope Sir, to assure you of the pleasure
I shou'd have felt at seeing you and Mrs. Page at Mount Vernon
on your way to Philada., if you could have made it convenient
and agreeable to have taken this rout, at all times I should be
happy to see you here.
Soon after I returned from Richmond in May last, I spoke
to a Dutch Merchant in Alexandria on the subject of importing
Germans; but not receiving any satisfactory information from
him, tho' he was perfectly willing to oblige, I requested him, as
he was on the eve of a journey thro' Baltimore to Boston, at both
which Dutch Houses are established, and in the last he is con-
cerned, to make every enquiry he could respecting the mode,
the terms, and practicability of obtaining the number we want :
but meeting with no precise information here neither, I wrote
some little time ago to Mr. De Neufville, a Gentleman of very
respectable character at Amsterdam, with whom I have long
corresponded, for full information; and to know also, if ^5000
could be borrowed for the use of the Company on such terms,
and upon such securities as it proposed to give. Herein also I
have been unlucky; for soon after I had written and had sent
my Letter to New York to obtain a passage by the Packet, I
received an account of this Gentlemans arrival at Boston. These
1785] A HOLLAND LOAN 287
delays following the enquiries, which I only considered as aux-
iliary to those of the Managers,71 to whom I intended to com-
municate the result, will be unlucky if they have taken no steps
in the meanwhile themselves. Would it not be advisable in
case My good Sir, for you as one of them to go fully into the
matter whilst you are at Philadelphia, where, it is to be pre-
sumed the best information on this side the Atlantic is to be
obtained; and the most likely place to enter into Contracts,
unless a person in behalf of the Company, should be sent to
Holland expressly for this purpose; or a gentleman there
in whom confidence could be placed, would undertake it.
But unless Mr. Anderson should succeed in negotiating the
loan he was requested to obtain, or the like sum could be bor-
rowed in Holland, we shall be without funds to carry the Plan
into effect, and consequently cannot advance beyond the limits
of enquiry, or preliminary agreement.
Mrs. Washington joins me in respectful compliments to Mrs.
Page, who we hope will reap all the benefits which are expected
from the change of climate. With very great esteem etc.72
To LUCRETIA WILHEMINA VAN WINTER
Mount Vernon, October 5, 1785.
Madam: It gives me pain to find that the letter which I had
the honor of writing to you on the 30th. of March last, in ac-
knowledgement of the Poem you had the goodness to send
me thro' the hands of Mr. Vogels, should never have reached
you. I now enclose a copy of it, presuming that the origi-
nal must have miscarried; occasioned by addressing it to that
71 Of the Potomac Navigation Co.
72From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On October 3 Washington wrote a brief letter of acknowledgment to Charles
William Frederick Dumas, at the Hague. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter
Book" in the Washington Papers.
288 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Oct.
Gentleman at Philadelphia, when possibly he might not have
been in this Country.
I have now to acknowledge the receipt of your obliging let-
ter of the ioth. of April, with the Duplicate of the above Poem,
for which I thank you, and can only repeat to you my wish,
that the subject of it was more deserving of your lays. I pray
you to have the goodness to offer my compliments to Mr. Van
Winter, and to be assured of the respect and esteem with which,
I am, etc.73
To CHARLES ARMAND-TUFFIN 74
Mount Vernon, October 7, 1785.
My Dr. Sir: Your Letter of the 19th. of May was brought to
this place by Mr. Houdon, who arrived here the 3d. of this
month. I delay no time to acknowledge the receipt of it, and to
thank you for the several communications you have had the
goodness to make me.
You are too well acquainted with my wishes for every thing
which can promote your interest, honor, or happiness, to sup-
pose that I did not rejoice at the prospect of your being ap-
pointed to the command of a Corps; which is agreeable to your
own inclination, and which suits your talents : every thing which
gratify's the first, and favors the latter, I sincerely wish you may
enjoy.
At present everything in America is tranquil, and I hope will
long remain so. It is not our interest to seek new broils, and I
hope our neighbours will not commence them. It is not a little
misterious however, that the Western Posts, on the American
side the territorial line, should still be possessed by British Gar-
risons: the mistery, it is to be presumed, will now soon be
73 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The text varies slightly
from that printed in the Journal of American History, 1930.
"Marquis de La Rouerie.
1785] LACK OF WISDOM 289
explained; as an American Minister has been received at the
Court of London.
I never expect to draw my sword again: I can scarcely con-
ceive the cause that would induce me to do it; but if, contrary
to all expectation, such an event should take place, I should
think it a fortunate circumstance, and myself highly honored,
to have it supported by yours. My time is now occupied by rural
amusements, in which I have great satisfaction; and my first
wish is, altho' it is against the profession of arms and would
clip the wings of some of you young soldiers who are soaring
after glory, to see the whole world in peace, and the Inhabitants
of it as one band of brothers, striving who should contribute
most to the happiness of mankind.
Mrs. Washington, thankful for your kind remembrance of
her, desires me to present her compliments to you. It is unneces-
sary to assure you of the high esteem etc.75
To JAMES WARREN
Mount Vernon, October 7, 1785.
Dear Sir: The assurances of your friendship, after a silence of
more than six years, are extremely pleasing to me. Friendships,
formed under the circumstances that ours commenced, are not
easily eradicated; and I can assure you, that mine has under-
gone no diminution; every occasion, therefore, of renewing it,
will give me pleasure, and I shall be happy at all times to hear
of your welfare.
The war, as you have very justly observed, has terminated
most advantageously for America, and a fair field is presented
to our view; but I confess to you freely, My Dr. Sir, that I do
not think we possess wisdom or Justice enough to cultivate it
75 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
290 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Oct.
properly. Illiberality, Jealousy, and local policy mix too much
in all our public councils for the good government of the Union.
In a word, the confederation appears to me to be little more than
a shadow without the substance ; and Congress a nugatory body,
their ordinances being little attended to. To me, it is a solecism
in politics: indeed it is one of the most extraordinary things in
nature, that we should confederate as a Nation, and yet be afraid
to give the rulers of that nation, who are the creatures of our
making, appointed for a limited and short duration, and who
are amenable for every action, and recallable at any moment,
and are subject to all the evils which they may be instrumental
in producing, sufficient powers to order and direct the affairs of
the same. By such policy as this the wheels of Government are
clogged, and our brightest prospects, and that high expectation
which was entertained of us by the wondering world, are turned
into astonishment; and from the high ground on which we
stood, we are descending into the vale of confusion and darkness.
That we have it in our power to become one of the most re-
spectable Nations upon Earth, admits, in my humble opinion,
of no doubt; if we would but pursue a wise, just, and liberal
policy towards one another, and would keep good faith with
the rest of the World : that our resources are ample and encreas-
ing, none can deny; but while they are grudgingly applyed, or
not applyed at all, we give a vital stab to public faith, and shall
sink, in the eyes of Europe, into contempt.
It has long been a speculative question among Philosophers
and wise men, whether foreign Commerce is of real advantage
to any Country; that is, whether the luxury, effeminacy, and
corruptions which are introduced along with it; are counter-
balanced by the convenience and wealth which it brings with
it; but the decision of this question is of very little importance
to us : we have abundant reason to be convinced, that the spirit
1785] INLAND NAVIGATION 291
for Trade which pervades these States is not to be restrained; it
behooves us then to establish just principles; and this, any more
than other matters of national concern, cannot be done by thir-
teen heads differently constructed and organized. The neces-
sity, therefore, of a controuling power is obvious; and why it
should be withheld is beyond my comprehension.
The Agricultural Society, lately established in Philadelphia,
promises extension usefulness if it is prosecuted with spirit. I
wish most sincerely that every State in the Union would insti-
tute similar ones; and that these Societies would correspond
fully and freely with each other, and communicate all useful
discoveries founded on practice, with a due attention to climate,
soil, and Seasons to the public.
The great works of improving and extending the inland
navigations of the two large rivers Potomac and James, which
interlock with the waters of the Western Territory, are already
begun, and I have little doubt of their success. The conse-
quences to the Union, in my judgment are immense: more so
in a political, than in a commercial view; for unless we can
connect the new States which are rising to our view in those
regions, with those on the Atlantic by interest, (the only bind-
ing cement, and no otherwise to be effected but by opening such
communications as will make it easier and cheaper for them to
bring the product of their labour to our markets, instead of go-
ing to the Spaniards southerly, or the British northerly), they
will be quite a distinct people; and ultimately may be very
troublesome neighbours to us. In themselves considered merely
as a hardy race, this may happen; how much more so, if linked
with either of those powers in politics and commerce.
It would afford me great pleasure to go over those grounds
in your State with a mind more at ease, than when I travelled
them in 1775 and 1776; and to unite in congratulating on the
292 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Oct.
happy change, with those characters, who participated of [sic]
the anxious moments we passed in those days, and for whom I
entertain a sincere regard; but I do not know whether to flatter
myself with the enjoyment of it: the deranged state of my af-
fairs, from an absence and total neglect of them for almost nine
years, and a pressure of other matters, allow me little leisure for
gratifications of this sort. Mrs. Washington offers her compli-
ments and best wishes to Mrs. Warren, to which be pleased to
add those of, dear Sir, &c.78
To THOMAS AND MRS. BLACKBURN
Monday, October 10, 1785.
Genl. and Mrs. Washington present their compliments to
Colo, and Mrs. Blackburne; are much obliged to them for their
kind invitation to the Wedding77 on Thursday. They would
attend with pleasure, but for the indisposition of the latter; and
the particular engagements of the former which confine him
at home this week, and oblige him to attend the Board of Direc-
tors at Georgetown, the Great Falls, &c. the beginning of next.
The Genl. and Mrs. Washington will always be happy to see
the young couple at Mount Vernon.76
To THOMAS FREEMAN
Mount Vernon, October 16, 1785.
Sir : It is sometime since I wrote in very great haste an answer,
or rather an acknowledgement of your letter of the 9th. of June.
I will now by Mr. Craig,78 endeavour to be more explicit than I
was, or could be at that time.
™From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
17 Of Bushrod Washington and Julia Ann Blackburn.
78 William Craik (Craig).
1785] HIS MILL 293
With regard to my Lands on the Ohio and Great Kanhawa,
I am not yet inclined to relax from the terms of my printed
Advertisement, with a copy of which I furnished you: When I
see cause to do it, you shall be duly advertised of the change: in
the meantime, if you could discover the most advantageous
terms which could be obtained, and would advise me thereof,
I should be obliged to you. As to the Great Meadow tract, you
may rent it on the best terms you can, not exceeding ten years
from the first day of January next.
My sentiments with respect to the Mill were so fully given
to you in my last (by Dr. Knight)79 that it is unnecessary to
add aught on that score now. It has cost me too much already
(without any return) to undergo a repetition of the like ex-
pence. If you cannot rent or sell her as there directed, let her
return to dust, the first loss may be best.
I informed you in my last, and I presume you were convinced
of it before, that I made no agreement with the Tenants on the
tract near you, which could exonerate them from paying the rents
which were then due; consequently they must be made to pay
them; otherwise the most deserving of favor (by having paid)
are on a worse footing, than the least deserving who ought to
have paid before I went into the country and explained the
terms on which I had directed them to be let.
With respect to Mr. Simpsons quitting the Tenement, I ob-
served to you in my last; that when I ma\e a bargain I consider
it, to all intents and purposes, as binding on me; consequently
that it is so on the person with whom it is made. He may well
remember, that upon his expressing an idea that he would try
the place one year on the rent it now goes at, I told him explic-
itly he must take it for the period on which it was offered, or not
at all; as I did not intend to go thro' the same trouble every year
78Dr. John(?) Knight.
294 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Oct.
by making an annual bargain for it; and that he acquiesed
thereto. It behooves him therefore, and the Tenant likewise, to
consider what they are about, as one or the other will be liable
to me for the rent, agreeably to the tenure of the Lease. I in-
formed you in my last what had been done with the accounts
which were put into my hands by him and Mr. John Jones, and
requested him to assign the certificate which I then enclosed,
and to return it to me; but have heard nothing from him since
on the subject, which is a little surprizing.
I hope the Hay, Corn and other articles have been sold 'ere
this, and that you have received the Cash for them, or good
security for the payment of the amount of them.
If Mr. Simpson, contrary to his agreement and good faith,
should have moved off my Land; I am at a loss to decide what
had best be done with my negroes. It was in consideration of
his taking the Plantation, that I agreed to let him have the
negroes so cheap: If he is gone, or going from it, he shall hold
them no longer on the same terms he has them this year: but
my wish would be that you could send them to me at this place,
if the measure can be reconciled to them. Simon's countrymen,
and Nancy's relations are all here, and would be glad to see
them; I would make a Carpenter of Simon, to work along with
his shipmate Sambo. At any rate I will not suffer them to go
down the river, or to any distance where you cannot have an
eye over them.
What Capt : Crawford did upon my Land on Shirtee in order
to save it, must undoubtedly be well known to those who were
most intimately connected with him and his movements at that
period. Mr. Chas. Morgan is as likely to possess this knowledge
as any other; but certainly there must be more, and it may be
essential to find them out and to call upon them as evidences
in the cause.
1785] CARE OF BAGGAGE 295
In a former Letter I informed you that I had obtained a
Patent for the round Bottom; and that it might be rented on
the same terms with my other Lands on the Ohio and Great
Kanhawa; and I repeat it in this, lest a miscarriage should have
happened.
When I was out last fall, I left all my Baggage at Mr. Simp-
son's, viz, Tents, Bedding and many other things; of which
I hope proper care have and will be taken, if he has, or is about
to leave the place. Among other Articles there were two eight
gallon Kegs of West India rum, one of them of the first quality.
As this is a commodity which is subject to a variety of accidents
and misfortunes, I request it may be sold : I will take my chance
to procure more when I may come into that Country; which,
at present, is uncertain. If the Tents and bedding should get
wet, and are not dryed, they will be ruined; and therefore pray
that particular attention may be paid to them, my Canteens,
travelling Trunk &c. &c.
If you have received and paid anything on my account since
I was out; it may be well to render a statement of it by Mr.
Craig, who will offer a safe and good opportunity to remit what
cash may be in your hands consequent of the sales of last fall
or by other means, after you have deducted your commissions.
If the Bonds which were taken at that time are not paid agree-
ably to the terms of them, delay no time to recover the money
as soon as you can; as I am not inclined to be put off with
unmeaning promises, and obliged to sue at last.
If my negroes are to come down, the sooner it could happen
the better for the young ones: and a careful person should be
hired to take care of them. In this case I would wish to have
my Baggage (except the Liquor) sent to me at the same time,
one trouble and expence would serve both purposes, I am, etc.80
80 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
296 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Oct.
To ARTHUR DONALDSON
Mount Vernon, October 16, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the first inst. did not reach my hands until
last night, or I would have replied to it sooner.
I am much obliged to you for the Model of your Hippopota-
mus, and the information which accompanied it, I have a high
expectation of its answering very valuable purposes, if the mud,
in the beds of our Rivers, is of that fertilizing nature which the
appearance indicate; of which I mean to make a full experi-
ment upon a small scale this fall, having the command of a flat
bottom Boat, a scow, with which I can get out as much as will
try the effect of different quantities upon small squares of ex-
hausted Land, in all points similar, If the quantity of mud
which shall be found necessary from this essay to dress land
properly, when added to the expense of the Machine for raising
it, bringing it to the Land, cartage, &c &c does not come too
high, I should certainly adopt the measure next year, and will
then avail myself of the kind offer you have made me, In the
mean while, I pray you to accept my thanks for your politeness
in this instance.81
CERTIFICATE TO JOHN FAIRFAX
Mount Vernon in Virginia, October 26, 1785.
The bearer Mr John Fairfax is sent by the subscriber to Bos-
ton for a Jack Ass; of the arrival of which at that place he is
81 The text is from that printed in a sales catalogue in 1891.
On October 21, at Alexandria, Va., Washington wrote the following certificate for
former Lieut. Thomas Pool, of the Second Continental Dragoons, to Pool's petition
to the Continental Congress, Sept. 29, 1785: "The above certificate of Colo. Hamilton,
contains all and precisely what I know and believe respecting the allegations of Mr.
Pool. With respect to the Sum, or Sums which he may have received from me, I am
unable at this time and place to certify with any degree of certainty, but believe as he
was early confined to the Provost at New York that it did not exceed ten or twelve
Guineas." The petition, with Hamilton's and Washington's certificates, is in the
Papers of the Continental Congress, no. 42, vol. 6, fols. 318-328.
1785] THE SPANISH JACKASSES 297
advised; and where a second is also expected on his account
from Spain. With both of these if the second is arrived, and
their dispatch as the nature as the case may admit. But as sick-
ness, accident or other unadvoidable delay may impede the
journey and cause him to require aid to prosecute, the sub-
scriber would esteem it as a favor done him by any who shall
render it; and will thankfully repay any advance or expence
which may be incurred.82
To JOHN FAIRFAX83
Mount Vernon, October 26, 1785.
You will proceed in the Stage from Alexandria to Boston,
without losing a day that can possibly be avoided; and when
arrived at the latter place, deliver the Letter herewith given
you to the Honr. Thos. Cushing, Lieut: Governor of the State
of Massachusetts, who resides in the town of Boston, and whose
directions you are to follow.
The intention of your going thither is, to bring one, perhaps
two Jack asses, which have been imported for me from Spain:
a Spaniard84 is arrived with, and attends the first; and prob-
ably if the second is arrived,85 there will be one with him
also: one, or both of these men, according to the instructions
they may have received in Spain, or agreeably to the directions
you may receive from the Lieut : Governor, are to come on with
you and the Jacks.
^From a copy kindly furnished by Roy B. Cook, of Charleston, W. Va. It was
addressed to Tench Tilghman, Robert Morris, at Philadelphia; Elias Boudinot, at
Elizabeth Town; Governor Clinton or Henry Knox, at New York; and Jeremiah
Wadsworth, at Hartford.
88 An overseer at Mount Vernon.
84 Pedro Tellez.
^In the Washington Papers, under date of Aug. 8, 1785, is the invoice of the ship-
ment of one jackass, 44 Spanish inches high, in the Ranger, Job Knight, master, from
Bilboa to Gloucester [Massachusetts].
298 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Oct.
As you will have to ride back, and as this will be the case also
with the Spaniards, (if there are more than one), Horses, if it is
thought improper to ride on the Jacks, will be to be bought,
and as females will answer my purposes best, I desire you to
buy mares: let them be young, sound and of good size, as I
propose to put them to the Jacks in the season for covering:
Lieut: Govr. Cushing will furnish you with money, and aid
you with his advice in this purchase; as also to defray your
expenses in returning.
You know too well the high value I set upon these Jacks, to
neglect them on the road in any instance whatsoever; but if the
one which is now at Boston, and the other if it arrives in time,
should come on under their proper keepers, your business will
then be to see that every thing necessary is provided, leaving the
management of them to the Spaniard or Spaniards who will
attend them, and who best know how to travel and feed them.
See however (if their keepers are drunken and neglectful) that
due attention and care are bestowed on these animals.
As I do not mean to be at the expence of hiring and bringing
on an Interpreter (altho' neither of the Spaniards should speak
English) you would do well before you leave Boston, where by
means of one you can communicate your sentiments to each
other, to settle all the necessary points for your journey: that is,
your hour for setting out in the morning, which let be early;
taking up in the evening, number of feeds in the day, and of
what kind of food : also the kind and quantity of Liquor that
is to be given to the Spaniards in a day. In this govern your-
self by the advice of the Lieut: Governor. I would not debar
them of what is proper; any more than I would endulge them
in what is not so. Be attentive to the conduct of these men, as
from their good or bad dispositions I shall be enabled to judge
1785] THE SPANISH JACKASSES 299
whether to keep one of them or not; if either shou'd incline to
stay in the Country with the Jacks. Having settled the principal
points with them before you leave Boston, you will easily under-
stand each other in smaller matters by signs, 'till you return to
New York; where by means of the Spanish Minister's attend-
ants, you may if necessary, settle a fresh plan.
Not expecting that you will travel back faster than the Jacks
can walk, it is possible you may reach New York before you
take a halting day; which, if not too far, would be best, as here
probably the Spaniards will require it, on account of meeting
their Countrymen in the family of Mr. Gardoqui, the Spanish
Minister: however, if they think a halt sooner is necessary, you
must be governed by their opinions, as the Jacks must not be
hurt by travelling them too fast, or improperly.
Let the Jacks be put separate and with no other creatures,
lest they should get kicked, and hurt themselves or hurt others;
and if it is necessary they should be cloathed, (which you must
know before you leave Boston) provide Blankets or such other
cloathing as their keepers think best, at that place.
Keep an exact account of your expences from the time you
leave home until you return to it again; remembering that Dol-
lars in the States of Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania and part
of New Jersey, pass at 7/6.; bordering on New York, and in
that State for 8/., and in all the New England Governments
at 6/. as in Virginia, all other silver, and gold, in that proportion.
Altho' I do not think there is any probability of the Jack, or
Jacks having left Boston before you will arrive there; yet at, and
after you leave the City of New York, it may be well to enquire
now and then along the road, whether this may not have taken
place; the circumstance of which will be very notorious if it
has happened. For this reason, if there is a Stage which passes
300 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Oct.
thro' Hartford in Connecticut, and so along the post road to
Boston; it will be better to pursue this rout than to go by the
Stage-boat from New York to Providence.
As soon as the Stage gets to its Quarters at night, immediately
engage your passage for the next day, lest you may be too late
and thereby detained a day or two for its return. Make use of
the State Waggons, the Stage Coaches are too expensive.
As soon as you get to Boston, write to me, or get somebody to
do it, by the Post, informing me whether there are one, or two
Jacks; in what condition they are, with other particulars, and
when you expect to commence your journey back.86
To LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR THOMAS CUSHING
Mount Vernon, October 26, 1785.
Dear Sir: The last Post gave me the honor of your favor of
the 7th.inst: for which and your care of the Jack and his Keeper,
I pray you to accept my grateful thanks.
As the Jack is now safely landed, and as I am unwilling to
hazard him again at Sea, I have sent a man in whom I can
confide, to conduct him and the Spandiard to this place by
Land. The person I send has not the smallest knowledge of the
Spanish language, consequently there can be little communica-
tion between him and the Spaniard on the road; but if there
is a convention established, by means of an Interpreter at Bos-
ton, and essentials well understood by the parties before they
commence their journey; there will not be such an occasion for
an Interpreter on the road, as to be a counterprize for the ex-
pence, as Mr. Fairfax whom I send will be both guide and
paymaster, leaving nothing for the Spaniard to do but to be
88 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The original was said to
be in the possession (1930) of Dr. P. T. B. Shaffer, of Elizabeth, Pa.
1785] EXPENSES OF THE JACKS 301
attentive to the animal. The hour for starting in the morning
and putting up in the evening, and feeding in the meantime
being fixed : the halting days, and kind of food for the Jack
and manner of treating the Spaniard settled and clearly under-
stood; will remove all difficulties of consequence on the road,
at least 'till they get to New York, where by means of the Span-
ish Minister's attendants an explanation of them, if any then-
be, may enable the parties to pursue the rest of their journey
with more ease.
As I expect two Jacks it would give me great pleasure if
the second should have arrived; that one trouble and expence
might serve both. Mr. Fairfax, the bearer of this, goes from
hence to Boston in the Stage, and will have to buy a horse to
return home upon. I prefered this method on account of the
dispatch with which he would reach Boston, and because
the whole journey might be too much for one horse taken from
hence, to perform in a short time. If the Jack is led, two horses
will be wanted, and if two Jacks are arrived, three may be neces-
sary. These uncertainties, and the danger of trusting a large sum
in specie to a man who has not been much accustom'd to the
care of it, tho' perfectly honest, have induced me to request
the favor of you to obtain from any of the Merchants in Boston
who have dealings in, and who may want to make remittances
to Alexandria, as much money as will make these purchases,
and defray the expenses of the Men and Horses back to me; the
Bill, for the amount of which, shall be paid at sight; as also
the charges which Mr. Peace may have against me, the cost of
getting him from Gloucester to you, and such other expences
as may have arisen during their stay in Boston, in short the
whole. Mr. Fairfax has directions with respect to the kind of
horses I want, and will take your advice how to procure them
302 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Oct.
on the best terms, as well as in all other matters, for the favor
of which I shall be much obliged to you. Mrs. Washington
joins me in respectful compliments to Mrs. Gushing, your son
and daughter; and with great esteem and regard, I have the
honor, etc.87
*To GOVERNOR PATRICK HENRY
Mount Vernon, October 29, 1785.
Dear Sir: Inclosed I give your Excellency the trouble of re-
ceiving an Official letter from me, which I beg the favor of you
to lay before the General Assembly.
Your letter of enclosing the appointment of Colo.
Neville, in the room of Majr. Massey, came duly to hand; and
the latter was forwarded by a safe conveye.
I have never yet seen the report of the Commissioners for
examining the best course for a cut between Elizabeth River
and the Waters of No. Carolina. Your Excellency was so good
as to offer me a copy of it, but the matter has either slipped your
memory, or the letter which contained it has miscarried. With
respectful compliments, in which Mrs. Washington joins me,
to Mrs. Henry, and with very great esteem and regard, I have
the honr. etc. [h.s.p.]
To JAMES MADISON
Mount Vernon, October 29, 1785.
My Dr. Sir: Receive my thanks for your obliging favor of
the 20th., with its enclosure, of the latter I now avail myself
in a letter to the Governor, for the General Assembly. Your
delicate sensibility deserves my particular acknowledgements:
87 From the "Letter Book." copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] NAVIGATION SHARES 303
both your requests are complied with, the first, by congeniality
of sentiment; the second because I would fulfill your desire.
Conceiving it would be better to suggest a wish, than to
propose an absolute condition of acceptance; I have so ex-
pressed myself to the Assembly, and shall be obliged to you, not
only for information of the result, but (if there is an acquies-
cence on the part of the Country) for your sentiments respecting
the appropriations; from what may be said upon the occasion,
you will learn what would be most pleasing, and of the greatest
utility to the public.
By Colo. Henry Lee I sent you the reports of the Secretary
for foreign affairs on the Consular Department. I hope you
have received them.
With every sentiment of esteem, etc.88
To GOVERNOR PATRICK HENRY
Mount Vernon, October 29, 1785.
Sir: Your Excellency having been pleased to transmit to me
a copy of the Act89 appropriating to my benefit certain shares
in the companies for opening the navigation of James and
Potomac rivers; I take the liberty of returning to the General
Assembly, thro' your hands, the profound and grateful ac-
knowledgments inspired by so signal a mark of their benefi-
cent intentions towards me. I beg you Sir, to assure them, that
I am filled on this occasion with every sentiment, which can
flow from a heart warm with love for my Country, sensible to
every token of its approbation and affection, and solicitous
to testify in every instance a respectful submission to its wishes.
83 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
^The Assembly forthwith passed an act that the shares with the tolls and profits
should stand appropriated to such objects of a public nature as Washington should so
deed during his life or direct by his last will and testament. A certified copy of this
act is in the Washington Papers, under date of Oct. 17, 1785.
304 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Oct.
With these sentiments in my bosom, I need not dwell on the
anxiety I feel in being obliged in this instance to decline a favor
which is rendered no less flattering by the manner in which it
is conveyed, than it is affectionate in itself. In explaining this
observation I pass over a comparison of my endeavors in the
public service with the many honorable testimonies of appro-
bation which have already so far over rated and over paid
them; reciting one consideration only which supersedes the
necessity of recurring to every other.
When I was first called to the station with which I was hon-
ored during the late conflict for our liberties, to the diffidence
which I had so many reasons to feel in accepting it, I thought
it my duty to join a firm resolution to shut my hand against
every pecuniary recompense. To this resolution I have invari-
ably adhered, and from it (if I had the inclination) I do not
consider myself at liberty now to depart.
Whilst I repeat therefore my fervent acknowledgments to
the legislature for their very kind sentiments and intentions
in my favor, and at the same time beg them to be persuaded
that a remembrance of this singular proof of their goodness
towards me, will never cease to cherish returns of the warmest
affection and gratitude, I must pray that their Act, so far as it
has for its object my personal emolument, may not have its ef-
fect; but if it should please the General Assembly to permit
me to turn the destination of the fund vested in me, from my
private emolument, to objects of a public nature, it will be
my study in selecting these to prove the sincerity of my grati-
tude for the honor conferred on me, by preferring such as may
appear most subservient to the enlightened and patriotic views
of the Legislature. With great respect etc.90
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] GOVERNMENT LASSITUDE 305
To DAVID HUMPHREYS
Mount Vernon, October 30, 1785.
My dear Humphreys: Since my last of the 1st. of September
I have received your favour of the 17th. of July, which was
brought to this country by Mr. Houdon ; to whom, tho I had no
agency in the matter, I feel great obligations for quitting France,
and the pressing calls of the Great Ones to make a bust of me
from the life. I am not less indebted to the favourable opinion
of those who you say are anxious to perpetuate my name, and to
be acquainted with the memoirs of my life. So far as these are
connected with the history of the revolution, and other public
documents, they may easily be got at; all beyond these is, I con-
ceive very unimportant. My letter of the 25th. of July which I
presume you have received long 'ere this (but for fear of a mis-
carriage having a rough copy by me, I send you a duplicate)
will have conveyed my sentiments so fully that I shall add
nothing further on the subject at this time, than to assure you
that I was then, and am still perfectly sincere in the proposal it
contained.
I am very much obliged to you for the poem you sent me, I
have read it with pleasure, and it is much admired by all those
to whom I have showed it.
Nothing has happened since my last; nor is it probable any
thing interesting will happen until the different Assemblies
convene. Congress as usual, are proceeding very slowly in their
business, and shameful as it is, are often at a stand for want of a
sufficient representation. The States have been addressed by
them on the subject, but what will be the effect I know not. To
me there appears such lassitude in our public Councils as is
truly Shocking; and must clog the wheels of Government;
306 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Nov.
which under such circumstances will either stop altogether, or
will be moved by ignorance or a few designing men.
With every sentiment of esteem etc.91
To GEORGE GILPIN
Mount Vernon, November i, 1785.
Dear Sir : After I had written to you on Saturday, I saw Lund
Washington, who informed me that he had seen you the day
before, and understood from you that it would not be conven-
ient for you to spare your Scow until next week, as your letter
to me says it may be had tomorrow I fear, in order to accomo-
date me, you have been induced to put your self to an incon-
venience. To prevent which, I give you the trouble of this letter,
as it would give me real concern if this were to be the case. The
difference to me is very trifling whether I get it this week or
next; I therefore beg that you would make the time perfectly
suitable to your own business, and let me know it, to which I
will conform, thankfully.
I am much obliged by the assurance of procuring me a level,
and shall depend upon it. and am very much so for your kind
offer to come down and put me in the best mode of getting up
Mud; which may facilitate my experiments greatly. With great
esteem and regard I am etc.92
To SAMUEL POWEL
Mount Vernon, November 2, 1785.
Dear Sir: I have had the honor to receive your favor of the
10th. ulto. together with the wheat from the Cape of Good
81 The text is from the Washington-Humphreys copies in the American Antiquarian
Society, Worcester, Mass., furnished through the kindness of R. W. G. Vail, librarian.
92 The original is in the John Hay Library, Brown University.
1785] POTOMAC NAVIGATION 307
Hope; which you were so obliging as to send me by the Revd.
Mr. Griffith; for both I thank you. The latter shall have a fair
trial in the same inclosure with some presented to me by Colo.
Spaight, (a Delegate in Congress from No. Carolina) which
had been planted, and had obtained a vigorous growth before
yours came to hand. This also was from the Cape, and brought
probably by the same Vessel. I sowed it in Drills two feet apart,
and five inches asunder in the rows, to make the most I could
of it by cultivation in the Spring: this method will in my
opinion be more productive than Mr. Bordeley's. It ought to
be so indeed, as the expence of ground is much greater, and the
workings will probably be oftener.
I pray you to present my best wishes and most respectful com-
pliments to Mrs. Powel, to which please to add, and to accept
yourself those of Mrs. Washington. I have the honor, etc.93
To EDMUND RANDOLPH
Mount Vernon, November 5, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Pursuant to the request of your last letter (dated
about the middle of Septr.) I had an attested copy of the pro-
ceedings, of the Potomac Company, and those of the Directors,
taken from their Books and sent it to you by Post, in time for
the Meeting which was proposed to be held by the Directors
of the James river navigation on the 26th. of that month in
Richmond; and requested, if it should be agreeable, to have
a copy of your proceedings sent me in return. Having heard
nothing from you since, and having experienced many in-
stances of inattention and neglect in the Post Offices ; I now take
the liberty of enquiring whether my letter written as above has
03 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
308 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Nov.
reached you. If it has not I will send another copy, tho' it will
not come so seasonably as the first. My best respects to your
Lady, and with very great esteem and regard, I am, etc.94
To MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE
Mount Vernon, November 8, 1785.
My Dr. Marqs: Having written fully to you about the first
of Septr.; and nothing having occurred since worth reciting, I
should not have given you the trouble of receiving a letter
from me at this time, were it not for the good opportunity
afforded me by Captn. Littlepage, and my desire not to suffer
any of your letters to remain long by me unacknowledged.
I have now to thank you for your favors of the 9th. and 14th.
of July; the first by Mr. Houdon, who stayed no more than a
fortnight with me; and to whom, for his trouble and risk in
crossing the Seas (altho' I had no agency in the business) I feel
myself under personal obligations. The second giving an ac-
count of your intended tour, which, if compleated in the time
you propose, will exhibit a fresh instance of the celerity of your
movements. My good wishes have attended you thro' the whole
of it; and this letter I hope will find you arrived at Paris in good
health.
Doctr. Franklin has met with a grateful reception in Pennsyl-
vania. He has again embarked on a troubled ocean; I am per-
suaded with the best designs, but I wish his purposes may be
answered, which, undoubtedly are to reconcile the jarring in-
terests of the State. He permitted himself to be nominated for
the City of Philadelphia as a Counsellor, a step to the chair,95
94 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On November 6 Washington wrote a brief note of introduction for Noah Webster
to the Governor, President of the Senate, and Speaker of the House of Delegates of
Virginia.
95 Of President of Pennsylvania.
1785] A TUTOR NEEDED 309
wch. no doubt he will fill; but whether to the satisfaction of
both parties is a question of some magnitude, and of real impor-
tance to himself, at least to his quiet. His Grandson98 shall
meet with every civility and attention I can show him, when
occasions offer.
One of my Jack's is by advices, arrived at Boston; but I still
adhere to the request contained in my last, if you can have it
complied with without much difficulty.
Your old aid George has taken to himself the wife of his
choice: the honey moon is not yet passed; when that is over, I
will set him about copying your Letters. I add no more at pres-
ent, but the sincere and affectionate regard which I bear to you,
and in which Mrs. Washington and all here join; as we do in
respectful compliments and best wishes for Madame de La-
fayette and your little flock. It is unnecessary to tell you how
much I am, &c.97
To GEORGE CHAPMAN
Mount Vernon, November 10, 1785.
Sir: I rely more upon your goodness than on any just claim I
can have for your excuse, for the liberty I am about to take with
you.
I have a little boy something turned of four, and a girl of six
years old living with me, for whom I want a Tutor. They are
both promising children, the latter is a very fine one, and altho'
they are of an age when close confinement may be improper;
yet a man of letters, most of composition, and a good accompt-
ant, would in other respects be essentially useful to me for a
year or two to come. May I ask you therefore Sir, if it is in your
88 William Temple Franklin.
97 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
310 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Nov.
power, conveniently, to engage a person of this description
for me?
Having already informed you what my wants are, it is need-
less to add what those of the children must be ; your own judge-
ment, when I inform you that I mean to fit the boy, in my
own family, for a University, will point these out. The greater
the knowledge of his preceptor is, the better he would suit. To
teach French grammatically is essential, as it is now becoming
a part of the education of youth in this Country.
I could not afford to give more than ^50 Sterlg. pr. ann: but
this sum, except in the article of cloathing,wou'd be clear, as the
Gentleman would eat at my table; and have his lodging and
washing found him; and his Linen and stockings mended by
the Servants of my Family. It may happen that an Episcopal
clergyman with a small living, and unencumbered by a family
may be had to answer this description, such an one would be
preferred; but I except none who is competent to my purposes,
if his character is unimpeached.
I will make no apology to you Sir, for this liberty, you will
oblige me if you can serve me; but I do not mean to put you to
much trouble to do it. At any rate let me entreat an acknowl-
edgement of this letter, with your sentiments upon it; as I shall
remain in a state of suspence until I hear from you. I am, etc.98
To GEORGE WILLIAM FAIRFAX
Mount Vernon, November 10, 1785.
My Dear Sir: Inclosed you have a copy of my last; since
which nothing has occurred worthy of observation, except that
in this part of the Country our Crops, particularly of Indian
88 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] TUTORIAL TERMS 311
Corn, have suffered exceedingly by a drought in July and Au-
gust, and a storm in September.
As I am in the habit of giving you trouble, I will add a little
more to what my last, I fear, may have occasioned.
The two youngest children of Mr. Custis : the oldest a girl of
six years, the other a boy a little turned of four live with me.
They are both promising children; but the latter is a remark-
able fine one and my intention is to give him a liberal educa-
tion; the rudiments of which shall, if I live, be in my own
family. Having premised this, let me next, my good Sir, ask if
it is in your power conveniently, to engage a proper preceptor
for him ? at present, and for a year or two to come, much con-
finement would be improper for him; but this being the period
in which I should derive more aid from a man of Letters and an
accomptant than at any other, to assist me in my numerous
correspondences, and to extricate the latter from the disordered
state into which they have been thrown by the war, I could use-
fully employ him in this manner until his attention should be
more immediately required for his pupil.
Fifty or Sixty pounds Sterling pr. ann. with board, lodging,
washing and mending, in the family, is the most my numerous
expenditures will allow me to give; but how far it may com-
mand the services of a person well qualified to answer the pur-
poses I have mentioned, is not for me to decide. To answer my
purposes, the Gentleman must be a Master of composition, and
a good Accomptant : to answer his pupil's, he must be a classical
scholar, and capable of teaching the French language gram-
matically : the more universal his knowledge is, the better.
It sometimes happens that very worthy men of the Cloth
come under this description; men who are advanced in years,
and not very comfortable in their circumstances : such an one,
312 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Nov.
if unencumbered with a family, would be more agreeable to
me than a young man just from college ; but I except none of good
moral character, answering my description, if he can be well
recommended.
To you my Dr. Sir, I have offered this my first address; but
if you should think my purposes cannot be subserved in your
circle, upon the terms here mentioned; I beg, in that case, that
you will be so obliging as to forward the enclosed letter as it is
directed." This gentleman has written to me upon another
subject, and favored me with his lucubrations upon Education,
wch mark him a man of abilities, at the same time that he is
highly spoken of as a teacher, and a person of good character.
In Scotland we all know that education is cheap, and wages
not so high as in England: but I would prefer, on acct. of the
dialect, an Englishman to a Scotchman, for all the purposes I
want.
We have commenced our operations on the navigation of this
river; and I am happy to inform you, that the difficulties rather
vanish than increase as we proceed. James river is under simi-
lar circumstances; and a cut between the waters of Albemarle
in No. Carolina, and Elizabeth river in this State, is also in con-
templation, and if the whole is effected, and I see nothing to
prevent it, it will give the greatest and most advantageous in-
land Navigation to this Country of any in the Union, or I be-
lieve, in the world: for as the Shannondoah, the South branch,
Monocasy and Conogocheague are equally capable of great
improvement, they will no doubt be immediately attempted;
and more than probable a communication by good roads will
be opened with the waters to the Westward of us; by means of
the No. Branch of Potomac, which interlocks with the Cheat
river and Yohoghaney (branches of the Monongahela) that
"See Washington's letter to George Chapman, Nov. 10, 1785, ante.
1785] THE FAIRFAX ESTATE 313
empty into the Ohio at Fort Pitt. The same is equally practi-
cable between James river and the Green briar a branch of the
Great Kanhawa, which empties into the same river 300 miles
below that place; by means whereof the whole trade of that
Territory which is now unfolding to our view, may be drawn
into this State, equally productive of political as commercial
advantages.
As I never ride to my plantations without seeing something
which makes me regret having continued so long in the ruin-
ous mode of farming, which we are in; I beg leave, tho' I am
persuaded it will give you trouble, to recall your attention to
the requests of my former letter, the duplicate of which you
now have. Miscarriages, and where this is not the case, delays
of letters must be my apology for reiterating the matter, that
there may be time for decision, before the intervention of
another year.
The marriage mentioned in my last is celebrated, but a fit of
the gout prevented Colo. Bassett from being at it, consequently
I am to lay a little longer out of your kind present. Mrs. Wash-
ington who has very indifferent health, joins me in the sin-
cerest and best wishes for every blessing which can be bestowed
on Mrs. Fairfax and yourself. With great esteem, &c.
P. S. Since writing the above and foregoing I have seen Mr.
Battaile Muse who looks after your Estate; and upon enquiry
of him, am authorized to inform you that your negroes, and
everything under his care are tolerably well, and your prospect
of a crop midling, which is saying a good deal this year.
I have the pleasure also to inform you that your Brother and
his family were very well a few days ago when I was there,
attending the business of the Potomac company at the Great
Falls.
Your Sister and Family are likewise well. I saw her three
oldest daughters last week, the elder of them, Milly, is on the
314 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Nov.
eve of matrimony with a Mr. Ogden Throckmorton, a match
not very agreeable, it is said, to her friends, and kept off by Mrs.
Bushrod 'till her death which happened some three or four
months ago but now is yielded to by her Parents.1
To WILLIAM FITZHUGH
Mount Vernon, November n, 1785.
My Dr. Sir: I pray you to accept my thanks for your favor of
the second, and for the present which it announced; than
which nothing could be more acceptable, as I am desireous of
getting into a stock of Deer with as much expedition as the
nature of the case will admit. But if the Doe you offer me is
not inconvenient to yourself; I shou'd be glad if she could re-
main at Chatham until a small paddock which I intend to
enclose this Winter for the reception of these animals, is railed
in, when I will fall upon some method, least liable to accidents,
to bring her up.
I congratulate you on your success on the Falmouth turf.
Our old acquaintance Saml. Gallaway retired from the Alexa.
races, and from the pomps and vanities of this World almost
in the same instant, having taken his departure for the imper-
vious shades of death as soon as he got home.
My respectful compliments, in which Mrs. Washington, are
offered to Mrs. Fitzhugh. I am, etc.1
To GEORGE WILLIAM FAIRFAX
Mount Vernon, November 11, 1785.
My Dr. Sir: I was at the point of sealing the dispatches here-
with enclosed, when I reed, a visit from a Gentleman of New
'From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] CITRON, GRAPEVINES 315
England, and happening to mention my want of a person for
the purposes recited in my letter to you of yesterday's date, he
seemed to think that such a character as I have there described,
might be had from their Colleges upon very moderate terms,
and promised to make enquiry, and to advise me of the result
in a little time after his return.
The intention therefore of this letter is to request that the
enclosure for Mr. Chapman may be detained in your hands
until you hear further from me on this subject. But I would
wish, notwithstanding, that you would do me the favor to ex-
tend your enquiries, and revolve characters in your own mind,
against I shall hear from my New England correspondent that
in case of a disappointment there, and I am not sanguine in
my expectations from that quarter, I may be advanced in this
business on your side the Atlantic.
With the greatest esteem, etc.2
To JOHN MARSDEN PINTARD
Mount Vernon, November 18, 1785.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your favor of the 19th. of
August from Madeira, accompanied by a box of Citron, Lem-
ons and Onions; for which I pray you to accept my grateful
thanks.
If a favourable opportunity should offer directly to this River,
at a proper season of the year, you would encrease the obliga-
tion you have already laid me under, by sending me a few
slips of the Vines of your best eating Grape; and a young fig
tree or two.
From my esteem for your father, and the good opinion I have
always heard expressed of you, it gives me pleasure to learn
2 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
316 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Nov.
that you are appointed by Congress Commercial Agent for the
United States, and I wish you may long continue in the Office to
the mutual satisfaction of yourself and employers. I am, etc.3
To CHARLES VAUGHAN
Mount Vernon, November 18, 1785.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your favor of the 25th. of
Septr. by Mr. Corbett. I am at a loss to express my sense of the
great attention of Mr. Vaughan (your good father) to me, or of
the obliging manner in which you have executed his request.
The Puncheon of rum is safe arrived, and I pray you to accept
my acknowledgement of, and to offer my thanks for it to your
generous parent: I wish I had something more agreeable to
present him.
I pray you to accept a dozen barrels of the Superfine flour
which I make at my Mill. The quality of it is generally es-
teemed, and I hope what I now send will not discredit the mart.
It is to be regretted that Countries which could mutually
assist and benefit each other; and which have a disposition to
do, shou'd be prevented by an interposing power: but this
being the case, I despair of seeing any change in the political
system until G: B. is convinced by experience, that the con-
tracted and illiberal policy she is now pursuing has recoiled
upon herself. In the meantime it is to be lamented that any
of her distant Dependencies should suffer from the effect of
such ill judged regulations.
Being now fixed under my own Vine, and my own Fig tree,
it would give me great pleasure to entertain you in the shade of
them : there to assure you of the esteem and regard with which,
I have the honor, etc.
8 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785]
FLAGSTONES 317
P. S. The flour intended for your use is branded on the head
of the Cask G. Washington Bur Superfine and marked and
numbered on the side S. V. — No. i — 12.4
ToJOHNRUMftEY
Mount Vernon, November 18, 1785.
Sir: Since my last, I have been favored with your Letter of
the 3d. of July, accompanied by patterns of the Irish flag; but
as the prices were not annexed, I could form no judgment, nor
make any choice from a comparison thereof with those of
the former : nor indeed is it now essential, as the one I had fixed
upon in my last, is cheaper I presume than either of the present
samples wou'd be, and will answer my purposes equally well.
I hope too the former are in forwardness, and that I may expect
them soon, at any rate before the season for laying them shall
advance upon me.
Inclosed I send you a Bill on London for fifty pounds sterling
towards payment for these Flags; and will follow it with an-
other to the full amount as soon as I am informed of the cost
of them.
I acquainted you in my last that the House Joiner whom
you sent me, answered my expectations fully. He is a good
workman and a sober well behaved man. I am thankful to you
for making so advantageous a choice; but as there seems to be
a difficulty in obtaining a Brick layer, and indeed a risk attend-
ing it which I was not acquainted with at the time I applied to
you to procure these artizans for me, I now wish you to decline
all further enquiries after one.
I pray you to present (when opportunity offers) my respects
to your father; and to be assured yourself of the esteem and
regard with which I am, etc.4
4 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
318 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Nov.
To LUND WASHINGTON
Mount Vernon, November 20, 1785.
Dear Lund: I know as little of G: Ws.5 plans or wishes as
you do, never having exchanged a word with him upon the
subject in my life. By his Advertisemt. and from what has fre-
quently dropped from Fanny, he is desirous of getting a place
in this Country to live at.
Before their marriage he and Fanny were both told that it
would be very agreeable to Mrs. W. and myself, that they
should make this House their home 'till the squalling and
trouble of children might become disagreeable. I have not re-
peated the matter since, because it was unnecessary, an offer
once made is sufficient. It is hardly to be expected that two
people young as they are, with their nearest connexions at ex-
treme points, would like confinement: and without it, he
could not answer my purposes as a Manager or Superintend,
unless I had more leisure to attend to my own business; which
by the by I shall aim at, let the consequences, in other respects,
be as they may.
These however are no reasons for detaining you a moment
longer in my employ than suits your interest, or is agreeable to
your inclination, and family concerns. But as the proposition is
new, and hath never been revolved in my mind, it will take
some time to digest my own thoughts upon the occasion before
it is hinted to another.
In the mean while if I can do with the aids you offer, and for
which I sincerely thank you, I will ask your constant attention
no longer than this year, at any rate not longer than the next.
The inexplicitness of this answer cannot, I presume, put you
to much if any inconvenience as yet; because retirement from,
and not a change of business, is professedly your object.
6 George Augustine Washington.
1785] NEPHEWS' EXPENSE 319
However unlucky I may have been in Crops, &c. of late years,
I shall always retain a grateful sense of your endeavors to serve
me; for as I have repeatedly intimated to you in my Letters
from Camp, nothing but that entire confidence which I re-
posed, could have made me easy under an absence of almost
nine years from my family and Estate, or could have enabled
me, consequently, to have given not only my time, but my
whole attention to the public concerns of this Country for that
space. I am, &c.6
To REVEREND STEPHEN BLOOMER BALCH
Mount Vernon, November 22, 1785.
Revd. Sir: The expence attending the residence of my Neph-
ews at Georgetown so far exceeds the idea I was led to enter-
tain when they went there, that, in behalf of their Guardians,
I am compelled to remove them.
When they were sent to the Academy under your manage-
ment, I was informed by Colo. Fitzhugh, that the charge for
schooling Board (if I am not mistaken) was £31. each. Cloath-
ing if judiciously applied and properly attended to, I knew
could not be a very great expence, for boys of their standing.
But to my surprize, I have already paid Mr. Stoddert ,£67.18.6.,
Mr. Bayly ,£55.5.2., and yesterday in a letter from the latter, I
am informed that there is half a years board due to him for
each, and an accot. of cloathing besides, yet to be exhibited.
The leading motive Sir, which influenced me to send them
to Georgetown was, their boarding with you; and I expected
from what had passed between us, after the intervention which
had occasioned the suspension of it, they would have returned
6 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On November 20 Washington answered, briefly, an application from Alexander de
Gabian, of Marseilles, France, who applied for membership in the Society of the Cin-
cinnati. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
320 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Nov.
to you: but now Mr. Bayly writes me that he also declines
boardingthem after the 24th. inst: and points out a thirdperson.
These several circumstances combining, added to a con-
viction founded in experience, that I cannot restrain the pro-
fuse and improper advances of Goods for them at a distance,
have induced me to bring them to Alexandria, where I shall
be a witness to their wants, and can supply their necessities
upon more advantageous terms, than they have been hitherto.
I am, etc.7
To WILLIAM BAILEY
Mount Vernon, November 22, 1785.
Sir: I have received your favor of the 19th. The expensive
manner in which my nephews are proceeding at George Town,
added to some other considerations, have determined me to
remove them from the Academy at that place, to Alexandria.
I have already, for about fourteen months residence, paid to
Mr. Stoddert and yourself ^125.11.0 on their Accot.; and it
appears from your letter of the above date, that for near half
that time, they are yet owing for Board, and have an Accot.
besides for cloathing; and these too almost independent of
their schooling. I am, etc.7
*ToMRS. DANIEL DULANY8
[November 23, 1785,9] Friday, past 2 'Oclock.
General Washington presents his best respects to Mrs. Du-
lany with the horse blueskin, which he wishes was better worth
her acceptance.
'From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
8 Nee Rebecca Smith.
9 Approximate date.
1785] THE ALEXANDRIA ACADEMY 321
Marks of antiquity have supplied the place of those beauties
with which this horse abounded, in his better days. Nothing
but the recollection of which, and of his having been the
favourite of Mr. Dulany in the days of his Courtship, can rec-
oncile her to the meagre appearance he now makes.
Mrs. Washington presents her Compliments and thanks to
Mrs. Dulany for the Roots of Scarcity.10
To DOCTOR WILLIAM BROWN11
Mount Vernon, November 24, 1785.
Sir: I am really ashamed at this late hour to have the receipt
of your favor of the 7th. of Octor., to acknowledge: but the
truth is it was handed to me among many other Letters, got
buried, and was forgot until your second favor of the 8th. inst:
brought it to remembrance.
Since the receipt of the latter, my time has been much occu-
pied with several matters, some of which were pressing: these,
with the expectation of a personal interview (for I have been
twice since in Alexandria without seeing you) must plead my
excuse for a seeming, tho' far from an intentional disrespect.
As nothing is of more importance than the education of
youth, so consequently nothing can be more laudably bene-
ficial than the association which is formed in Alexandria to
effect this desireable purpose. I therefore not only highly ap-
prove the institution, but am thankful for the honor done me
by enrolling my name among the Managers of it; and as far as
it is in my power will give it support.
"Beetroots.
The text is from a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Mrs. Jeanette C.
Clagett, of Baltimore, Md.
"Of Alexandria, Va.
322 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Nov.
There is a matter which I will take some other opportunity
of bringing before the Trustees for their consideration; that,
if it can be made to comport with the present establishment of
the Alexandria Academy, and engrafted therewith, it may be-
come part of the institution. At an hour of more leisure I will
communicate it. In the meanwhile, I am, etc.12
To SIR EDWARD NEWENHAM
Mount Vernon, November 25, 1785.
Dear Sir: Since I had the honor of writing to you on the
20th. of March, which was done in haste (having but little
notice of Capt: Boyles intended departure, before the time ap-
pointed for his sailing, and then to send my dispatches to
Richmond 125 miles), I have been favored with your letters of
the 3d. of March, 25th. of May, and 23d. of July. The first was
forwarded to me by Captn. Bibby, whom I have not yet had
the pleasure of seeing; tho' he gives me assurances of it, and
to whom I shall have pleasure in rendering any services in my
power consistently, if it should be found necessary.
The opposition which the virtuous characters of Ireland
have given to the attempts of a British Administration's inter-
fering with its manufactures, fettering its commerce, restrain-
ing the liberties of its subjects by their plan of reform &ca. &ca.,
will hand their names to posterity with that veneration and
respect to which their amor patriae entitles them.
Precedents, as you justly observe, are dangerous things, they
form the arm which first arrests the liberties and happiness of
a Country. In the first approaches they may indeed assume the
garb of plausibility and moderation, and are generally spoken
of by the movers as a chip in the porrage (to avoid giving
12 From the " Letter Book " copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] IRISH AFFAIRS 323
alarm), but soon are made to speak a language equally decisive
and irresistible; which shews the necessity of opposition in the
first attempts to establish them, let them appear under what
guise or Courtly form they may; and proves too that vigi-
lance and watchfulness can scarcely be carried to an excess in
guarding against the insiduous arts of a Government founded
in corruption.
I do not think there is as much wisdom and sound policy
displayed in the different Legislatures of these States as might
be; yet I hope every thing will come right at last. In republican
Governments it too often happens that the people (not always
seeing) must feel before they act: this is productive of errors
and temporary evils, but generally these evils are of a nature
to work their own cure.
The situation of affairs in Ireland, whilst the propositions
were pending in the Parliament of it, would, I concluded, be a
means of postponing your voyage to this Country; but as these
seem to have met their quietus, I hope nothing else will inter-
vene to prevent your fulfilling your expectation of coming in
the Spring; the season will then be favourable for crossing the
Atlantic.
Had I been present and apprized of your intention of mak-
ing an aerial voyage with Monsr. Potain, I should have joined
my entreaties to those of Lady Newenham to have prevented
it. As yet, I see no object to warrant a gentleman of fortune
(happy in himself, happy in a family wch. might be rendered
miserable by a disaster, against which no human foresight can
guard) running such a risk. It may do for young men of sci-
ence and spirit to explore the upper regions: the observation
there made may serve to ascertain the utility of the first dis-
covery, and how far it may be applied to valuable purposes.
To such alone I think these voyages ought at present to be con-
signed, and to them handsome public encouragements should
324 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Nov.
be offer'd for the risk they run in ascertaining its usefulness, or
the inutility of the pursuit.
I have neither seen, nor heard of Mr. Thorpe, the stucco
worker mentioned in your letter of the 23d. of July. A good
man acquainted with that business would have come very
opportunely to me, as I had, and now have a large room
which I am about to finish in this way. I have at length en-
gaged a person to do it; who from having no rival, imposes his
own terms, which I think are exorbitant; good workmen of
any profession, would meet encouragement in these States.
For the many marks of attention which you have been
pleased to bestow on me, I feel myself your Debtor: could my
picture which is placed in a group with Dr. Franklin, the
Marqs. de la Fayette and others in your library, speak the sen-
timents of the original, it would salute you every morning with
its acknowledgements. I have never seen more than one pic-
ture of Genl. Green, and that a mezzotinto print, sent to me a
few days ago only, by the publisher a Mr. Brown at No. 10
George Yard, Lombard street, London; taken it is said from a
painting done at Philada.
The Magazines, Gazettes &ca. which you had the goodness
to forward to me, came safe, and I pray you to accept my thanks
for them. My best respects, in which Mrs. Washington joins,
are presented to Lady Newenham and yourself. With senti-
ments of great esteem and regard, I am, etc.13
To LAWRENCE KORTRIGHT
Mount Vernon, November 25, 1785.
Sir: If it was in my power to give you the information, and
the satisfaction which is required in your letter of the 10th. of
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] FRENCH CAPTAINS 325
October, I would do it with pleasure : but not recollecting enough
of the particular circumstances attending the Sloop Hester, the
whole of the business respecting this and other vessels, being
entirely within the Department of the Quarter Mr. General,
I can offer nothing which will facilitate your settlement with
the public.
I do remember very well that the service, in the Spring of
1776, required an impress, and purchase of Vessels; that orders
issued to the Quarter Master General for that purpose; and I
have some recollection that the Sloop Hester was one of those
Vessels which were taken into the service of the public, and that
she was afterwards sold to Colo. Sears: but upon what terms;
what became of her after that; how the Accots. respecting her
stand, or how the matter is to be finally settled, I know not.
I am, etc.14
*To CHEVALIER JOHN PAUL JONES
Mount Vernon, November 25, 1785.
Sir : I have been honoured with your letter of the 18th. of July
from Paris, enclosing certificates in favor of Captns. Stack and
Macarthy.15 I pray you to be assured that I should have pleas-
ure in doing justice to the merits of these Officers, and in oblig-
ing you if the power of deciding lay with me. But, though I am
in sentiment with the Gentlemen who have declared in favor
of the pretensions of Captns. Stack and Maccarthy's right to
become members of the Cincinnati, yet, in matters of opinion
I have no authority to pronounce them such. As French Offi-
cers, having borne Continental Commissions, my opinion is
that their best mode would have been, to have got themselves
14 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
^Capts. Edward Stack and Eugene MacCarthy had served as volunteers on the Bon
Homme Richard.
326 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Nov.
admitted as members of [some]16 State Society before the
Kings edict, or order in Council took effect, for if I mistake not
all Officers in the Service of France whose names are not par-
ticularly enumerated in that order are excluded thereby.
This however is a matter of which they, or you, can be better
ascertained of than I. At any rate nothing can be done in this
Country until the next General Meeting; and that cannot hap-
pen in less than Eighteen months, and may be much longer
delayed. I have the honor etc. [m.l.]
To WAKELIN WELCH
Mount Vernon, November 28, 1785.
Sir: I request the favor of you to send me for the use of Mrs.
Washington, a handsome and fashionable gold watch, with a
fashionable chain or string, such as are worn at present by
Ladies in genteel life.
These to be paid for, as the other things are, from the fund in
the Bank. I am, etc.
P.S. Let the hour and minute hands be set with Diamonds.17
To SAMUEL VAUGHAN
Mount Vernon, November 30, 1785.
Dear Sir : I have been honored with your favor of the 9th. and
have received the pamphlet which you were so obliging as to
send me, entitled " Considerations on the Order of Cincinnatus,
10The bracketed word has been supplied from the "Letter Book" copy in the Wash-
ington Papers.
On November 26 Washington commenced a record on folio sheets of work done at
the different farms of Mount Vernon. He continued it up to Apr. 15, 1786, inclusive.
George Augustine Washington then kept the record, commencing April 22, and con-
tinued it through the year 1786. These folio sheets are in the Washington Papers
under date of Nov. 26, 1785.
17 From the " Letter Book " copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] A RUM PUNCHEON 327
by the Count de Mirabeau." 18 I thank you my good Sir, for
this instance of your attention; but wish you had taken time
to have perused it first, as I have not yet had leisure to give it a
reading. I thought, as most others seemed to think, that all the
exceptionable parts of that Institution had been done away
at the last general meeting; but with those who are disposed
to cavil, or who have the itch of writing strongly upon them,
nothing can be made to suit their palates: the best way there-
fore to disconcert and defeat them, is to take no notice of their
publications; all else is but food for declamation.
There is not I conceive, an unbiassed mind, that would re-
fuse the Officers of the late Army the right of associating for the
purpose of establishing a fund for the support of the poor and
distressed of their fraternity, when many of them it is well
known, are reduced to their last shifts by the ungenerous con-
duct of their Country, in not adopting more vigorous measures
to render their Certificates19 productive. That charity is all that
remains of the original Institution, none who will be at the
trouble of reading it can deny.
I have lately received a letter from Mr. Vaughn (your son)
of Jamaica, accompanied by a puncheon of rum, which he in-
forms me was sent by your order as a present to me. Indeed,
my Dr. Sir, you overwhelm me with your favors, and lay me
under too many obligations to leave a hope remaining of dis-
charging them. Hearing of the distress, in which that Island,
with others in the Wt. Indies is involved by the late hurricane,
I have taken the liberty of requesting Mr. Vaughans acceptance,
for his own use, of a few barrels of superfine Flour of my own
18Honore Gabriel Riquetti, Comte de Mirabeau, first published his "Considerations
sur l'ordre de Cincinnatus" in London, in 1784. An English translation was also pub-
lished in London in 1785; the English translation was published in Philadelphia in
1786; and a German translation in Berlin in 1787.
"Of pay due.
328 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON INov.
manufacturing. My best respects, in which Mrs. Washington
joins, are offered to Mrs. Vaughan, yourself and family, and
with the highest esteem &c.20
To DAVID STUART
Mount Vernon, November 30, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 16th. came duly to hand, and I
thank you for its several communications. The resolutions
which were published for consideration, vesting Congress with
powers to regulate the Commerce of the Union, have I hope
been acceded to. If the States individually were to attempt this,
an abortion, or a many headed Monster would be the issue. If
we consider ourselves, or wish to be considered by others as a
united people, why not adopt the measures which are char-
acteristic of it, and support the honor and dignity of one ? If we
are afraid to trust one another under qualified powers there is
an end of the Union. Why then need we be sollicitous to keep
up the farce of it ?
It gives me pleasure to hear that there is such an accordance
of sentiments between the Eastern and Western parts of this
State. My opinion of the separation has always been, to meet
them half way, upon fair and just grounds; and part like friends
disposed to acts of brotherly kindness thereafter. I wish you
had mention'd the territorial line between us. The Port Bill;
the assize Law (or any substitute for the speedy Administra-
tion of Justice) being established; good faith with respect to
treaties preserved by public acts, taxation continued and regu-
larly collected, that justice to one part of the community may
keep pace with relief to the other, and our national character
for Justice, thereby supported; a due attention to the Militia,
and encouragements to extend the inland navigation of this
^From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] GREAT FALLS CANAL 329
Commonwealth where it is useful and practicable, (which will
not only be of amazing convenience and advantage to its Citi-
zens but sources of immense wealth to the Country through
some of its channels), are among the great and important ob-
jects which will come before you, and a due attention to them
will, I hope, mark the present epocha for having produced able
statesmen, sound patriots and liberal minded men.
At a late meeting of the Directors of the Potomac navigation at
the great Falls, and from a critical examination of the ground
at that place; we unanimously determined to petition the As-
semblies of the two States21 to be relieved from the expence
of sinking our canals four feet deep, as a considerable expence
and no advantage that we could discover, was likely to attend
it. As the petition which is herewith sent under cover to you
and Colo. Syms,22 recites the reasons on which it is founded
I shall not repeat them: the public as well as the company's
interest calls for an ceconomical use of the fund which is sub-
scribed for this undertaking; the enemies therefore (if there are
any) to the navigation, are equally bound with its friends, to
give it support.
I should be much obliged to you for desiring the public
printer to send me the Journals of the present Session from its
commencement, and to do it thro' the session as fast as they are
printed, by the Post. I pray you to pay him for them, and for
my Gazette (if Hay is the public printer) and I will repay you
with thanks when you return.
I am very glad to hear you have got so well over your fever.
-Mrs. Stuart has had a bad cold, but is getting better. All here
join me in best wishes for you, and I am, etc.23
^The text of this petition is printed in the American Historical Review, vol. 28,
pp. 497, et seq.
22 Col. Charles Simms.
23 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
330 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Nov.
To TENCH TILGHMAN
Mount Vernon, November 30, 1785.
Dear Sir: Since my last, I have been favored with your letters
of the 10th. and 18th. inst:, the last covering Mr. Rawlins's plan
and estimate for my new room, for your exertion to obtain
which, I thank you. The plan is plain, as I requested; but the
Estimate I think is large: however as I pretend not to be a com-
petent judge of work, and know that we are always in the
power of workmen, I will not decide absolutely upon the mod-
eration he pretends to have observed; but as your readiness to
oblige me in this business has already involved you in trouble,
I will request the favor of you to take a little more, to bring it
to an explanation and close.
For this purpose I send you herewith Rawlins's plan and
estimate; and would beg the favor, as I have understood that
Mr. Goff24 of Baltimore has had much work of this kind done
by Mr. Rawlins, to compare my plan and estimate with his
work and prices; and if Mr. Goff is a man of information, and
one who scrutinizes into work and prices from the time it takes
to execute it, to ask his opinion of the charge.
If the result of your scrutiny is in favor of Mr. Rawlins's
moderation, I have then to pray that the matter may be fixed
with him, and a time (not to exceed if possible, the middle of
April) agreed on to begin the work with a serious intention to
execute it with dispatch: also that the article of travelling ex-
pences may be defined and reduced to a stipulated sum. Or,
wch. would come cheaper to me, that my waggon (a covered
one) should remove his people and tools hither and back;
and an equivalent named in lieu of expences for himself. This
will leave no ground for discontent on either side, than which
21Gough(?).
1785] THE NEW ROOM 331
nothing being more disagreeable to me, I always endeavour to
avoid it: I wish to know also, whether he, or I am to furnish
the materials.
If on the other hand it shall be found that his price is too high
(for it is not amiss to observe here, that almost the whole of the
mouldings and figures are cast) I should be obliged to you to
know from him whether he will take less, and precisely the
sum to execute the work according to the plan, and this with-
out much time for consideration; for having been twice dis-
appointed already, and the work thereby considerably delayed,
to my great inconvenience, I am determined if Mr. Rawlins
will not do it reasonably, and begin it seriously in the Spring,
to write immediately to Sir Edwd. Newenham of Dublin, who
has already introduced the subject to me, and given strong as-
surances of a visit in the Spring, to bring me a compleat work-
man when he comes, on yearly wages. But this I would avoid
(as you will please to inform Mr. Rawlins) if he would do the
work at near its value, and in season. If you finally engage
with Mr. Rawlins I should like to have a specific agreement
drawn, to prevent mistakes or further delay; for the doing of
which I wou'd chearfully pay an Attorney. Enclosed is a letter
for Mr. Rawlins, open.
Had the public prints spoken truth respecting the present
from his catholic Majesty, and two Jacks had arrived; it would
have given me great pleasure to have obliged your friends on
the Eastern shore by a compliance with your request. There
were only two presented to me by the King of Spain, one of
which by the advices I have received from Boston, was lost in a
storm on his passage to Beverly. The other will scarcely do
more, if he gets home safe, than answer my own purposes; but
if you, or any friend of yours have a she ass which you would
wish to put to him for preservation of the breed, he is much
332 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Nov.
at your service, and you shall be very welcome to the use of
him for her.
Mrs. Washington joins me in best wishes for Mrs. Tilghman
and yourself; and with sentiments of sincere esteem and regard,
I am, etc.25
To JOHN RAWLINS
Mount Vernon, November 30, 1785.
Sir: Your Letter and plan came safe, tho' I do not pretend to
be a competent judge of this kind of work, yet from the little
experience I have had in it, and from a certain knowledge that
most of the mouldings and decorations are with great ease and
expedition cast, of a material too which is by no means expen-
sive, I do not scruple to declare that your Estimate exceeded my
expectation.
This, and not understanding the plan fully from an unac-
customedness to drawings, together with the indefinite charge
of travelling expences, which may be great or little; and a de-
sire of having something finally determined without giving the
trouble of coming here again; or of fixing matters by an inter-
course of letters which might be tedious and troublesome, and
the first of which by no means suiting me, as I must be upon a
certainty, having been twice disappointed and put to much in-
convenience for want of the room. These reasons I say, have
induced me to communicate my ideas to Colo. Tilghman on
this business, and to authorize him on the spot to fix matters
decidedly with you. Any Agreement therefore which he may
make on by behalf, will be as obligatory on me as if I was pres-
ent to sign and ratify it.
If an Agreement takes place, I wish to know precisely, and
as soon as may be, what will be previously necessary for my
2uFrom the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] THE DISMAL SWAMP 333
Joiners and Carpenters to do, or to prepare that there may be
no delay after you arrive; for besides the inconvenience I al-
ready feel from the want of the new room, you know that
to complete this, the communication with another must be
opened, and that unless both are finished before the season ar-
rives which requires lire, I shall be much distressed. Whilst the
weather is warm, the Common Hall and Piazza will do very
well, as substitute for the Drawing Room or Parlour; but when
the weather becomes cool we must retire to a fireside.
I think it highly probable that the ceilings of my upper rooms
may want plaistering, which would make the job more deserv-
ing attention; some of them I am sure do, and if we can agree
upon a price I may be inclined to renew the whole. I am, etc.20
*To GOVERNOR PATRICK HENRY
Mount Vernon, November 30, 1785.
Dear Sir: I have had the honor to receive your Excellency's
favor of the nth. and am much obliged to you for the Commis-
sioners report respecting the cut from the Waters of Elizabeth
River to those of Albemarle Sound. And it is with great pleas-
ure I have since heard that that matter is in a prosperous way in
our Assembly, and placed on a footing (reasonable and just I
think) which is likely to meet the approbation of the Legisla-
ture of No. Carolina. It has always been my opinion since I
first investigated the Great dismal Swamp as a member and man-
ager of that Company that the most advantageous Cut would
be found to be through Drummonds pond to the head of Pasque-
tank and I have Surveys and Notes which prove it I think, in-
contestably. Mr. Andrews's conjectures, with respect to Locks,
I conceive is justly founded; for if the bed of the lake is above
28 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
334 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Nov.
the level of the Water of Elizabeth River and Pasquetank the
reflux by means of the Canal being greater than the influx must
undoubtedly drain the Pond and render it useless as a reservoir
without these Locks; but the places at which it may be proper
to establish them must I should suppose depend upon the level
and suitableness of the ground to receive them after the cut is
made which should be begun at the extreme ends that the
water may run of [f ] (and if with any velocity) to contribute
to the Work.
If this cut is effected, the obstructions in the Roanoke re-
moved (which will most assuredly follow) and the inland Navi-
gation of the Rivers James and Potomack compleated according
to Law it will open channels of convenience and wealth to the
Citizens of this State that the imagination can hardly extend to
and render this the most favoured Country in the Universe.
These measures only require a beginning to shew the practica-
bility, ease and advantage with which they may be effected.
Rappahanock and Shanondoah (the latter through a long ex-
tent of it) will follow the example and I see nothing to prevent
the two branches of York River from doing the same.
The consequence in the article of draught Cattle alone, and
to our Roads will be inconceivably great. The latter with small
amendments will always be in good order when the present
number of Carriages are no longer taring them to pieces in the
most inclement seasons of the year; and the ease to, and saving
in the former will be felt most interestingly by the farmer and
Planter in their annual operations.
But until these things are accomplished and even admitting
they were done, do you not think, my good Sir, that the credit,
the saving, and convenience of this Country, all require that our
great roads leading from one public place to another should be
1785] STATE ROAD WORK 335
shortned, straightned, and established by Law; and the power
in the County Courts to alter them withdrawn ?
To me these things seem indispensably necessary, and it is my
opinion they will take place in time the longer therefore they
are delayed the more people will be injured by the Alterations
when they happen. It is equally clear to me, that putting the
lowest valuation27 upon the labour of the people who work
upon the roads under the existing Law and custom of the
present day the repairs of them by way of Contract to be paid
by an assessment on certain districts (until the period shall ar-
rive when turnpikes may with propriety be established) would
be infinitely less burthensome to the Community than the pres-
ent mode. In this case too the Contractor would meet with no
favor; every man in the district wd. give information of neg-
lects; whereas negligence under the present system is winked
at by the only people who know how, or can inform against the
Overseers; for strangers had rather encounter the inconven-
ience of bad roads than the trouble of an information and go
away prejudiced against the Country for the polity of it. With
great esteem and respect etc. [v.s.l.]
*To JAMES MADISON
Mount Vernon, November 30, 1785.
My dear Sir: Receive my thanks for your obliging communi-
cations of the nth I hear with much pleasure that the Assembly
are engaged, seriously, in the consideration of the revised Laws.
A short and simple code, in my opinion, tho' I have the senti-
ments of some of the Gentlemen of the long robe against me,
would be productive of happy consequences, and redound to
the honor of this or any Country which shall adopt such.
27 The word "possible" seems to have been crossed off at this point.
336 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Nov.
I hope the resolutions which were published for the con-
sideration of the House, respecting the reference to Congress
for the regulation of a Commercial system will have passed.
The proposition in my opinion is so self evident that I confess
I am at a loss to discover wherein lyes the weight of the objec-
tion to the measure. We are either a United people, or we are
not. If the former, let us, in all matters of general concern act as
a nation, which have national objects to promote, and a national
character to support. If we are not, let us no longer act a farce
by pretending to it. for whilst we are playing a dble. game, or
playing a game between the two we never shall be consistent
or respectable; but may be the dupes of some powers and, most
assuredly, the contempt of all. In any case it behoves us to pro-
vide good Military Laws, and look well to the execution of
them, but, if we mean by our conduct that the States shall act
independently of each other it becomes indispensably neces-
sary, for therein will consist our strength and respectabity in
the Union.
It is much to be wished that public faith may be held invio-
late. Painful is it even in thought that attempts should be made
to weaken the bands of it. It is a dangerous experiment, once
slacken the reins and the power is lost, and it is questionable
with me whether the advocates of the measure foresee all the
consequences of it. It is an old adage that honesty is the best
policy; this applies to public as well as private life, to States as
well as individuals. I hope the Port and assize Bills no longer
sleep, but are awakened to a happy establishment. The first
with some alterations, would, in my judgment be productive of
great good to this Country; without it, the Trade thereof I con-
ceive will ever labor and languish; with respect to the Second
if it institutes a speedier Administration of Justice it is equally
desirable.
1785] INLAND NAVIGATION 337
It gives me great pleasure to hear that our assembly were in
a way of adopting a mode for establishing the Cut betwn. Eliza-
beth river and Pasquotank which was likely to meet the appro-
bation of the State of No. Carolina. It appears to me that no
Country in the Universe is better calculated to derive benefits
from inland Navigation than this is, and certain I am, that the
conveniences to the Citizens individually, and the sources of
wealth to the Country generally, which will be opened thereby
will be found to exceed the most sanguine imagination; the
Mind can scarcely take in at one view all the benefits which
will result therefrom. The saving in draught Cattle, preserva-
tion of Roads &ca. &ca. will be felt most interestingly. This
business only wants a beginning. Rappahanock, Shannondoah,
Roanoke, and the branches of York River will soon perceive
the advantages which water transportation (in ways hardly
thought of at first) have over that of Land and will extend
Navigation to almost every mans door.
From the complexion of the debates in the Pensylvania it
should seem as if that Legislature intended their assent to the
proposition from the States of Virginia and Maryland (respect-
ing a road to the Yohiogany should be conditional of permis-
sion given to open a Communication between the Chesapeak
and Delaware by way of the rivers Elk and Christeen, which I
am sure will never be obtained if the Baltimore interest can give
it effectual opposition.
The Directors of the Potomack Company have sent to the
Delegates of this County to be laid before the Assembly a Peti-
tion (which sets forth the reasons) for relief in the depth of the
Canals which it may be found necessary to open at the great and
little Falls of the River. As public ceconomy and private inter-
est equally prompt the measure and no possible disadvantage
338 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
that we can see will attend granting the prayer of it, we flatter
ourselves no opposition will be given to it.
To save trouble to expidite the business, and to secure uni-
formity without delay, or an intercourse between the Assem-
blies on so trivial a matter we have taken the liberty of sending
the draught of a Bill to Members of both Assemblies which
if approved will be found exactly similar. With the highest
esteem etc.28
*To COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU
Mount Vernon, December i, 1785.
My dear Count: Your letter of the 2d. of June, which you had
the goodness to write to me at the moment of taking leave
of the venerable Doctr. Franklin, now lyes before me; and I
read the renewed assurances of your friendship with sentiments
of gratitude and pleasure, short of nothing but the satisfaction
I should feel at seeing you, and the recollection of the hours, on
which, toiling together, we formed our friendship. A friend-
ship which will continue, I hope, as long as we shall continue
Actors on the present theatre.
A Man in the vigor of life could not have borne the fatigues
oi a passage across the Atlantic with more fortitude, and greater
ease than Doctor Franklin did; and since, instead of setting
himself down in the lap of ease, which might have been ex-
pected from a person of his advanced age, he has again entered
upon the bustling scenes of public life, and in the chair of State,
is endeavouring to reconcile the jarring interests of the Citizens
of Pennsylvania. If he should succeed, fresh laurels will crown
his brow; but it is to be feared that the task is too great for
28 From a photostat o£ the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong,
of Princeton, N. J.
1785] POTOMAC COMPANY PETITION 339
human wisdom to accomplish. I have not yet seen the good old
Gentleman, but have had an intercourse by letters with him.
Rumours of War still prevail, between the Emperor and the
Dutch; and seem, if News Paper Accounts are to be credited,
to be near at hand. If this event should take place, more powers
must engage in it, and perhaps a general flame will be kindled
'ere the first is extinguished. America may think herself happy
in having the Atlantic for a barrier, otherways, a spark might
set her a blazing. At present we are peaceable; and our Gov-
ernments are acquiring a better tone. Congress, I am persuaded
will soon be vested with greater powers. The Commercial in-
terest throughout the Union are exerting themselves to obtain
these, and I have no doubt will effect it. We shall be able then,
if a Commercial treaty is not entered into with Great Britain to
meet her on the restrictive and contracted ground she has taken ;
and interdict her Shipping, and trade, in the same manner she
has done those of these States. This, and this only, will convince
her of the illiberallity of her conduct towards us. or, that her
policy has been too refined, and over strained, even for the ac-
complishment of her own purposes.
Mrs. Washington is thankful for your constant remembrance
of her, and joins me in every good wish for you and Madame de
Rochambeau. With sentiments of the warmest attachment, and
greatest respect I have the honor etc.29
To CHARLES SIMMS AND DAVID STUART
Mount Vernon, December 3, 1785.
Gentn : As President of the Board of Directors for the Potomac
company, I have the honor to enclose you a Petition which we
pray you to present to your honorable House; and to use your
29 From the original in the Rochambeau Papers in the Library of Congress.
340 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON EDec-
best endeavours to have the prayer of it enacted into a Law.
The Petition is so full, and the request of it so reasonable, that
we do not suppose there can be the least opposition to it, other-
wise than by delay; because the enemies of it (if there are any)
must on the score of public saving, yield assent to it.
We have taken the liberty to accompany the Petition with the
draft of a Bill to be enacted into a Law. A Petition and Bill
similar to those have been sent to the Maryland Assembly.
The reasons for this you will see into at once; they are, to render
it unnecessary for the two Assemblies to correspond on so triv-
ial a subject, to prevent trouble to each, to prevent delay, and
that both Acts may be exactly similar.30 I have the honor, etc.31
To CHARLES CARROLL AND THOMAS STONE
Mount Vernon, December 3, 1785.
Dr. Sir: The Directors of the Potomac Corny, upon a strict
examination of the ground at the Great Falls of the river, and
their ideas of that at the little Falls, find it necessary to apply
to the Assemblies of the two States, to be relieved from that
depth of canal which the late Acts for improving and extend-
ing the navigation of the river require.
The reasons are set forth at large in the Petition which, as
President of the Board of Directors I now have the honor to
transmit to Mr. Chase as a delegate, and member of the com-
pany; a similar one having gone to the Assembly of Virginia.
But in a word, from our view of the matter, it is sufficient to
inform you that to dig four feet at these places will add greatly
to the expence, without deriving the smallest advantage: we
have therefore prayed for two feet depth, instead of four; and
30 Practically the same letter was sent to Samuel Chase, of the Maryland Legislature.
A copy of this is in the " Letter Book " in the Washington Papers.
31 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] RENTAL MATTERS 341
apprehending no other opposition but what may proceed from
delay, for friends and foes (if there are any of the latter) to the
Undertaking, ought to support the Bill upon the principle of
ceconomy, is the reason of my giving you the trouble of this
Letter, praying your assistance in facilitating the passage of
the Bill.32 I have the honor, etc.33
To BATTAILE MUSE
Mount Vernon, December 4, 1785.
Sir: Your letters of the 15th. and 26th. of last month, are
both at hand. With respect to the latter, I agree that Danl.
Harrel may have the Lott No. 2 on the terms mentioned there-
in, and you may fill up Leases accordingly.
In answer to the first letter, rather than involve myself in
uncertain law suits, but certain expence and perplexity, I would
allow for paper payments of rent, the same as specie; but as
you know what has been the practice and the consequence
thereof in your own case as Collector for Colo. Fairfax, and in
that of others under similar circumstances, I should conceive
that you could determine the point, of conduct proper to be
pursued better than I, who have been entirely out of the way
of knowing what the Law, custom, or judicial proceedings in
the Courts have decided. However, as I have already observed,
rather than go into a litigation of the matter (unless there is
every reason to expect a decision in my favor) I wou'd make
the same allowance for paper, however unjustly and rascally
it has been imposed, as I would for specie, taking care to shew
no indulgence hereafter to those who had made them.
32 Practically the same letter was sent to William Ramsay. A copy of this is in the
"Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
83 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papas.
342 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
Receipts for rents, from my brother will be sufficient for the
Tenants; but it will be necessary in your settlemt. with them,
to take an account of all these payments, that I may be able to
settle with his Estate. This is indispensably necessary, as, from
what I can learn, he has been very inattentive himself in mak-
ing proper entries of the sums paid him: the date of each re-
ceipt is as essential as the name of the person is to whom given.
I am, etc.34
To COMTE DE DAMAS35
Mount Vernon, December 5, 1785.
Sir: I had the honor to be favor'd with your letter by Mr.
Houdon, and thank you for your kind recollection of, and for
the favorable sentiments you have expressed for me.
The moments I spent with the army of France in this Coun-
try, are amongst the most pleasing of my life, and I shall ever
remember with grateful sensibility, the polite attentions of all
the officers who composed it, and of none more than yours.
I pray you to be persuaded of the interest I take in your happi-
ness; and the pleasure I feel in assuring you of the esteem and
regard with which, I have the honor, etc.34
*To LOUIS GUILLAUME OTTO
Mount Vernon, December 5, 1785.
Sir: The letter which you did me the honor to write to me
on the 10th. of October, only came to hand the 28th. of last
month.
My particular acknowledgments are due to you for your
recollection of, and attention to me; and I pray you to be as-
sured of the pleasure I felt at hearing that the place lately filled
34 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
35 Charles Francois Louis Joseph Cesar, Comte de Damas.
1785] A DELUSION 343
by Mr. de Marbois, near the Sovereignty of these States, was
so happily supplied. On this instance of his most Christian
Majesty's attention to your merits, I offer you my sincere con-
gratulations.
For the favourable sentimts. entertained of me in France
and particularly at the Court all my gratitude is due; but to
none in a higher degree than to die Chevalier de la Luzerne;
for whom I have the highest esteem and regard. For your
obliging offers of Service here, or in France, I sincerely thank
you and at the sametime I give you the trouble of forwarding
a few letters by the Packet, beg you to believe that with much
truth I have the honor etc.30
To RICHARD THOMAS
Mount Vernon, December 5, 1785.
Sir: Having, a few days ago only, received your letter of the
13th. of August from Charleston, enclosing the duplicate of
one from a Mr. Edmund Richards of Plymouth Dock, dated
the first of Feby. last; I delay not a Post to inform you, as I
have already done the said Edmd. Richards, that he is under
a delusion which has not a single reality for a support, that I
am astonished at his information, and which he had been at the
trouble of enquiring a little more minutely into matters, before
he had determined to make such a pointed application to me,
or to have communicated his demands of me to others, for an
Estate; First, because such an Estate as he speaks of was never
left in trust to me; Secondly, because I never had the least ac-
quaintance with his Uncle Richard Richards, or ever knew
that there was such a man in existence; Thirdly, because I have
just as much, and no more knowledge of Lawyer Haines and
36 From the original in the Paris Archives, Aff. Estrang., Items, et Docs., E. U., vol. 6.
344 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
Lawyer Baitain, than I have of Richd. Richards; And fourthly,
because I never heard of such an Estate as he claims, or the most
trifling circumstance concerning it.
Of all these things Sir, you may, as I shall never write to
Edmd. Richards again, give him the clearest and most unequiv-
ocal assurances; and add, that the most incontestible proofs of
wch. he, or you in his behalf, may find, if either are disposed to
examine further into the matter. I am, etc.37
To LOUIS DOMINIQUE ETHIS DE CORNY
Mount Vernon, December 5, 1785.
Sir: I am really ashamed to have been so long in acknowl-
edging the receipt of your letter of the 3d. of August last year;
but circumstances which would be more tedious in the recital,
than important when told, have been the cause of it.
I have now the honor of enclosing you the receipt of the
Treasurer of the Society of the Cincinnati of this State, for your
Bill on Colo. Wadsworth; and wish it was in my power to have
accompanied it with a Diploma: but it has so happened, that
except a few which were struck at Philadelphia for the Mem-
bers of that State at their own expence, none have yet been
presented to me by the Secretary, for signing. I have the honor,
etc.37
To REVEREND WILLIAM GORDON
Mount Vernon, December 5, 1785.
Dr. Sir: Altho' I am so great a delinquent in the epistolary
way, I will not again tread over the usual ground for an excuse,
but rather silently throw myself upon your philanthropy to
obtain one.
From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] AFFAIR AT BARREN HILL 345
In reading the Memoir which passed thro' my hands to you
(for I have no copy of it) I do not recollect that I was struck
with any exagerations or improprieties in it; nor is it in my
power to give you a precise detail of the facts about which you
enquire, without unpacking my papers, and entering upon a
voluminous research therefor; which might not after all eluci-
date the points. Whether Genl. Howe commanded in person
at the intended surprize and attack of the Marqs. de la Fayette
at Barren Hill, I am unable positively to say : I would suppose
however that he did, first, because the narrative says so, 2dly be-
cause he did not relinquish the command until within a few
days of the evacuation of Philada., and 3dly., because the Brit-
ish army came out in full force. That the column on the right
commanded by Genl. Grant was strong, can admit of no
doubt; (and report to the best of my recollection made the
number 7000) because it was design'd to turn the Marquis's left
flank, get into his rear, and cut off his retreat by the nearest and
most direct roads; whilst he was to have been attacked in front,
and on his right (which was next the Schuylkill) by the Com-
mander in chief, and light infantry; by the first in front, by the
other on the flank.
The French troops which were landed from on board the
flat, formed a junction with the American Troops before, and
were all under the command of the Marquis 'till my arrival.
The position at Williamsburgh was taken I believe with a view
to form the junction, being favorable to it; the defile between
the College Creek which empties into James river and Queen's
Creek which empties into York river, being very narrow, and
behind the former of which the French landed in perfect
security.
My excursions up this river (for I have made several) have
afforded me much satisfaction, as we find the Undertaking to
346 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
extend and improve the navigation of it, is not only practicable;
but that the difficulties which were expected to be met with,
rather decrease than multiply upon us.
I come now, My good Doctor, to acknowledge in a particular
manner the receipt of your obliging favor of the 7th. Ulto., and
to thank you for your kind and valuable present of Fish which
is very fine and had a more successful passage than the last, no
Accot. of which having ever yet been received. I have too Mrs.
Washington's particular thanks to offer you for the flower
roots and seeds, which she will preserve in the manner directed.
I have put into a box with earth, shrubs of the redwood (or
redbud) and Fringe tree, which General Lincoln promised his
Vessel should heave to and take for you as she passed by. I was
going to send other flowering shrubs, but upon mentioning the
names of them, the Genl. and Colo. Henley said your Country
already abounded with them. I forgot however, to ask them if
you have the Magnolio; if you have not, I can send some by
another opportunity.
I hope this Letter will find you quite relieved from the fever-
ish complaint you had when you wrote last, and Mrs. Gordon
in perfect health, to whom and yourself Mrs. Washington and
the family (who are all well) join me in every good wish.
Fanny Bassett and my nephew Geo: A. Washington have full-
filled an engagement of long standing, and are now one bone,
and one flesh. With great esteem, etc.38
To THOMAS SMITH
Mount Vernon, December 7, 1785.
Sir: Your letter of the 26th. ulto: came to my hands by the
last Post; and the object of this shall be confined to a single
88 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] TRESPASS AND EJECTMENTS 347
point, taking another opportunity of writing to you more
largely.
The meaning of my last Letter to you was not well expressed,
if it was understood that actions of Trespass were to be brought,
before the issue of the ejectments was known. I had no idea of
this, because if my opponents should succeed in the latter,
there would be no ground for the former; and I should incur
a certain expence without a chance of profit: from the state-
ment of the cases which you have mentioned, I now leave it
altogether discretionary in you, whether to bring them after-
wards or not. I never should have thought of this mode of
punishment, had I not viewed the Defendants as wilful and
obstinate sinners; presevering after timely and repeated admo-
nition, in a design to injure me, but I am not all tenaceous of
this matter and take the chance of this letter's going by way
of Baltimore, and another by the way of Philada., to request that
these Actions may be at least delayed, if not altogether laid
aside, according to circumstances.39 I am, etc.40
To CAPTAIN THOMAS BIBBY41
Mount Vernon, December 10, 1785.
Sir: Having delayed until this time to acknowledge the re-
ceipt of your favor of the 4th. of May from New York, is to be
ascribed more to the expectation I have been under of having
the pleasure of seeing you in this State and at this house, than
to any other cause: and I take the present occasion of assuring
you that if business or inclination should bring you to the
39 This letter was forwarded to Tench Tilghman with a brief note (December 6),
asking him to forward it " as it is of some consequence to me that the enclosed should
reach Mr. Smith before he commences his tour of the Western Counties in Pennsyl-
vania." A copy of this is in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress.
^From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
41 Of the British Royal Fuzileers.
348 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
southward, I should be happy in the opportunity of testifying
my respect for the introduction of Sir Edward Newenham, and
of offering you the civilities which are due to a gentleman of
your merit.
By mistake a packet which I herewith send was forwarded
to me by a Mr. McKuinan,42 to whose care with another for
myself, it was comitted by Sir Edward.43 I hope it will reach
you safe, and that the delay occasioned by the circuitous rout it
has taken will be attended with no inconvenience. I have the
honor, etc.44
*To DAVID STUART
Mount Vernon, December 10, 1785.
Dear Sir: Since writing to you by the last Post I have finished
the measurement of my Corn, and find that I shall not make
half enough to Serve me. Permit me to request the favor of you
therefore to enquire upon what terms any of the Delegates from
the Eastern Shore would contract with you in my behalf for
800 Bushs. of clean and good Oats, to be delivered at my land-
ing as soon after Christmas as may be. If you can engage the
Oats at a price not exceeding three shillings pr Bushel, I would
then pray you to close a bargain without the delay of advising
me, and reduce it to writing with a penalty for Non-perform-
ance on either side; but, if they are not to be had at this price to
fix the lowest terms on wch. they may be had upon my saying
yea by return of the Post after they are communicated to me.
The above are for Horses. I am under as pressing a necessity
to provide for my People, all the Corn I have made not being
more than sufficient to support my Plantations. My house peo-
42 Charles McKieinan (McKuinan).
43 On December 10 Washington wrote McKieinan a brief acknowledgment. A copy
of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
44 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] SHEET COPPER 349
pie are without, and none in these parts to be had. If there [fore]
the Plantations below45 (in New Kent and King William) have
any to spare I should be glad to get two hundred Barrels for
which I will allow the same they sell at to others, or the same
price that Corn bears on that River.46 This would be doubly
convenient to me, for to be plain my Coffers are not overflowing
with money. You cannot too soon give me a definitive answer
on this point, Nor indeed with respect to the Oats, as I must not
trust to the Chapter of Accidents for a supply.
With great esteem etc. [hd.c.]
*To CLEMENT BIDDLE
Mount Vernon, December n, 1785.
Dear Sir: I have received your favor of the 29th. Ulto. and
thank you for your repeated offer of Services in Philadelphia.
By Major Fairlie47 1 send you Six pounds Pensylvania Curry,
and would thank you to pay Mr. Gary Printer for his Paper, and
to pay Oswald48 for this. I know not upon what footing he
sends them, by no order of mine do they come, and it is only
now and then, I get one. yet I do not want to lay under any
obligation to him. Claypoole and Dunlaps Papers now come
regularly and I could wish they were also paid.
For what can sheet copper be bought in Phila. at this time ?
I believe I shall have occasion to add to the quantity which was
sent me from thence last year, to complete my buildings.
Mrs. join me in every good wish for you, Mrs. Biddle and
family, with great esteem I am etc. [h.s.p.]
4oThe "Letter Book" has "o£ Mr. Custis."
46 The Pamunky.
47Maj. James Fairlie.
48Eleazer Oswald. He was publisher of The Independent Gazetteer, of Phila-
delphia, Pa.
350 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
To THE SECRETARY AT WAR
Mount Vernon, December 11, 1785.
My dear Sir: Majr. Farlie49 gave me the pleasure of receiving
your letter of the 22cl. Instt., and thereby knowing that you,
Mrs. Knox and the family were all well.
It has always been my opinion you know, that our Affairs
with respect to the Indians would never be in a good train
whilst the British Garrisons remained on the American side of
the territorial line, and that these Posts would not be evacuated
by them, as long as any pretext could be found to with-hold
them.
They know the importance of these Posts too well to give
them up soon, or quietly, their trade with the Indians in a
great measure depend upon the possession of them, knowing
full well that all the assertions of our Commrs. with respect to
the Articles of Peace, and their obligation to surrender them, is
no more than chaff before the wind when opposed by the
scale of possession.
I am sorry the State Societies should hesitate to comply with
the recommendation of the General Meeting of the Cincin-
nati, holden at Phila. in 1784. I then thought, and have no
cause Since to change my opinion, that nothing short of what
was then done would appease the clamours which were raised
against this Institution. Some late attacks have been made
upon it; amongst which a Pamphlet written by the Count de
I Mirabeau, a French Gentleman, has just made its appearance.
It is come to my hands translated into English, but I have not
had time yet to read it.
I am sorry you have undergone any chagreen on acct. of the
lime Stone. I have got through my Summers work without
"""Faii-lie.
1785] CINCINNATI DIFFICULTIES 351
any disappointment therefrom; having had it in my power at
all times, when wanted, to buy Shells, nor would I wish to
have any sent me now, unless by contract not to exceed One
shilling and three pence at the ships side at Alexandria, or oppo-
site to my House; and this I do not expect, as Stone lime is
oftener higher at the former place.
It is unnecessary to assure you of the pleasure I should feel at
seeing you at this place, whenever business or inclination may
bring you to this State. Every good wish, in which Mrs. Wash-
ington joins me, is offered to you, Mrs. Knox and the Children,
with every sentiment of friendship and regard, I am etc.
[MS.H.S.]
*To ALEXANDER HAMILTON
Mount Vernon, December n, 1785.
Dear Sir: I have been favoured with your letter of the 25th.
of November by Major Farlie.
Sincerely do I wish that the several State Societies had, or
would, adopt the alterations that were recommended by the
General meeting in May 1784. I then thought, and have had
no cause since to change my opinion, that if the Society of the
Cincinnati mean to live in peace with the rest of their fellow
Citizens, they must subscribe to the Alterations which were at
that time adopted.
That the jealousies of, and prejudices against this Society
were carried to an unwarrantable length, I will readily grant,
and that less than was done, ought to have removed the fears
which had been imbibed, I am as clear in, as I am that it would
not have done it; but it is a matter of little moment whether the
alarm which siezed the public mind was the result of foresight,
envy and jealousy, or a disordered imagination; the effect of
352 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
perseverance would have been the same: wherein there would
I have been found an equivalent for the seperation of Interests,
which (from my best information, not from one State only
but many) would inevitably have taken place ?
The fears of the people are not yet removed, they only sleep,
and a very little matter will set them afloat again. Had it not
been for the predicament we stood in with respect to the for-
eign Officers, and the charitable part of the Institution I should,
on that occasion, as far as my voice would have gone have en-
deavoured to convince the narrow minded part of our Coun-
trymen that the Amor Pate, was much stronger in our breasts
than theirs, and that our conduct through the whole of the bus-
iness was actuated by nobler and more generous sentiments
than were apprehended, by abolishing the Society at once, with
a declaration of die causes, and the purity of its intention. But
the latter may be interesting to many, and the former, is an
inseperable bar to such a step.
I am sincerely concerned to find by your letter that the
Baron60 is again in straightened circumstances. I am much
disinclined to ask favors of Congress, but if I knew what the
objects of his wishes are I should have much pleasure in ren-
dering him any services in my power with such members of
that body as I now and then corrispond with. I had flattered
myself, from what was told me some time ago, that Congress
had made a final settlement with the Baron much to his
satisfaction.
My Compliments and best wishes, in which Mrs. Washing-
ton joins me, are presented to Mrs. Hamilton. I am etc.
PS. When you see Genl. Schuyler and family I pray you to
offer my best respects to them.51
60 Baron Steuben.
"From the original in the Hamilton Papers in the Library of Congress.
1785] TENANTS AND RENTS 353
*To BATTAILE MUSE
Mount Vernon, December 16, 1785.
Sir: Since I wrote you last I have received your letter of the
28th. of Novr. Although you could not make out an exact
statement of the Accts., as they stand between the Tenants and
me, I wish you had returned me a list of them, and the Lots on
which they live, with the Rent each man pays.
I see no advantage that is to be derived now, from my being
on the Tenemants. As you have power, and your judgment
must direct, your enquiries may be extended as far as mine
could, was I on the spot. Supposing this to be the case, what
could I do, more than to see, in the first place, to whom Lot No.
1 (and so on with all the rest) was originally granted; in whose
possession it now is; and what transferances have taken place.
What rents the lot has credit for in the acct. I sent you (which
is the best that could be made out?) and what receipts can be
produced, in case of a difference between my accts. and the
Tenants, in proof of his having paid more than he stands cred-
ited for. What, more than this, I say, could I do were I on the
Land ? And is not all this in your Power ? The Leases which
I gave you (for this purpose) testifies to the first. The Tentent
[sic] on the land solves the second, and the information of
themselves, compared, and corroborated by the testimony of the
neighbourhood, if necessary, is the only means I know, of com-
ing at the truth of the third matter, that is, the transferences.
With respect to the Rents which are due on any lot, my Acct.
compared with the Tenants receipts, is the only mode by which
this can be ascertained. I readily grant that, my business with
respect to these people have been most shamefully neglected but
there is no help for that now, to recover it out of the State of
disorder and confusion into which it has run, and to place it on
as just a footing both for Landlord and tenant as the nature
354 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
of the case will admit of, is all that remains to be done; and
some of the letters which I have already written to you on this
subject, and to which I now refer, gives you my ideas fully on
the Subject, and wch. in one word are these, to deal justly, hon-
ourably, and even generously by them; But where it shall ap-
pear that the Tenants have disregarded every Covenant in the
leases, which were intended to secure a mutual benefit to my-
self; and their sole aim has been to make a Market of the Land
for their own private emolument. Or where the tenant in pos-
session has taken advantage of the times, and paid their rents
in Paper money when it was of no value. In either of these
cases, I should have no scruple to set the Leases aside, if they
are clearly, and legally forfeited; provided, the Lots can be let
to a better advantage than on the present terms, of the Leases.
And all these things must be submitted to your own Judgment,
after the fullest information of the circumstances, is obtained.
If the Tenants have paid money to any other than Lund
Washington or myself, I should have an acct. of it; and when
it was done; that I may look for it in some quarter, but where
there is no receipt, nor no credit in my acct., I shall pay no re-
gard to bear ascertions. I may quit scores at once if these are
to be considered as discharges. With respect to their being two
tenants on a Lot, unless they have something to shew, which
authorizes it, the Lease itself must be your guide and director,
without application to me. It is evidence of the agreement be-
tween the Landlord and tenant, and must be resorted to every
year, to see that the terms are fulfilled on the part of the latter;
for it may be laid down as a certainty that there is no obligation
on the former that will not be exacted.
Lund Washington's going upon the land could answer no
purpose; he knows no more how matters stand than I do, and
much less I believe than yourself, or the business would not be
in the confusion it is at present.
1785] TENANT MATTERS 355
It is essentially necessary that yr. collection should be as large
as possible, because, independant of other considerations, I have
not made half bread Corn enough this year to serve my People
and stock; and shall have to purchase it at a high price, in ad-
dition to my other heavy and numerous expenditures notwith-
standing this, it is my wish to push matters to the last extremty
in order to obtain all the rents which may be due, unless there
is, in your opinion, good cause for it. in short, circumstances
and your own discretion must direct you.
With respect to the vacant Lots I have in the Tracts com-
mitted to your Inspection and management; I can give but
one general direction for them all. And that is this: let the
notice that they are to be let, be as long before hand, and as
extensive as you can conveniently give of the day you will let
them, (to the highest bidder if you shall think it best), and
then let them for as much as you can obtain, for a term not
exceeding 14 years; ten years I should prefer. If the Season is
now too far advanced, (and it is highly probable that few Ten-
ants have places to look for at this late Season of the year), per-
haps it might be better to rent them upon any terms for the
coming year, and endeavor in time next year, to render them
as advantageous to me as the Land will procure.
I think it would be best to divide the lot on Chattins run, oc-
cupied by John Thompson, and to put it on the footing wch.
you have suggested. It also appears that the other Lots on the
same tract, had also better be divided; they will rent much
higher for it, as there are so many more people of small force
wanting land than great, and when they are divided, rent them
for as much as you can get. An Advertisement of these vacant
Lots in the Alexa. Paper, At Dumfries, Falmouth, and Port
Tobacco would, I am persuaded, (if the Season is not too far
advanced) bring you tenants in abundance, for many have
356 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
applied to me, and I told them, as I really thought, that I had
not an Acre of Land in those parts untenanted.
It may be well to attend a little closely to the line between
some person, or persons of the name of Rector, and me on
Chattins run. It is now, some years ago, since I was told, his Mill
was on my Land; and that he was making some other encroach-
ments; and was endeavouring to support a claim to it, merely
because it was convenient for, and his interest to possess it.
Inclosed you have a memo, of the agreement between us, re-
specting the Wheat. I made a bad bargain of it. not more than
5/6 has been given at Alexandria for this Article, the market
there now dull, and the price expected to fall. What Wheat of
yours that has come to my Mill, the Miller says is good and I
hope your orders will be fulfilled with respect to the good
cleaning of that which is to come. It is all I can expect for the
high price given. I am etc.
PS. Williams not coming down, the Counter part of his
Lease is not signed by him. I have directed that it shall be de-
livered to you. This letter is written in so great a hurry, that I
wish it may be understood. If you can get at my meaning it is
all I wish. The opportunity for sending it being sudden and
unexpected.52
To THE TRUSTEES OF THE ALEXANDRIA ACADEMY
December 17, 1785.
Gentlemen: That I may be perspicuous and avoid miscon-
ception, the proposition53 which I wish to lay before you is
committed to writing; and is as follows:
52 From a photostat of the original kindly furnished by Lloyd W. Smith, of New
York City.
63 At the meeting of the trustees (December 17) which accepted this offer, those
present were: Dr. William Brown, president; Benjamin Dulany, William Hartshorne,
James Hendricks, John Fitzgerald, Samuel Hanson, and Charles Lee. Their letter of
acceptance to Washington is dated Dec. 17, 1785, and is in the Washington Papers.
1785]
AN ENDOWED SCHOOL 351
It has long been my intention to invest, at my death, one
thousand pounds current money of this State in the hands of
Trustees, the interest only of which to be applied in instituting
a school in the Town of Alexandria, for the purpose of edu-
cating orphan children who have no other resource, or the
children of such indigent parents as are unable to give it. The
objects to be considered of and determined by the Trustees for
the time being, when applied to by the parents or friends of the
children who have pretensions to this provision. It is not in my
power at this time to advance the above sum ; but that a measure,
that may be productive of good, may not be delayed, I will until
my death, or until it shall be more convenient for my Estate to
advance the principal, pay the interest thereof (to wit, fifty
pounds) annually.
Under this state of the matter, I submit to your consideration
the practicability and propriety of blending the two institutions
together, so as to make one Seminary under the direction of
the President, Visitors, or such other establishment as to you
shall seem best calculated to promote the objects in view, and
for preserving order, regularity, and good conduct in the Acad-
emy. My intention, as I have before intimated, is, that the prin-
cipal sum shall never be broken in upon; the interest only to be
applied for the purposes above mentioned. It was also my in-
tention to apply the latter to the sole purpose of education, and
of that kind of education which would be most extensively
useful to people of the lower class of citizens, viz. reading,
writing and arithmetic, so as to fit them for mechanical purposes.
The fund, if confined to this, would comprehend more sub-
jects; but, if you shall be of opinion, that the proposition I now
offer can be made to comport with the institution of the School
which is already established; and approve of an incorporation
of them in the manner before mentioned, and thereafter, upon
358 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
a full consideration of the matter, should conceive that this fund
would be more advantageously applied towards cloathing and
schooling, than solely to the latter, I will acquiesce in it most
cheerfully; and shall be ready, (as soon as the Trustees are
established upon a permanent footing,) by Deed or other in-
strument of writing, to vest the aforesaid sum of One thousand
pounds, in them and their successors forever, with powers to
direct and manage the same agreeably to these my declared
intentions.54
*To NOAH WEBSTER
Mount Vernon, December 18, 1785.
Sir : Your letter of the 16th., with others, were put into my
hands yesterday in Alexandria; but being engaged at that time
I did not open them until I returned home in the evening; or, I
would have sought an opportunity of conversing with you on
the subject of it, whilst I was in Town.
On the footing you have placed your offer, though I feel my-
self obliged by it, I am unable, from the indecision of it, to
return a satisfactory answer. It would by no means suit me
to await the determinations of the Assemblies of those States
(which are mentioned in your letter) on the applications you
are about to make to them; and afterwards, a consultation of
circumstances and your convenience, before you could resolve
on what plan to fix. Nor indeed, does your offer go to more
than one point, whilst I have three objects in view, namely : the
education of the Children, Aiding me in my corrispondencies,
and keeping my Accounts: The last of which, I believe might
be dispensed with; or, at any rate when they are once digested,
and brought into order (which is the present employment of
54 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] NAVIGATION STOCK 359
Mr. Shaw) they will require very little attention; but the other
two are essential to my purposes.
I send you the sketches of American policy,55 and conceive
that the publication of extracts therefrom will be pleasing, and
may be beneficial. All possible lights ought, in my opinion, to
be thrown on subjects of this importance, for it should seem
that ignorance, or design, have too great a share in the govern-
ment of public measures. I am etc. [ n. y. p. l. ]
To BENJAMIN HARRISON
Mount Vernon, December 18, 1785.
My Dr. Sir: I have had the honor to receive your letter of the
7th. inst: enclosing an Act of the General Assembly, which
passed at my request.50
This new proof of the confidence repos'd in me by my Coun-
try, lays me under additional obligations to it; and I am equally
sensible of its favors, and the polite and friendly wishes with
which you accompanied the act.
If the etiquette of business makes it necessary for me officially
to acknowledge the receipt of this Act, let me entreat you my
Dr. Sir, to offer to the House in my behalf but in your own
words, the grateful sense I have of its goodness upon this occa-
sion, with assurances that the confidence reposed in me, shall
not intentionally be abused. With great esteem, etc.
PASS FOR PEDRO TELLEZ
December 19, 1785.
The Bearer of this Pedro Tellez, is the Spaniard who was
sent from Bilboa in Spain, with one of the Jack Asses which
65 Webster's "Sketches of American Policy" was printed as a pamphlet in 1785.
58 Act of Oct. 17, 1785, permitting Washington to dispose of the donated stock of
the Potomac and James Rivers navigation companies, as he so requested.
360 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
was presented to me by His Catholic Majesty, and is on his
journey to New York, to the Minister of Spain, with a view of
returning to his own Country from thence.57
Not being able to speak any other language than that of his
native tongue, it is requested as a favor of the good people on
the road to assist and direct him properly, which will be con-
sidered as an obligation conferred on, G: Washington58
*To COUNT FLORIDA BLANCA
Virginia, December 19, 1785.
Sir: My homage is due to his Catholic Majesty for the honor
of his present. The value of it is intrinsically great, but is ren-
dered inestimable by the manner and from the hand it is
derived.
Let me entreat you therefore, Sir, to lay before the King my
thanks for the Jack Asses with which he has been graciously
pleased to compliment me; and to assure his Majesty of my
unbounded gratitude for so condescending a mark of his royal
notice and favor.
That long life, perfect health, and unfading glory may attend
his Majesty's reign, is my fervent wish. With great respect and
consideration I have the honor etc.59
To FRANCISCO RENDON
Mount Vernon, December 19, 1785.
Sir: This letter will be handed to you by Mr. Peter Tellez
who attended the Jack Ass, which arrived safe, to this place :
67 A certificate also was furnished Tellez (December 19) that he had delivered one
jackass and that his care and attention to the valuable animal was most acceptable.
A copy of this certificate is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
58 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
50 From a photostat of the letter sent which is in Archivo Historico Nacional
Madrid, Estado, Legajo 3885, Expedicnte 26.
1785] RETURN OF TELLEZ 361
for want of an Interpreter I have not been able to understand
him perfectly; but as far as his wishes have been explained to
me, they are, that he may be permitted to return to Spain as
soon as possible; that it is proper he should go by the way of
New York to see his Excellency Don Gardoqui; that as he was
employed by his Catholic Majesty, and in the Kings pay until
he return'd (his wife receiving part of it from Mr. Gardoqui
at Bilboa) he would take none from me.
Under these circumstances I have forwarded him to Nw.
York, after prevailing on him to take a trifle as an acknowledg-
ment of the obligation I am under to him, for his care of the
animal on which I set the highest value. He has some expec-
tation indeed, that at his return his Majesty may bestow some
humble appointment on him, in the Collection of his Customs;
and therein he has my wishes, but I could not ask it for him, or
even hint it to the Minister.
Not having the honor of an acquaintance with his Excelly.
Mr. Gardoqui, I have taken the liberty of making these com-
munications to you; and to pray, if there is anything improper
in my sending Mr. Tellez to Nw. York, or in my conduct towards
him, that it may be ascribed to misconception, and misunder-
standing his wants by bad interpretation. Altho' unknown, I
pray you to make a tender of my respectful compliments to Mr.
Gardoqui, and to accompany them with the strongest assur-
ances of the pleasure I should feel in seeing him at this Seat of
my retirement, if inclination should ever induce him to visit the
States to the southward of Nw. York. It is unnecessary to offer
you the same assurances, because I have repeatedly done it be-
fore, and you must have been convinced of my sincerity. With
very great esteem etc.
P. S. Mr. Tellez is charged with a Letter from me to Mr.
Carmichael, enclosing one to His Exy. the Count de Florida
362 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
Blanca, praying that my homage and gratitude may be pre-
sented to his Catholic Majesty for the favor he has conferred
on me for the honor of his royal notice.60
To WILLIAM CARMICHAEL
Mount Vernon, December 19, 1785.
Sir: One the Jacks with which his Catholic Majesty was
pleased to present me, has arrived safe; and the enclos'd to his
Minister is a testimony of my gratitude for the singular mark
of his royal notice. I pray you Sir, to do me the honor of pre-
senting it. I hesitate a while, whether to express my sense of
this obligation at first, or second hand; but considering the
value of it, I determined on the former, and at the same time
that I would enclose you a copy of what I had written.
The Spaniard, Seignor Pedro Tellez who accompanied the
Jack which arrived safe, has expressed a wish to obtain a line
of approbation from me ; by means of which he thinks he could
obtain some low office in the King's Customs: but it was a
liberty I could not take, further than to express in the Certifi-
cate I have given him, my sense of his care of the animal which
was entrusted to him. But if a word my good Sir, could oc-
casionally drop from you to this effect, it might do an essential
service to the poor fellow (who it seems has a wife and chil-
dren) and would be considered as an additional favor con-
ferred on, Sir Yrs. etc.60
To JOHN FRANCIS MERCER
Mount Vernon, December 20, 1785.
Dr. Sir: From the assurances you gave me I had flattered my-
self that I should 'ere this have received a payment from you;
90 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] FINANCIAL STRAITS 363
and I had no doubt of it after Colo. Fitzgerald informed me,
five months ago that ^200 had passed thro' his hands from Mr.
White to you; which was the fund, if I understood you rightly,
which you had appropriated for this purpose.
I beg you to be assured that the disclosure I made to you of
my circumstances was candid; and that it cannot be more dis-
agreeable to you to hear, than it is to me to repeat that my wants
are pressing, some debts which I am really ashamed to owe, are
unpaid ; and I have been, for want of money, unable to do more
with my manufacturing Mill, (which is expensive to me with-
out) than to grind up my own Crops; for wheat is not to be
bought on credit, and I have not cash to pay for it. But this is
not the worst, I have not made half grain enough to support
my people and stock this year, the deficiency must be bought at
a high price, and (for there is no question of the Articles bear-
ing it) for ready money. I must therefore get it at an advanced
price, if to be had at all, on credit; or I must sell something at a
low price to enable me to pay ready money. This is truly my
situation. I am, etc.61
To LUND WASHINGTON
Mount Vernon, December 20, 1785.
Dr. Lund : Having come to a fixed determination (whatever
else may be left undone) to attend to the business of my plan-
tations; and having enquired of Geo: Washington62 how far it
would be agreeable to him and his wife to make this place a
permanent residence, (for before it was only considered as
their temporary abode, until some plan could be settled for
them) and finding it to comport with their inclinations, I now
inform you that it will be in my power to comply with your
From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
82 George Augustine Washington.
364 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
wishes with less inconvenience than appeared when you first
proposed to leave my employment.
The business of the Mill is what both of us, will be most at a
loss about at first; and as the people wanting flour are in the
habit of applying to you for it, it would be rendering me a
service to give your attention to this matter, until he can be-
come a little acquainted with the mode of managing it; and
your advice to him afterwards in this and other affairs may be
useful.
The mode of paying the taxes, the times of collection, and in
what kind of property it is most advantageous to discharge
them, and the amount of them, is another business in which
he will be to seek; and I have not sufficient knowledge of the
practice to instruct him.
Nothing else occurs to me at this time in which it is essential
to give you any trouble after the present year; for if I should
not be able to visit the plantations as often as I could wish,
(owing to company or other engagements) I am resolved that
an account of the stock and every occurrence that happens in
the course of the week shall be minutely detailed to me every
Saturday. Matters cannot go much out of sorts in that time
without a seasonable remedy. For both our interests, the wheat
remaining in the straw should be an object of your care. I
am, etc.63
To THOMAS JOHNSON
Mount Vernon, December 20, 1785.
Dr. Sir: It so happened that your letter of the 4th. ulto. with
its enclosures, did not meet a quick passage to me; and that
some delays afterwards, more the effect of accident than neg-
lect, prevented the Petition and Bill,64 (which you are so oblig-
63 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
64 Of the Potomac Company.
1785] POTOMAC COMPANY AFFAIRS 365
ing as to draw) from getting to the Assemblies of the two
States, so soon as were to be wished; however they are now
before them; and from that of Maryland, I am inform'd by a
gentleman to whom I had written on the occasion, that the
business could meet with no opposition there; and from that of
this State that it was reported reasonable. Acts it is to be hoped,
will therefore pass, conformably to our desires.
I feel myself much obliged by the calculations you have been
at the trouble to make and to transmit to me; and at all times
shall be happy in a full and unreserved communication of your
sentiments on this, or any other business. This in particular in
a new work stands in need of all the information we can obtain,
and is much indebted to you for many estimates, and ideas
which have been very useful.
It is to be apprehended, notwithstanding the great encour-
agements which have been offered by the Directors of the
Company for the hire of negroes, that we shall not succeed in
obtaining them. An idea is entertained by the proprietors of
them, that the nature of the work will expose them to dangers
which are not compensated by the terms. Servants I hope are
purchased 'ere this; Colo. Fitzgerald was to have gone yester-
day to George town for this purpose. If the appearance of the
people is at all favorable, the price at which Colo. Deakens offers
them will be no obstacle.
This letter, handed to the care of Colo. Deakens, will be ac-
companied by a small bag of Spanish Chestnutts, half of which
you will please to accept, and the other contrive to Mr. Lee;
they were sent to the Alexandria races in October to be given
to him, but the delivery was neglected. It might be well perhaps
to put them in sand to prevent an over drying, to the injury of
vegitation. With very great esteem, etc.65
From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
366 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Dec.
To DAVID STUART
Mount Vernon, December 24, 1785.
Dr. Sir: I have received your favor of the 18th., and am ex-
ceedingly obliged to you for the Contract you have entered
into on my behalf, with Mr. Savage,66 for 800 bushels of oats.
If you can extend the quantity to be had from him, to 1200
bushels in the whole, upon the same terms, it would add
greatly to the favor as my crop of Corn is much worse than I
had conceived it to be when I wrote to you last (not having
received the tallies) which together do not amount to one third
of what I made last year; which is insufficient to feed my
negroes, much more to afford support for my Horses. This
evinces the necessity also of my knowing speedily and pre-
cisely, if I may depend upon any from the Estate below, and
the quantity.
The Eastern shore oats generally speaking, are light and
indifferent; and what is worse, are often mixed with the wild
onions : as I mean to sow oats next Spring to help me along, it
would be obliging in Mr. Savage, if he could send me such as
are free from this troublesome, and injurious plant to our
fields.
I thank you too for the information respecting the interest
of the loans to the Continent in this State : I send what Certifi-
cates I possess, to you; but fear that those who live at a distance
from the Theatre, have little chance of being benefited by the
Act of the Legislature; although they may get their Certificates
to the Treasury on or before the time limited, but if I should
be mistaken in this, you would serve me essentially by bring-
ing Cash in exchange for those which are enclosed, agreeably
to the list which accompanies them. With great esteem, etc.76
86 George Savage, of. Northampton County, Va.
97 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1785] LAND BOUNDARIES 367
To SAMUEL POWEL
Mount Vernon, December 27, 1785.
Dr. Sir : In looking over the list of premiums proposed by
the Agricultural Society of Philada., I perceive that those of-
fered for the 2d. 3d. and 4th. articles, were to have been pro-
duced according to the requisin. by the 20th. inst:
Each of these being interesting to a farmer you would oblige
me much therefore by giving me the result of the communi-
cations on these heads to the Society, if any discoveries worth
notice have been handed to it.
Mrs. Washington joins me in offering the compliments of
the season to Mrs. Powel and yourself, and in best wishes that
you may see many returns of it. With great esteem, etc.68
To BATTAILE MUSE
Mount Vernon, January 5, 1786.
Sir : A few days ago a Mr. Isaac Jenny of Loudon County was
with me respecting a Piece of Land, which he Supposing was Va-
cant had been endeavouring to obtain, but which upon investi-
gation, he finds belongs to me, and in part of my Chattins Run
tract, (adjoining Robt. Ashbys), though Claimed by Mr. Robt.
Scott, who has Placed a tenant thereon (One Jesse Hite) whose
first years Rent is now due. As far as I can understand the mat-
ter, the following is a true State of the case;
Both Scott and I bind upon Burgess's Patent, and call for his
Lines. One of which it Should seem, runs a Certain Course and
Distance, and Calls for a Red Oak; but in Place of a Red Oak,
there is a White Oak, which Mr. Jenny says all the Neighbours
know to be Burgess's Corner, and he is informed that the Sur-
veyor of the County has established it as such. From hence I
68 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
368 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Jan.
Run Two or Three Short Courses with Burgess's lines to a Red
Oak. And from thence a line with Scott; But Scott wants, and
it Should Seem (from Mr. Jenny's Account) actually got Ashby
when he was laying my Land off into Lotts, to leave out those
Short courses above mentioned, by which is a line of Blazed
Trees, which were then, or at Some other time, made to Sub-
serve the Purpose; I am Cut out of 170 or 180 Acres of Land,
which are within the lines of my Patent, and now Tenanted by
Scott, to Hite. Inclosed I Send you a copy of the Courses and
Boundaries of my Land, taken from the Original Patents
and Pray the first time you go into the Neighbourhood, that you
would have the matter enquired into. I have no objection to
Hite's having the Land, and would give him the Preference,
but Shall not by any means (If the Land is mine) think myself
bound to fulfill Scott's agreement with him. He must (except
in the Preference above) Stand upon the Same footing with me,
as another Man.
Sometime ago Mr. Landon Carter informed me that a Patent
of which he is Possessed takes away part of my Tract in Ashby's
Bent. I replyed that I wanted no Land but my own, nor to go
into a Litigation of the right. If it was realy his. But this Right
must be clearly ascertained before I shall Surrender the land:
which I mention that if upon enquiry you find he has taken
possession of any part of what I hold by Purchase there, and
which I laid out into lots, I may be informed thereof, and to
prevent his doing it, if it remains to be done. Be so good as
to inform me by the first conveyance, whether Clover Seed,
is to be bought in your Neighbourhood, and if so the quantity
and Place of it. On your answer will depend my Purchase with
you, or at Philadelphia. I have great reason to fear, that that
which you bought for me last year was good for nothing. If so,
and the Man of whom you got it, was apprized thereof, I Shall
view him in a light infinitely worse than a pick pocket, because
1786] THE NEW ROOM 369
the latter only takes your Money, whilst the former does this
also, runs you to a useless cost, of Putting land in fine Tilth, for
the Seed, and occasions the loss of a year in ones Projects.
I have heard nothing more of the Butter, which you were to
have lodg'd at Mr. Wayles's by the 23d. of last Month, I hope
no disappointment will take Place, now especially as I Could
after I had engaged this of you, have Purchased any quantity,
of very fine Butter in Alexandria, at gd. p lb. having obtained
200 lbs. at that Price. I am etc.69
*To TENCH TILGHMAN
Mount Vernon, January 7, 1786.
Dear Sir: Your favor of the 30th. Ulto. did not reach me until
last night. Except it is by chance, letters by the Stage never get
to my hands so quickly as they do by the Post; nor so safely,
because I send regularly every post day to the Office in Alex-
andria, whilst those by the Stage getting into private hands
await accidental conveyances from that place. I mention this
circumstance as a reply might have been expected from me
sooner.
As it is convenient and indeed essential to me, to have the use
of my unfinished room as soon as may be, I agree to Mr. Raw-
lins's terms (as stated in your letter) in all their parts; not but
that I am convinced from what I know of the business (being
once part owner of as accomplished a workman as ever came to
this Country, in that way, and the manner of its execution) that
Mr. Rawlins has imposed upon Mr. Gough and now avails him-
self of the scarcity of Artisans of his profession, to extort high
^In the writing of William Shaw. This letter is inadvertently entered as Jan. 5,
1785, in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
On January 5 Washington entered into articles of agreement with Thomas Green
to serve [as a carpenter] for one year. This agreement, in Washington's writing, is
in the Washington Papers.
370 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Jan.
terms from me. Most of this work is cast, and is as quickly done
as lead is run into a mould. But rather than encounter further
delay, perhaps a disappointment, or ask the favor of a stranger
to engage an undertaker to cross the Atlantic who might be
troublesome to me thereafter, I submit to this imposition as the
lesser evil.
As Mr. Rawlins is a stranger to me, and one, of whose char-
acter I have not the smallest knowledge ; and as I have had some
reason to remember an old adage, that one of the bad paymas-
ters is him that pays before hand, I persuade myself that you
will be satisfied I shall run no risk in advancing him money to
the amount of ^50 in the course of the winter, 'ere it is done.
And as you are so obliging as to offer to do this, your drafts on
me for such advances as you make him, shall be punctually paid.
When the agreement is specifically entered into, and bound,
be so good as to request Mr. Rawlins to point out the prepara-
tive steps for me, that no delays may follow his arrival. I shall
rely more upon your friendship and goodness, than upon any
apology I could make, for an excuse for the trouble this business
has already give you, and is likely to give, you before its finally
accomplishment; and can only assure you that with unfeigned
esteem and Affection I am, etc.
P. S. I send this letter to Alexa. to take the chance of a private
conveyance, but it is probable the Post will offer the first.
To CATHERINE MACAULAY GRAHAM
Mount Vernon, January 10, 1786.
Madam : I wish my expression would do justice to my feel-
ings, that I might convey to you adequate ideas of my grati-
tudes for those favourable sentiments with which the letter you
did me the honor to write to me from New York, is replete.
The plaudit of a lady so celebrated as Mrs. Macauly Graham
1786] PERSONAL MENTION 371
is, could not fail of making a deep impression upon my sensi-
bility; and my pride was more than a little flattered by your
approbation of my conduct thro' an arduous and painful contest.
During the time in which we supposed you to have been on
your journey to New York, we participated in the distresses
which we were sure you must have been involved in on ac-
count of the intemperature of the air, which exceeded the
heats common in this Country at the most inclement season :
and tho' your letter was expressive of the great fatigue you had
undergone, still we rejoiced that the journey was attended with
no worse consequences.
I hope, and most sincerely wish that this letter may find you
happily restored to your friends in England, whose anxiety for
your return must, I am persuaded, have been great; and that
you will have experienced no inconvenience from your voyage
to America.
Mrs. Washington who has a grateful sense of your favorable
mention of her; and Fanny Bassett and Major Washington
who, since we had the honor of your company, have joined
their hands and fortunes, unite with me in respectful compli-
ments to you; and in every good wish that can render you and
Mr. Graham happy. The little folks enjoy perfect health. The
boy, whom you would readily have perceived, was the pet of
the family, gives promising hopes from maturer age.
With sentiments of great respect and esteem:, I have the
honor, etc.70
To JAMES MERCER
Mount Vernon, January 20, 1786.
Dr. Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 10th.
inst: with its inclosures, the last are returned signed. I also
'"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
372 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Jan.
send you a copy of the courses of the Lotts purchased by your-
self and me at the sale of your brother's Land, and shall thank
you for the conveyances which are necessary to secure the legal
right to those which I hold.
I am sorry to hear that you still continue indisposed, you
have my best wishes for a speedy and perfect recovery of your
health, and with sentimts. of sincere esteem etc.
P. S. A few days ago I received under cover, several copies
of the inclosed proposals71 from the Author; one of which has
obtained a good many subscribers in Alexa. I use the freedom
of sending a copy to you, that in case yourself and friends in
and about Fredericksburgh should incline to become subscrib-
ers to the work, an opportunity may be furnished. As the
Doctr.,72 it is to be presumed, will look to me for a return of
the number committed to my charge, I shall be glad to re-
ceive the enclosed when you shall find it convenient and
proper, so as to be ready for his call. I have only to pray that the
conditions may be complied with respecting the advance, as I
would not incline to have any thing more to do in the business,
after the subscription papers are returned.73
To DIEGO DE GARDOQUI
Mount Vernon, January 20, 1786.
Sir: The letter which your Excellency did me the favor to
write to me on the first of this month does me great honor: the
sentiments which you have been pleased to entertain of my con-
duct are very flattering; and the friendly manner in which they
are expressed is highly pleasing. They meet the approbation
"No subscription proposals for Gordon's "History of the Rise, Progress, and Estab-
lishment of the Independence of the United States of America" are now found in the
Washington Papers. The work, in 4 volumes, first appeared in London in 1788.
72 Rev. William Gordon.
™From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] PAYMENT OF MONEY 373
of a gentleman whose good wishes were early engaged in the
American cause, and who has attended to its progress thro'
the various stages of the revolution, must be considered as a
happy circumstance for me; and I shall seek occasionally to
testify my sense of it.
With much truth, I repeat the assurances offered to your
Excellency thro' Mr. Rendon, of the pleasure I should have in
seeing you at my Seat in this. State, that I might express per-
sonally to you, how sensibly I feel for the proposed honor of
your correspondence, and pray you to offer in such terms as
you know would be most acceptable and proper, my gratitude
to His Catholic Majesty, for his royal present to me, than which
nothing could have been more flattering or valuable.
With much esteem, respect and consideration, I have the
honor, etc.74
*To JOHN FRANCIS MERCER
Mount Vernon, January 30, 1786.
Dr. Sir: The letter which you dropped for me at Alexandria
I have received. If you can make it convenient to lodge the
money in the hands of any person at that place, it would oblige
me. I lie quite out of the line of opportunities to Annapolis,
and to send there on purpose, would cost me 2/2, or perhaps
5 pr Ct. to fetch it.
If Mr. Pine, the Portrait Painter, should still be at Annapolis
(which is scarcely to be expected) you would oblige me by
paying him Twenty Guieneas, and Sixteen dollars; and his
receipt for these sums, will be equal to that much of the ^200
promised me. If he should have left Annapolis, I will remit the
money to him myself.
74 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
374 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Jan.
Mrs. Washington joins me in compliments to Mrs. Mercer.
We shall always be glad to see you both at this place on your rout
to or from Annapolis. My best respects attend Mr. Spriggs 75
family. I am etc. [h.s.p.]
To JAMES RUMSEY
Mount Vernon, January 31, 1786.
Sir: If you have no cause to change your opinion respecting
your mechanical Boat, and reasons unknown to me do not
exist to delay the exhibition of it, I would advise you to give it
to the public as soon as it can be prepared, conveniently. The
postponement creates distrust in the public mind; it gives time
also for the imagination to work, and this is assisted by a little
dropping from one, and something from another, to whom
you have disclosed the secret: should therefore a mechanical
genius hit upon your plan, or something similar to it, I need not
add that it would place you in an awkward situation, and per-
haps disconcert all your prospects concerning this useful dis-
covery; for you are not, with your experience in life, now to
learn that the shoulders of the public are too broad to feel the
weight of the complaints of an individual, or to regard prom-
ises, if they find it convenient, and have the shadow of plausi-
bility on their side, to retract them. I will inform you further,
that many people in guessing at your plan, have come very
near the mark; and that one, who had something of a similar
nature to offer to the public, wanted a Certificate from me that
it was different from yours. I told him, that as I was not at
liberty to declare what your plan was, so I did not think it
proper to say what it was not.
75 Richard Sprigg.
1786] INDULGENCE TO TENANTS 375
Whatever may be your determination after this hint, I have
only to request that my sentiments on the subject may be as-
cribed to friendly motives, and taken in good part.
I should be glad to know the exact state in which my houses
at Bath are. I have fifty pounds ready, for which you may draw
on me at any time; and I will settle for the whole as soon as
possible.
Herewith you will receive a Magazine containing the esti-
mates of the expence of the Canal in Scotland. It belongs to
Mr. Johnson who requested me to forward it to you after I had
read it, to him you will be pleased to return the book when
you are done with it. With esteem, etc.76
To BATTAILE MUSE
Mount Vernon, February 4, 1786.
Sir: My last by Mr. Daniel McPherson would inform you
why I did not write more fully by that opportunity; and my
attendance since on the business of the Potomac Company at
the Great Falls, is the reason of the delay in doing it until now.
Your letters, of the 10th. of Deer, and of the 12th. 17th. and
18th. of last month are before me, and such parts of them as
have not been answered and appear to require it, shall be the
subjects of this letter; taking them in the order of their dates.
The Butter is at length arrived, and as I had depended upon
it, I shall keep the whole tho' the price is at least 2d. pr. Ct.
more than I was supplied with very good for, at Alexandria in
the fall. Where there is an evidence of exertion in the Tenants
to pay rents and arrearages, I think you act very properly by
giving them encouraging words, and assurances of indulgence:
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
376 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
distress to them, and little advantage to me, would accrue
from a contrary conduct. But where it shall appear that
there is no such intention; that to postpone payment is the
sole aim; and where the conditions of the Leases have been
unattended to by them, and their only object has been to carry
the land, and not the produce of it to market, here, no favor
is due.
Abner Grigg has never appeared here, if he comes, I shall
not forget your information respecting him. In the meanwhile
let me observe, that it is the compliance or non-compliance
with the Lease which is to determine his right to return. If he
is warranted by the tenor of the lease to do so, I shall not dis-
pute the point with him; but watch his ways well in future
without granting him any endulgences; if he is not, then take
the speediest and most effectual mode to get rid of him. For
your exertions in following and catching him, I feel myself
obliged to you; as I also do for your endeavours to rent the
vacant Lotts, altho' they should not be crowned with success.
I hope you will be more fortunate in your collection than
your letter of the 12th. seems to indicate, as it is on this I much
depend for the payment of your wheat. It was unquestionably,
my intention that Mr. Airess should pay the taxes of the Tene-
ment he holds; as an evidence of it every Lott let at, and since
that time, have been so expressed in the Leases: but whether it
was declared in explicit terms, or even by implication to him
at the time, my memory does not now serve me, and therefore
I will not insist upon anything I am not clear in. The term
for which he is to hold it, I recollect well is for his own and his
wif es life, and must be so filled.
As I have only Mr. Jenny's Accot. of the interference of lines;
and as Surveyors fees (as established by Law) are high, perhaps
it might be as well in the first instance to get the line between
1786] FAUQUIER RENTS 377
Mr. Scott and me run by any accurate man you can hire as
the Surveyor of the County, and hear what he (Mr. Scott)
has to say upon the subject. I want nothing but justice, and
that, if to be obtained, I will have. But if, upon the whole, you
find the business cannot be so well done by any other as the
Surveyor of the County, I consent very readily to your employ-
ing him.
Having every reason to believe that the clover seed which
you sent me last fall was bad, I can by no means think of taking
more of it. If my fears of its not vegitating should be realized,
I would rather have given £50, for a bushl. of good seed, than
encounter the disappointment and loss of time will be conse-
quent of it. I will not absolutely pronounce it bad, 'till the
Spring vegitation comes on; but I have all the reason imag-
inable to dread it. The seed had from Philadela. is not import-
ed, but the growth of the Country and cheaper than Mr. Ro-
pers; but cheapness was not the point I aimed at, certainty was
my mark, and if I have missed it, I have lost a season and my
labour.
Your letter of the 18th. was accompanied with a statement
of the Tenements and rents of my Land in Fauquier &c. for
which I am obliged to you. That you will have trouble in re-
ducing these matters to order, I have not, nor ever had any
doubt of, but they will be plain and easy after this year, which
will make amends; as I am determined to continue the collec-
tion in the hands of an agent who by close attention will see
that I have justice done me, not only in the punctual payment
of the rents, but that the covenants thereof are duly attended to
and complied with.
What reply to make to that part of your letter, wherein you
speak of difficulties which may arise in case of the death of
either of us, in the settlement of Accots., I know not: you have
378 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
powers to act, and instructions how to act; and I here declare
that if neither of these will comprehend all the cases which may
arise in the prosecution of this business, my desire is that you
would act for me as you would do for yourself: there can be no
difficulty then, which I can foresee in the case; for these powers,
these instructions and declaration will always justify a conduct
that is not evidently fraudulent ; of wch. there is not the smallest
suspicion in the present case. But when time will admit of it,
state the cases fully wherein directions are wanted, and my
sentiments thereon shall be handed to you, this will be a fur-
ther justification for your conduct.
Inclosed you have copies of the Accots. handed in by Lewis
Lamont and his widow, together with copies of the Sheriff's
receipts, which convey every information that is in my power
to give you respecting his collection. I am, etc.77
*To DAVID STUART
Mount Vernon, February 5, 1786.
Dear Sir: The Vessel which brought the inclosed, has de-
livered the 800 Bushels of Oats for which you contracted with
Mr Savage. Besides these, I have taken 100 more; for which I
am to pay Flour. L Washington has taken anothr. and the re-
maining 200 hundred are taken to Alexandria for you.
I have engaged this man to bring the Corn from York River.
He expects to stay no longer than Monday (tomorrow) at
Alexandria; if you propose therefore to send wheat fans by him
to the Plantations below you have no time to loose in getting
them on board. I hope Mrs. Stuart, to whom and yourself I
offer congratulations on the encrease of your family, is quite
recovered. With great esteem and regard I am etc.
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] MR. LEAR'S DUTIES 379
Mrs. Washington presents her love to Mrs. Stuart and wishes
to know how she is.78
*To BENJAMIN LINCOLN
Mount Vernon, February 6, 1786.
My dear Sir: Your favour of the 4th. of Jany. never reached
me till yesterday, or the receipt of it should have had an earlier
acknowledgment. Let me in the first place thank you for your
kind attention to my enquiries. And in the next, pray you to
learn, precisely from Mr. Lear, upon what terms he would
come to me; for I am not inclined to leave matters of this sort
to after discussion, or mis-conception. Whatever agreement is
previously made, shall be pointedly fulfilled on my part, wch.
will prevent every cause of complaint on his.
Mr. Lear,79 or any other who may come into my family in the
blended characters of preceptor to the Children, and as a Clerk
or private Secretary to me, will sit at my Table, will live as I
live, will mix with the Company which resort to the Ho., and
will be treated in every respect with civility, and proper atten-
tion. He will have his washing done in the family, and may
have his linnen and Stockings mended by the maids of it. The
duties which will be required of him are, generally, such as
appertain to the offices before mentioned. The first will be very
trifling 'till the Children are a little more advanced; and the
latter will be equally so as my corrispondencies decline (which
I am endeavouring to effect) ; and after my accts; and other
old matters are brought up. To descend more minutely into his
avocations I am unable, because occasional matters may require
78 From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong,
of Princeton, N. J.
79 Tobias Lear, of Portsmouth, N. H. He was employed by Washington as a secretary.
380 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
particular Services; nothing however derogatory will be asked,
or expected. After this explanation of my wants, I request Mr.
Lear would mention the annual sum he will expect for these
Services, and I will give him a decided answer by the return of
the Stages, which now carry the Mail and travel quick. A good
hand, as well as proper diction would be a recommendation;
on acct. of fair entries; and for the benefit of the Children, who
will have to copy after it.
The discovery of extracting fresh water from Salt Water, by
a simple process, and without the aid of fire, will be of amazing
importance to the Sons of Neptune; if it is not viciated, or ren-
dered nauseous by the operation; but can be made to answer all
the valuable purposes of other fresh water, at Sea. Every mari-
time power in the world, in this case, ought, in my opinion, to
offer some acknowledgment to the Inventor. With sentiments
of great regard and friendship I am etc.80
To WILLIAM LYLES & CO.81
Mount Vernon, February 8, 1786.
Gentn: I have received your favor of yesterday, and thank
you for your ready compliance with my request. As soon as
my Boat returns from Alexandria, I will immediately dispatch
it with 25 barrels of superfine flour for your vessel, for the pur-
pose of procuring if possible a she Ass, for my benefit, at
Surinam.82
I should be glad to know whether you commit the negotia-
tion of your own business to the Captain, or consign it to a
80 From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong,
of Princeton, N. J.
81 Merchants of Alexandria, Va.
62 Dutch Guiana, South America.
1786] OATS AND CORN 381
Merchant of that place, that I may entrust mine to the same
person; and as I shall have to write to the gentleman, would
wish in the one case or the other to know the name and
address of the Consignee.
If I should not succeed in procuring the Ass; I will, if
equally agreeable to you, abide the sale of the flour at Surinam,
and receive the amount in Rum, Molasses or such other articles
as come well from that place, advice of which I would thank
you for; but if this should interfere in the smallest degree with
your freight, it will be perfectly agreeable to me to have the
returns in cash. I am, etc.83
To GEORGE SAVAGE
Mount Vernon, February 8, 1786.
Sir: Your skipper, Mr. Jno. Whitney, has delivered me eight
hundred bushels of oats, agreeably to the Contract made with
Doctr. Stuart in my behalf. They are good and clean, for
which I thank you.
Mr. Whitney informing me that he was authorized to pro-
vide a freight for the Schooner he is in, I have engaged him pos-
itively, to bring me eight hundred bushels of Indian corn from
the plantations of the deceased Mr. Custis on Pamunky river.
I hope it is to be had at the lowest plantation (a few miles above
West Point), but of this I am not certain. I am to pay him six
pence a bushel freight, delivered at my landing.
I expect no delay or disappointment will take place in this
contract, as I have had the offer of two other vessels on the
same terms, and have rejected them on account of this engage-
ment. I am, etc.83
83 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
382 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
To WILLIAM LYLES & CO.
Mount Vernon, February 10, 1786.
Gentn : As it is my wish to obtain a she Ass of the first kind,
and think it is more in the power of a resident at Surinam, than
it can be in that of the Captn. to procure such an one, I have
written the enclosed letter to Mr. Branden requesting him to
make the purchase accordingly. I hope the Captn. will ascribe
this preference to no other cause than the one assigned; at the
same time that I earnestly request his particular attention to
the animal, if one should be shipped on my account.
In case of the failure in such purchase, I have requested Mr.
Branden to send the proceeds of the sales of the flour, in Mo-
lasses and Coffee. You would oblige me by having the flour
inspected, properly marked for Mr. Branden, and the bill of
lading therefor put under cover with my letter to that Gentn.,
as it will save time and trouble. 1 am, etc.84
To SAMUEL BRANDEN
Mount Vernon, February 10, 1786.
Sir: I have lately received from Spain, a Jack Ass of the first
race in the Kingdom, and am very desirous of availing myself
of his breed. Hearing that she Asses of good appearance are to
be had at Surinam, I take the liberty of asking your assistance
to procure me one of the best kind; to be sent by the return of
Captain Bartlett, who will deliver this letter to you.
Neither the Captn., or any body else with whom I have had
opportunities of conversing, could tell me the cost of one of
these animals at Surinam; but have supposed that twenty five
barrels of superfine flour, would be adequate to the purchase.
This quantity (equal I believe in quality to any made in this
84 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] BOOTS AND SHOES 383
Country) I have the honor of shipping to your address: but if
it should prove inadequate, the deficiency shall be made up in
the way most agreeable to yourself. All I pray is, that I may
receive one of the largest and best she Asses that can be obtained
in your Country fit to breed from.
As the Captain is commissioned to purchase a She Ass for
his owners, I should be glad, if the Bill of lading for mine (if
one is sent to me) may be minutely descriptive of her. I hope
every provision will be made for the accommodation and sup-
port of her on ship board : but if contrary to my wishes, and
a disappointment happens, I request in that case that you
would be so obliging as to send me in return for the flour, two
hogsheads of Molasses, and the remainder in the best CofTee
of your Country.
If, in this request, I have used an unwarrantable freedom, it
proceeds from the good character given of you to me, by
Messrs. Fitzgerald and Lyles of Alexandria, by whose vessel I
write and who have offered me a passage for the animal.
I am, etc.85
*To CLEMENT BIDDLE
Mount Vernon, February 10, 1786.
Dear Sir: A hasty letter which I wrote to you by Colo. Gray-
son, was accompanied with ten half Johans.; the application of
which I informed you shd. be directed in a subsequent letter.86
Let me now request the favour of you to send me the following
articles if to be had.
A pair of Boots, and two pair of Shoes, to be made by Mr.
Star (who has my measure) agreeably to the enclosed Memo.
85 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
S8This letter was dated Jan. 30, 1786. It was very brief and stated that "when I
have more leizure to write" he would be "able to mention the purposes for which
they [the ten half Johannes] are intended." This letter is in the Historical Society of
Pennsylvania.
384 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
Young's Six Months tour through England (his tour thro'
Ireld. I have).
The Gentleman Farmer, by Henry Home.
Tulls Husbandry. All to be neatly bound and lettered.
200 Weight of Clover seed; to be fresh and good.
12 lbs. of Saint foin seed I
6 lbs. of the field Burnet] ° ^°°
A Common Hunting horn of the largest and best sort.
It will readily occur to you, my good Sir, that these Seeds (as
they are to be sown this Spring) cannot be forwarded too soon.
I ought indeed to have wrote for them at an earlier period, but
they may yet arrive at a proper Season if they are quickly dis-
patched. At any rate, inform me if they are to be had, and the
prospect there is of forwarding them, for thereon will depend
my preparation of the ground.
The Gazettes which were furnished by Mr. Dunlap, for my
use, during my Military appointment, ought, undoubtedly be
paid for by the public; and I had no doubt but that this had
been done, regularly, by the Qr Mr General or his assistt. in
the State of Pensylvania. If the case is otherwise, I am ready
to give my aid towards his obtaining it. My respects to Mrs.
Biddle. lam, etc.
I pray you to be pointed with respt. to the goodness of the
Seeds : an imposition of bad seed is a robbery of the worst kind;
for your pocket not only suffers by it but your preparations are
lost, and a season passes away unimproved. lh.s.p.]
To WILLIAM HARTSHORNE
Mount Vernon, February 20, 1786.
Sir: I ought to have acknowledged the receipt of your letter
of the 10th. sooner, tho' I am at a loss what answer to give it
now.
1786] SPANISH JACK EXPENSE 385
When I sent to Boston for my Jack Ass, which was previous
to the presentation of Captn. Pearce's order, tho' subsequent to
the date of it, I requested Mr. Cushing (the Lieut: Governor)
to whose care this animal was addressed, to pay all the charges
which had accrued for freight and other accidental expences
attending the importation of him, and to draw upon me for the
amount. In consequence, I have answered a Draft, to Mr. Tay-
lor of your town, for 300 Dollars; and was informed by Mr.
Cushing, by letter of equal date with the Draft, that he had not
at that time been able to obtain Captn. Pearce's Accot., but that
it should be transmitted as soon as the matter could be settled
with him. In this way the thing has lain ever since; Post after
Post I have been looking for some further advice respecting this
business, but hitherto in vain. I am ready at any moment to
answer Captn. Pearce's demand, when it is properly ascertained
(if it has not been already paid), but it would be inconvenient
for me to advance the money twice : of this, I think both Mr.
Shaw and L. Washington were requested some time ago to in-
form you, for if the 300 Dollars has not, in part, been appro-
priated to the payment of Captn. Pearce's demand, I know not
for what purpose the order was drawn upon me. All the other
charges did not amount to more than one third of that sum.
I depended so much upon others to enquire into the usual
freight of a horse from London to this Country, as not, hither-
to, to have taken any steps myself, to obtain information ; and
it is to be feared none has been taken either by Mr. Shaw or
L. W., nor do I know at this moment where to direct my
enquiries.
I am thankful for your attention to my request respecting the
Buck Wheat and Flax seeds, and shall be glad to know when
they arrive, as I wish to secure all my Seeds for Spring sowing,
in time. I am, etc.87
87 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers,
386 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
To ROBERT TOWNSEND HOOE
Mount Vernon, February 21, 1786.
Sir: Your Letter of the 17th. did not get to my hands 'till yes-
terday, or it should have received an earlier acknowledgment.
Mr. Herbert either mistook me, or Messrs. Valk, Berger and
Schouter have misunderstood him.: for acquainting the former
that a company of which I am a member, was desirous of my
employing a number of hands to drain the great Dismal Swamp
near Norfolk, and that I had been requested by it to enquire
upon what terms two or three hundred Palatines or Hollanders
could be imported for that purpose; his opinion being asked,
he answered that he should see Messrs. Valk, Beyer and Schou-
ter in a few days, (for he was then on the eve of a journey to
Boston) and would know from them, or advised me to apply
to them (I do not now recollect which) to obtain knowledge of
the practicability and convenience of this measure. All I aimed
at was information myself; and if the above gentlemen can
give it to me, it would oblige me. The Company would wish
to know upon what terms they, or any others, in their opin-
ion would engage to deliver 300 able labourers, Germans or
Hollanders, not more than eight women, at Norfolk. Whether
these would come under Indenture, and for what term, or upon
wages, and what. In a word what they would stand the Com-
pany pr. poll, in either case, delivered at Norfolk, freight, pro-
curing them, and every accidental expence included, to the
moment of such delivery at the Ship's side. I am, etc.88
To ROBERT EDGE PINE
Mount Vernon, February 26, 1786.
Sir: Your favor of the 16th. of Decemr. (tho' some what
delayed) came safely to hand.
8SFrom the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] A CHARACTER 387
The pictures arrived shortly after in good order, and meet
the approbation of Mrs. Washington and myself, the first of
whom thanks you for the portrait of Fanny Washington, with
which you have been so polite as to present her: She with the
Major are on a visit to her friends in the lower parts of this
State, and have been so since the middle of December.
It is some time since I requested a Gentleman of Annapolis
(who is owing me money and was to have sent it to me) to pay
you Twenty guineas and sixteen Dollars; the first for balance
due on the pictures, the latter for their frames; but having
heard nothing from him respecting it, I begin to suspect it
never has been done, and therefore send these sums by Mr.
Hunter of Alexandria.
I have lately received a Letter from our old and worthy
acquaintance Colo. Fairfax, who again mentions you in terms
of great regard. Mrs. Washington unites her best wishes to me
for you, on congratulations on the safe arrival of Mrs. Pine &ca.
With great esteem I am, etc.89
To JOSEPH HAWKINS
Mount Vernon, February 27, 1786.
Sir: At the request of Mr. Booth90 1 give you the trouble of
this Letter : this request, added to an inclination to do justice,
must be my apology for it. I have no other motive than to
rescue his character from the injurious aspersions, which he says
have been cast at it.
My acquaintance with Mr. Booth is of more than thirty years
standing. I have known him in the characters of Bachelor,
Husband and widower, in all of which conduct has been unex-
ceptionable. In that of husband and father it was ever esteemed
89 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
90 William Booth, of Westmoreland County, Va.
388 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Feb.
kind, affectionate and remarkably indulgent. In a word he has
passed thro' life unimpeached by those who have had the
best opportunities of forming a judgment of him, and to my best
knowledge and belief has in every instance supported the char-
acter of a Gentleman.
I am, etc.91
To WILLIAM HUNTER
Mount Vernon, February 27, 1786.
Sir: Mr. Shaw informing me of your intended journey to
Philadelphia, I take the freedom of asking you to carry Twenty
guineas, and Sixteen Dollars for Mr. Pine the Portrait Painter;
whom you will find at Baltimore or Philadelphia, at Col Rogers's
if in the former, and at the Slade House, if at the latter.
Be so good as to take his rect. for the money; but previous to
paying it, ask if this sum has not been offered by Mr. Jno. F.
Mercer. This Gentleman is owing me money and out of it, was
requested to pay the above sums whilst Mr. Pine was at An-
napolis; but having no acct. of the compliance it is questionable,
his having done it.
The bearer will deliver you the above sums, I wish you a
pleasant journey and safe return and, with esteem and regard
am etc.92
To GOVERNOR PATRICK HENRY
Mount Vernon, March 5, 1786.
Sir: Your Excellency's favor of the 6th. ulto. came duly to
hand, but I had no opportunity before the 2d. inst: of laying
it before the Directors of the Potomac Company.
From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
02 From a copy of the original kindly furnished by W. L. R. Gifford, librarian of
the St. Louis Mercantile Library Association. St. Louis. Mo.
1786] A HERRING CONTRACT 389
By the Board, I am desired to inform your Excelly., that they
decline taking the six felons in the public Goal ; at the same
time that they feel themselves obliged by the offer.93 I have the
honor, etc.94
To JOHN FRANCIS MERCER
Mount Vernon, March 6, 1786.
Dr. Sir : The Treasurer of the Potomack Company being de-
sired by the Directors of it to send a careful hand to Annapolis
for the advance due on the State subscription; I pray you to pay
the Bearer (who will be that person) the ,£200, for which you
requested me to draw on you at that place. I am, etc.
P. S. Since writing to you the 30th. of Jany. on this subject, I
have myself sent the 20 guineas &c. to Mr. Pine.94
To JOHN MURRAY & CO.95
Mount Vernon, March 8, 1786.
Gentn: Your letter of the 6th. in answer to mine of the same
date, is before me ; but from the present view I have of the sub-
ject, I do not conceive that my entering into a Contract for
Herrings on the terms offered by you, would be eligible; 1st.
because in my judgment, you estimate them too low, lower than
they usually sell for at the landings. 2dly. because your Salt is
rated higher than, I believe it is to be bought for, more than I
have lately given. 3dly. because Liverpool Salt is inadequate to
the saving of Fish, and therefore useless in this business. 4thly.
because I would not, on any terms, go to Dumfries for this Ar-
ticle; and fifthly, because it does not suit me to receive Salt alone
in paymt.
83 Governor Henry's letter is in the Washington Papers.
84 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
93 Of Alexandria, Va.
390 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [March
Moreover, if your coarse salt is allum or lump Salt, I con-
ceive it must be reduced by pounding, before it can be applied,
which would add to the expence of curing. Lisbon is the proper
kind of Salt for Fish.
From these considerations I must decline contracting to fur-
nish Herring unless you are disposed to offer more favourable
terms. I am, etc.90
To BATTAILE MUSE
Mount Vernon, March 8, 1786.
Sir : I have just received your letter of the 20th. of last month,
and request that you will proceed as you have begun, that is, to
do equal and impartial justice to the Tenants and myself. I
want no improper advantage of them on the one hand : on the
other, where leases are clearly forfeited, by a manifest intention
on the part of the Tenant to neglect all the Covenants in them,
that were inserted for my benefit; and their sole aim has been
to make traffic of the Land, I shall have no scruple in getting
them aside, and beginning afresh upon the best rents I can get
for ten years.
At any rate, it is my wish that you would be as attentive to
the other Covenants of the Leases, as to that which exacts the
rent: particularly to those which require a certain proportion
of wood-Land to be left standing in one place, to orchards, to
Meadows, and to buildings. These were as much objects with
me, as the Rent, nay more, because to these I looked, to have
the value of my land enhanced, whilst I was, in the first in-
stance, contenting myself with low Rents. If therefore, these
have passed off unnoticed by the Tenants, it should be punished
equally with the non-payment of Rents. I mention these things
because it is my wish they should be strictly complied with.
80 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] COLLECTION OF ACCOUNTS 391
There is another matter, or two which, in renting my Lands,
I am desirous you should always keep in view, first, to lease to
no person who has Lands of his own adjoining them; and 2dly.
to no one who does not propose to live on the premises. My
reasons are these, in the first case my Land will be cut down,
worked and destroyed to save his own, whilst the latter will
receive all the improvements. In the second case, if the Tenant
does not live thereon it will not meet a much better fate, and
negro Quarters and Tobacco pens will probably be the best
edifices of the Tenement. One Grigg (I think his name is) an
overseer to Colo. John Washington,97 must be an exception, be-
cause, at the instance of my Brother, I consented to the purchase
he has made.
Inclosed you have a Letter for Mr. Robt. Rutherford, of whom
you will endeavor to receive the amount of the within. If you
should succeed in this, you may carry it to my credit and draw
a commission thereon as if collected for rent. I also send you an
Account against a Captn. David Kennedy (I believe of Win-
chester) to receive if you can, on the same terms. I put this
accot. about eighteen months ago into the hands of Genl. Mor-
gan to whom Kennedy had, I believe, made sale of a Lott in
Winchester, but know not to what effect. It may be well to
enquire of Morgan concerning it, previous to an application
to Kennedy. I am, etc.98
To HUGH HOLMES
Mount Vernon, March 10, 1786.
Sir: For the honor you have done me in calling your only
child by my name, and that too, you add, when the issue of the
97 John Augustine Washington.
sFrom the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
392 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [March
American struggle stood suspended. I pray you to accept my
best acknowledgments.
My thanks are also due for your politeness in sending me a
piece of Linen of your staple manufacture : and I am particu-
larly indebted to you for the favourable wishes and flattering
expressions of your letter to me of the 4th. of August last.
Your Country has my best wishes for the fullest of every-
thing which is interesting to the rights of mankind, and you
Sir, that you may be principal sharer of them, being, Your etc."
To SAMUEL PURVIANCE
Mount Vernon, March 10, 1786.
Sir: Your Letter of the 6th. inst: is this moment put into my
hands; was it in my power I would cheerfully answer your
queries respecting the settlements on the Kanhawa; the nature
of the water and quality of the soil.
But of the first, I only know from information that Colo.
Lewis is settled there : from his own mouth I learnt that it was
his intention to do so, and to establish a Town in the fork of the
two rivers, where he proposed to fix families in the vicinity on
his own Lands. Of the second, I never could obtain any distinct
account of the navigation. It has been variously represented;
favorably by some, extremely difficult by others, in its passage
thro' the Gauley mountain, (which I presume is the Laurel
hill) : but the uncertainty of this matter will now soon be at an
end, as there are commissioners appointed by this State to ex-
plore the navigation of that river and the communication be-
tween it and James river, with a view to a portage. This, equally
with the extension of the Potomac navigation, was part of my
original plan, and equally urged by me to our Assembly; for
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] KANAWHA SETTLEMENT 393
my object was to connect the Western and Eastern or Atlantic
States together by strong commercial ties.
I am a friend, therefore on this principle to every channel
that can be opened, and wish the people to have choice. The
Kanhawa, and James river, if the obstacles in the former are
not great, are certainly the shortest and best for the settlers
thereon, for those on the Ohio below, above, perhaps as high
as the little Kanhawa and for the Country immediately west of it.
The Monongahela and Yohoghaney with the Potomac are
most convenient for all the settlers from the little Kanhawa,
inclusively, to Fort Pitt and upwards, and west as far as the
Lakes. Susquehanna and the Alleghany above Fort Pitt some
distance, will accommodate a third District of Country; and
may for ought I know, be equally convenient to the trade of
the Lakes. All of them therefore have my best wishes; for as I
have observed already, my object and my aim are political. If
we cannot bind those people to us by interest, and it is no other-
wise to be effected but by a commercial knot, we shall be no
more to them after a while, than G. Britain or Spain, and they
may be as closely linked with one or other of those powers, as
we wish them to be with us, and in that event, they may be a
severe thorn in our side.
With respect to the nature of the soil on the Kanhawa, the
bottoms are fine, but the lands adjoining are broken. In some
places the hills are very rich, in others piney and very poor:
but the principal reason, as I conceive, why the settlement has
not progressed more, is that the greater part if not all the good
Lands, on the main river, are in the hands of persons who do
not incline to reside thereon themselves, and possibly hold them
too high for others, as there is a surrounding country open to
them; this I take to be my own case, and might be an induce-
ment to concur in any well concerted measures to further a
394 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [March
settlement, which might ultimately, not at too great a distance,
subserve my interest in that quarter.
The Great Kanhawa is a long river with very little interrup-
tion for a considerable distance : No very large waters empty
into it, I believe; Elk river, Coal river and a Creek called Poki-
tellico below the falls, and Green river above them, are the most
considerable. I am glad to hear that the Susquehanna canal is
so well advanced. I thank you for the offer of Mr. Nielson's
services in the western country, and am, with very great, &c.
To WILLIAM DRAYTON
Mount Vernon, March 25, 1786.
Sir : The Letter which you did me the honor to write to me
on the 23d. of November last, came safely; tho' not at so early a
period as might have been expected from the date of it. I re-
mark this by way of apology for my silence 'till now.
I feel very sensibly, the honor conferred on me by the South
Carolina Society for promoting and improving agriculture and
other rural concerns, by unanimously electing me the first hon-
orary member of that Body; and I pray you Sir, as Chairman,
to offer my best acknowledgements and thanks for this mark of
its attention. To you, for the flattering terms in which the desires
of the Society have been communicated, my thanks are particu-
larly due.
It is much to be wished that every State in the Union would
establish a Society similar to this; and that these Societies
would correspond with, and fully and regularly impart to each
other, the result of the experiments actually made in husbandry
together with such other useful discoveries as have stood, or are
likely to stand the test of investigation. Nothing in my opinion
would contribute more to the welfare of these States, than the
1786] ABSENTEE TENANTS 395
proper management of our Lands; and nothing, in this State
particularly, seems to be less understood. The present mode of
cropping practised among us, is destructive to landed property ;
and must, if persisted in much longer, ultimately ruin the holders
of it. I have the honor, etc.1
To JOHN AUGUSTINE WASHINGTON
Mount Vernon, March 27, 1786.
Dear Brother : Your letter of the 17th did not reach me till
yesterday afternoon. Whence your overseers apprehensions
proceed, I know not; for if I recollect right, I gave him, myself,
assurances of the plan when I was in Berkeley in the fall of
1784; and since, have informed Mr. Muse that he was to receive
a confirmation of the lease. It is true that, being a nonresident
on the Lott he would have been excluded, had it not been for
the communication of your wishes, that he might have it, ante-
cedant to the above period; because, for reasons which will
readily occur to you, I had established it as a maxim to accept
no Tenants that did not mean to reside on the Land; or who
had land of their own adjoining to it, not expecting, in either
case, much improvement on, or much justice to mine under
these circumstances.
At the time I sent you the flour that was manufactured at my
Mill, I requested to be informed if you could tell me where
corn was to be had in your parts, or within your knowledge;
but having received no answer to that letter, nor any one from
you since, till the one above acknowledged; I sent to York
River for 200 Barr., which I have just landed. I do not there-
fore stand in need of that at the little Falls Quarter.
1From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
396 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [March
Herewith you will receive an Alexandria Gazette containing
a demd. upon the subscribers to the Potomack Navigation for
two other dividends for carrying on the work, which the direc-
tors mean to do with spirit; and they hope to good effect this
summer. It also contains an address from Mr. Stoddart to
Messrs. Washington & Co. the first of whom I hope has, 'ere
this, seen the impropriety of hazarding a valuable estate upon
so precarious a tenure as trade and either has, already, or soon
will withdraw himself from it. I beg when you see him, that
you will give my love and thanks to him, for the fruit trees he
sent me, which came safe, and were a very valuable present.
All here join most cordially, in every good wish for you, my
sister and family, and with every sentiment of regard and
affection I am ever yrs.2
To SIR EDWARD NEWENHAM
Mount Vernon, March 30, 1786.
Dr. Sir : Having cause lately, to apprehend a miscarriage of
the letter, of which the enclosed is a duplicate, I do myself the
honor of forwarding this copy as the best apology as I can make
for a silence that might otherwise be ascribed to inattention,
which would give me pain, as I have pleasure in your corre-
spondences, and would wish to keep up a friendly intercourse
with you by letter.
As your last letters gave me hopes of seeing you in Virginia
this Spring, and nothing since has contradicted it, I think I
may shortly look for that pleasure, and therefore shall add
nothing more in this letter than my best wishes for the pleas-
2 The text is from a typed copy of the original, in the possession of Mrs. John A.
Thomson, of Winchester, Va., furnished through the kindness of C. Vernon Eddy,
librarian of the Hendley Library, Winchester, Va.
1786] POTOMAC LOCKS 397
antness of your voyage, and assurances of the happiness I shall
derive from saluting you under my own roof; being, with
every sentiment of esteem and regard Dr. Sir Yr., etc.3
To JOHN FITZGERALD AND GEORGE GILPIN
Mount Vernon, March 31, 1786.
Gentn.: Yesterday Mr. Brindley, in company with a Mr.
Harris, Manager for the James river Company (the latter hav-
ing been sent for the former, by the Directors thereof) left this
on their way to Richmond, from whence Mr. Brindley expects
to be returned, as far as Alexandria, in seven days from the date
hereof. I have engaged him to call upon Colo. Gilpin on his
rout back.
Mr. Brindley and Mr. Harris took the great Falls in their
way down and both approve of the present line for our Canal:
the first very much; he conceives that 9/ioths of the expence of
the one fifth proposed, will be saved by this cut; the work alto-
gether as secure, and the entrance into the river by no means
unfavorable. He thinks however that a good deal of attention
and judgment is required in fixing Locks there; the height of
which he observes is always governed by the ground; they fre-
quently run from four to eighteen feet, and some times are as
high as twenty four.
The nature and declination of the ground, according to him,
is alone to direct, and where this will admit he thinks the larger
the Locks are made the better, because more convenient.
With respect to this part of the business I feel, and always
have confessed an entire incompetency : nor do I conceive that
theoretical knowledge alone is adequate to the undertaking.
Locks, upon the most judicious plan, will certainly be expen-
sive; and if not properly constructed and judiciously placed,
3 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
398 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [March
may be altogether useless. It is for these reasons therefore that
I have frequently suggested (though no decision has been had)
the propriety of employing a professional man.
Whether the expense of obtaining one in, and bringing him
from Europe has been thought unnecessary, or too burthen-
some for the advantages, which are to be expected, I know not:
but as it is said no person in this country has more practical
knowledge than Mr. Brindley, I submit to your consideration
the propriety of engaging him to take the Falls in his way back ;
to examine, level and digest a plan for Locks at that place; if it
shall appear good, and his reasons in support of the spots and
sizes conclusive it will justify the adoption; if palpably erro-
neous, there is no obligation upon us to follow him; and the ex-
pence in that case [is the only evil which can result from it.
this for the chance of a probable benefit, I am not only willing,
but desirous of encountering; and if Colo. Gilpin has not
already made the trip to that place which he proposed at our
last visit, and disappointment there, it would give me great
pleasure if it could be so timed as for him to accompany Mr.
Brindley. This would not only give countenance to the latter,
but afford him aid also; and might be a mean of preventing the
little jealousies which otherwise might arise in the minds of
our own managers. Taking Mr. Brindley to the works now,
may, ultimately, save expence; at the same time, having a plan
before us, would enable us at all convenient times, to be provid-
ing materials for its execution. I am, &c.
P. S. If my proposition is acceded to, it might be well to fix,
at once what shall be given to Mr. Brindley. I will readily sub-
scribe to what you two Gentlemen may agree to give him on
this occasion]4
4 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Tapers. The part in brackets
is from a facsimile, in Washington's writing, in the University of California Chron-
icle, October, 1925, where a note is added by Washington, April 2, explaining the
delay in sending the letter.
1786] THE SPANISH JACK 399
To REVEREND TIMOTHY DWIGHT
Mount Vernon, April i, 1786.
Sir: I have been favored with a letter from you (without
place or date) accompanying the Conquest of Canaan;5 for
both I pray you to accept my grateful thanks, and the acknowl-
edgment of the honor you have done me by the dedication.
Your fears with respect to the merits of the Poem, I hope are
removed, for it is a pleasing performance, and meets the appro-
bation of all who have read it. I have never had an opportunity
of subscribing to the work, or I should have done it with
pleasure.
With very great esteem and respect I am, etc.6
To LIEUTENANT GOVERNOR THOMAS CUSHING
Mount Vernon, April 5, 1786.
Dr. Sir: I have now the honor to acknowledge the receipt of
your several favors of the 6th. 9th. and 16th. of Novr. and 22d.
of Feby. I purposely delayed my acknowledgements of the first
three, 'till I should receive the one promised therein, that I
might give you no more trouble with my concerns than was
unavoidable.
I feel myself under great obligation to you for your obliging
and disinterested attention to my Jack; and for your kindness
to the person who was sent to conduct him home: he, the
Spaniard, and the Jack Ass all arrived safely, and in as short
a time as could well have been expected from the great dis-
tance, and manner of their traveling.
Your Draft on me in favor of Messrs. Isaac and William
Smith, was paid the moment it was presented; and I have since
"An epic poem in n books, published in 1785.
6 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
400 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [April
paid Captn. Pearce's Accot., but not to the amount of his order
in favor of a Mr. Hartshorne Mercht. in Alexandria : for I be-
lieve Captn. Pearce was ashamed himself of his charges after
they were made, as he requested the above Gentleman, in a
second letter, to receive whatever should be thought right. Mr.
Hartshorne therefore, adding for the full passage of the Jack,
made the A/c. of Mr. Ashton, in other respects, his govern-
ment for the residue and instead of demanding ,£63.5.6. was
content to receive ,£33.3.6. and thought it enough. You have, I
am persuaded, hit upon the true and only reason why Captn.
Pearce withheld his Accot. from your examination; preferring
to send it hither, exorbitant as it appeared from the face of it,
rather than have entered into any dispute concerning it, I should
have paid it had I not waited a while to learn the result of your
application.
Mrs. Washington joins me in respectful compliments to your-
self and Lady, and with sentiments of great esteem and regard,
I am,7
To CHARLES CARROLL, ROBERT MORRIS, AND
SAMUEL POWEL
Mount Vernon, April 5, 1786.
Sir: The Revd. Mr. Griffith 8 who will present this letter to
you is possessed of much property in the town of Alexandria,
the value of which he is desireous of encreasing by buildings.
To enable him to do this he wishes to borrow on interest, about
^2500. As security for such a loan, he is willing to mortgage
his interest in the above place, and proposes as a further secu-
rity to offer other means; the nature of all he will explain to
you. They are in my opinion amply sufficient, such as I should
7 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
8 Rev. David Griffith.
17861 POTOMAC LOCKS 401
not hesitate to take if I had the money to lend ; but you will be
able to judge more fully of the matter, when they are laid
before you.
From a long and intimate acquaintance with Mr. Griffith,
I have a high opinion of his worth and entire dependance on
his representations, which (as he may in some degree be a
stranger to you) I have thought an act of justice to mention.9
I am, etc.10
To HENRY LEE
Mount Vernon, April 5, 1786.
My Dr. Sir: Ascribe my silence to any cause rather than a
want of friendship, or to a disclination to keep up a friendly
intercourse with you, by letter. Absences from home, hurry
of business, Company &c, however justly they might be of-
fered, are too stale and common place to be admitted. I there-
fore discard them; throwing myself upon your lenity, and
depending more upon your goodness, than on any apology I
can make as an excuse for not having acknowledged the re-
ceipt of your favours of the 16th. of Feby. and 2d. of March,
before this time.
The first came to hand just after I had made one trip to our
works at the great Falls of this River; and when I was upon
the eve of another to the same place, where the Board of Di-
rectors by appointment met the first of last month. I can there-
fore inform you from my own observation, that this business
is progressing in a manner that exceeds our most sanguine
expectation, difficulties vanish as we proceed, the time and
expence which it was supposed we should have to encounter
9 As printed from the letter sent, in the Long Island Historical Society Memoirs
(vol. 4), the text varies in minor verbal details from this letter.
10From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
402 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [April
at this place, will both be considerably reduced. After a thor-
ough investigation of the ground there we have departed from
Ballandine's rout for the Canal, and marked a fresh cut, which
in our judgments will save 4/5th. of the labour, consequently
proportionate time and expence, and in the opinion of Mr.
Brindley who has just been to see it, 9/ioths., and be equally
good when effected. Upon the whole, to be laconic, if there
are any doubts remaining of the success of this work, they
must be confined to three classes of men, viz : those who have
not opportunities of investigations, who will not be at the
trouble of doing it when it is in their power, and those whose
interests being opposed, do not wish to be convinced. The
great Fall is the only place where, under our present view of
the River, we conceive it necessary to establish Locks; the
ground favors them, and there can be no doubt (this being
the case) of Locks succeeding as well in this as in other Coun-
tries, as the materials for erecting them are abundant. What
difficulties may be found where no difficulty was apprehended,
I will not take upon me to declare: where they were thought
wholly to lie, we are free from apprehension.
My sentiments with respect to the foederal Government, are
well known, publicly and privately have they been communi-
cated without reserve; but my opinion is, that there is more
wickedness than ignorance in the conduct of the States, or in
other words, in the conduct of those who have too much in-
fluence in the government of them; and until the curtain is
withdrawn, and the private views and selfish principles upon
which these men act, are exposed to public notice, I have little
hope of amendment without another convulsion. The picture
of our Affairs as drawn by the Committee, approved by Con-
gress and handed to the public,11 did not at all surprize me:
"See Journals of the Continental Congress, Mar. 28, 1785.
1786] A HISTORY 403
before that report, tho' I could not go into the minutiae of mat-
ters, I was more certain of the agregate of our 12 than
I am now of the remedy which will be applied; without the
latter I do not see upon what ground your Agent at the Court
of Morocco, and the other at Algiers, are to treat, unless, hav-
ing to do with new hands, they mean to touch the old string,
and make them dance awhile to the tune of promises.
I thank you for the pamphlet which contains the corre-
spondence between Mr. Jay and Mr. Littlepage;13 and shall
be obliged to you for a Gazette containing the publication of
the latter, which appears to have given rise to them. I am, etc.14
To DAVID RAMSAY
Mount Vernon, April 5, 1786.
Sir: I pray you to accept my best acknowledgments of your
letter of the 22d. of Feby., and thanks for the history of the
Revolution of South Carolina,15 with which you have been so
good as to present me. From what I have heard of its merits,
I anticipate much pleasure in the perusal of the work.
It is to be regretted that your local situation did not allow
you, with convenience, to take a more comprehensive view of
the war. My gratitude for the favourable sentiments you have
been pleased to express for me is due, and with esteem, etc.14
To THOMAS NEWTON, JUNIOR
Mount Vernon, April 9, 1786.
Sir: I have been favored with your letters of the 20th. of
Jany., 24th. of Feby. and 13th. of March, the last of which
3*Left blank in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
13 Lewis Littlepage.
From the " Letter Book " copy in the Washington Papers.
"Published in 1785 in two volumes.
404 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [April
speaks of a letter written by you to me of the same date, this
letter has never got to hand: but I have received in Alexandria
the £60, which Messrs. Pennock & Skipwith promised to re-
mit me on your accot., as also the Wine from Captn. Earle, in
very good order.
My situation, since my retreat from public life, has been such
as to put it out of my power to go into an examination and
settlement of Accots. with that precision which is requisite;
and among others, the transactions between the deceased Colo.
Lewis and myself stand open. I do not know (from any thing
my memory affords) on what account he could draw an order
in favor of Henry Mitchell, as I recollect no dealings with
that Gentn., but presume it must be right. Nevertheless, if
there is an Accot. annexed to the order, or if the order is ex-
pressive of the purpose for which it was drawn, you would do
me a favor in transmitting a copy of it.
I have made several ineffectual applications for my accot.
with Mr. Hill; but as Dr. Stuart is again going into that part
of the Country in which he lives, I will make one effort more
to obtain it, 'till this happens I can say nothing with respect to
his credits, but will advise you as soon as it is in my power.
In one of your former letters you intimated that my super-
fine Flour would sell well in Norfolk, and it was my intention
to have consigned you some 'ere this; but as the quantity I
make is small, the demand for it in Alexandria has generally
kept pace with my manufactory. However I believe it would
now be in my power to send you from 50 to 100 barrels, if
you thought the present prices in your Town would answer;
and that you may be enabled to judge, I shall inform you that
I have not sold one barrel this year which has not netted at
my Mill 38/, cash paid on delivery; and some at 40/. Would
it nett the former at Norfolk, free of freight commission and
1786] MR. LEAR'S TERMS 405
storage? Your answer would determine my conduct, and I
shall be glad to receive it by the return of the Post. I am, etc.16
To BENJAMIN LINCOLN
Mount Vernon, April 10, 1786.
My Dr. Sir: The violent rains and consequent freshes, have
given such interruption to the Stages in this part of the world,
that your favor of the 15th. ulto. did not reach my hands 'till
Saturday last. I accede to the pecuniary allowance of two
hundred Dollars pr. Am: required by Mr. Lear, in addition
to the stipulations mentioned in my last, as a compensation for
his services, and shall be glad to receive him into my family
as soon as he can make it convenient to repair to it. At any
rate I shall be glad to know, as nearly as may be, when to
expect him, that I may arrange matters accordingly. There
can be little doubt of Mr. Lear's finding, by method and ar-
rangement, more than the time he speaks of for Study, to
facilitate, rather than impede which would give me pleasure,
as far as it can be made to comport with the purposes for
which he is employed. With the greatest esteem, etc.10
To WILLIAM WASHINGTON
Mount Vernon, April 10, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Three days ago only, I had the pleasure to receive
your favor of the 18th. of December, under cover of one from
Mr. Hammond of Baltimore. This gentleman writes me that
the boxes which you had the goodness to send me, were then
shipped on board the Baltimore packet for Alexandria. I
every moment look for them, and feel myself much indebted
16 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
406 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [April
for your kind attention to my request in this instance. I shall
plant the acorns, and nurture the young trees, when they
arrive, with great care; those brought last year by my Nephew
(chiefly of the Laurel) stood the passage, the summer and the
Winter, with very little covering, very well. I am now trans-
planting them from the box in which they were brought.
At the proper season if you could make it convenient, I
should be obliged to you for saving for me some seed of the
Palmetto, and of any other trees or shrubs that are curious,
in Carolina, and not natives of this Country.
Mrs. Washington, and my Nephew Geo. A. Washington
who has taken unto himself a wife, join me in every good
wish for your Lady and Self, and with sincere esteem and
regard, I am, etc.17
*To JONATHAN TRUMBULL
Mount Vernon, April 10, 1786.
My dear Sir: Your favor of the 20th. of Feby. came safely,
tho' tedeously; as it is not more than a few days since I
received it, and the inclosure, for which I thank you. The
author, at the sametime that he pays a just tribute to the de-
ceased does no discredit to his own talents.
I hope nothing will intervene to prevent the tour you have
in contemplation to the Southward; and I persuade myself
you will believe me very sincere, when I assure you of the
pleasure I shall feel at seeing you under my roof; in wch.
every inhabitant of the mansion (acquainted with you) will
participate. Your acquaintance G. A Washington, has taken
unto himself a wife (Fanny Bassett the Neice of Mrs. Wash-
ington) both of whom live with us.
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] A SLAVE AND QUAKERS 407
The inclosed for Mr. Dwight, I take the liberty of com-
mitting to your care, because the letter which I received from
him (and of which this is an acknowledgment) having neither
date nor place to it, I am at a loss where to direct it. If my
address is wrong (for your Parsons sometimes turn Lawyers)
I pray you to correct it.
Mrs. Washington and George, join me in every good wish
for yourself, Mrs. Trumbull and family, and with sentiments
of sincere esteem and perfect friendship I am etc.18
To ROBERT MORRIS
Mount Vernon, April 12, 1786,
Dear Sir: I give you the trouble of this letter at the instance
of Mr. Dalby of Alexandria; who is called to Philadelphia
to attend what he conceives to be a vexatious lawsuit respect-
ing a slave of his, which a Society of Quakers in the city
formed for such purposes) have attempted to liberate; The
merits of this case will no doubt appear upon trial, but from
Mr. Dalby 's state of the matter, it should seem that this Society
is not only acting repugnant to justice so far as its conduct
concerns strangers, but, in my opinion extremely impolitickly
with respect to the State, the City in particular; and without
being able, (but by acts of tyranny and oppression) to accom-
plish their own ends. He says the conduct of this society is
not sanctioned by Law: had the case been otherwise, what-
ever my opinion of the Law might have been, my respect for
the policy of the State would on this occasion have appeared
in my silence; because against the penalties of promulgated
Laws one may guard; but there is no avoiding the snares of
lbFrom a photostat in the Washington Papers.
408 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [April
individuals, or of private societies. And if the practice of this
Society of which Mr. Dalby speaks, is not discountenanced,
none of those whose misfortune it is to have slaves as attend-
ants, will visit the City if they can possibly avoid it; because
by so doing they hazard their property; or they must be at
the expence (and this will not always succeed) of providing
servants of another description for the trip.
I hope it will not be conceived from these observations, that
it is my wish to hold the unhappy people, who are the sub-
ject of this letter, in slavery. I can only say that there is not
a man living who wishes more sincerely than I do, to see a
plan adopted for the abolition of it; but there is only one
proper and effectual mode by which it can be accomplished,
and that is by Legislative authority; and this, as far as my
suffrage will go, shall never be wanting. But when slaves
who are happy and contented with their present masters, are
tampered with and seduced to leave them; when masters
are taken unawares by these practices; when a conduct of this
sort begets discontent on one side and resentment on the other,
and when it happens to fall on a man, whose purse will not
measure with that of the Society, and he looses his property
for want of means to defend it; it is oppression in the latter
case, and not humanity in any; because it introduces more
evils than it can cure.
I will make no apology for writing to you on this subject;
for if Mr. Dalby has not misconceived the matter, an evil
exists which requires a remedy; if he has, my intentions have
been good, though I may have been too precipitate in this
address. Mrs. Washington joins me in every good and kind
wish for Mrs. Morris and your family, and I am, &c.19
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] AN INSTRUCTOR 409
*To BUSHROD WASHINGTON
Mount Vernon, April 13, 1786.
Dear Bushrod: If Royal gift20 will administer, he shall be
at the Service of your Mares, but at present he seems too full
of Royalty, to have any thing to do with a plebean race; per-
haps his Stomach may come to him, if not, I shall wish he had
never come from his Most Catholic Majesty's Stables.
Your Papa has not been here yet. I am just come in from a
Ride, the Dinner bell rings, and your Man says he must go
off after it. So offer me affectionately to all, and believe me
to be sincerely21
*To NOAH WEBSTER
Mount Vernon, April 17, 1786.
Sir: Mr. Lee,22 yesterday evening, gave me the pleasure of
receiving your letter of the 31st. ulto, and the book with which
you were so obliging as to accompany it, for both I pray you
to accept my thanks. The author some time ago had the good-
ness to send me two copies of the poem."3
I am equally obliged to you, Sir, for your kind assurance
of looking out for an Instructor for the little folks of this fam-
ily; but believe I have no occasion to trouble you in this
business now. Sometime in the course of last summer, when
Genl. Lincoln was here, I made particular enquiry of him
on this head; and though he could not at that time, point out
a character which he thought would answer my purposes in
all respects, yet he has lately named a Gentleman of whom
20 Washington had named the jack from the King of Spain "Royal Gift."
21 From the original in the John Davis Batchelder Collection in the Library of
Congress.
22 Arthur (?) Lee.
23 Rev. Timothy Dwight's "Conquest of Canaan."
410 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [April
he speaks in high terms; and has given the conditions on
which he wd come; which being acceded to on my part and
a letter written to that effect, I conceive the matter is closed.
If it should be otherwise, I will again give you the trouble
of hearing from me on this subject.
My best wishes will attend you in your lectures, and in the
prosecution of your design of refining the language, and im-
proving the system of education, so as to reduce it to perfect
regularity. I am, etc. [n.y.p.l.]
ToJOHNARMISTEAD
Mount Vernon, April 17, 1786.
Sir: It has been my hope since my return, that it would be
unnecessary for me to remind you of the debt due to me from
the Estate of your deceased Father; the speedy payment of
which, at different times I have received assurances of from
yourself. Besides standing much in need of the money (which
alone will, I persuade myself, be a stimulus to the discharge
of my claim) it may be well for you to consider the nature of
it, and with what rapidity a protested Bill encreases the original
sum. This is no inducement however for me to let it lie; for,
as I have just hinted, I can with truth declare to you that my
want of the money is more essential to me, than the interest
arising therefrom. I am, etc.24
To WILLIAM HARTSHORNE
Mount Vernon, April 19, 1786.
Sir: I am sorry that I have been so troublesome and teas-
ing to you on accot. of the seeds you were so obliging as to
u From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Tapers.
1786] A HISTORY 411
endeavour to procure for me; but as my Boat is sent to Town,
I am induced to ask if they are arrived, that they may in that
case embrace the present conveyance. If they are not already
at hand, I shall be obliged to you for countermanding the or-
der for the Buck wheat, as it is now totally useless for the
experimental purposes for which I wanted it. This is nearly
the case with respect to the Flax seed; but I will try late sow-
ing, rather than let the season pass over altogether, conse-
quently will wait a few days longer for this, in which time
if it does not arrive, I pray it may be countermanded also. I
am, etc.25
To REVEREND WILLIAM GORDON
Mount Vernon, April 20, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Mr. Lund Washington having expressed a wish
to quit business and live in retirement and ease, I could not
oppose his inclination; and his having carried these desires
into effect, that kind of business which he usually transacted
for me, is now thrown on my shoulders in addition to what
they bore before, and has left me less time than ever for my
numerous correspondences and other avocations. I mention
this by way of apology for not having acknowledged the
receipt of your several late favors, at an earlier date.
As soon as your subscription papers came to my hands, I
offered one in Alexandria and sent another to Fredericks-
burgh : from the first, a specific return has been made of the
subscribers and is now enclosed; from the other, eleven pounds
have been sent me with out the paper; the Gentleman (the
Honl. James Mercer Esqr. one of the Judges of our General
Court) having informed me that he would take it with him
20 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
412 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [April
to Richmond, and endeavor to encrease the number of sub-
scribers there. This sum of eleven pounds added to the amount
of the paper inclosed, makes £42 with which I have bought
a Bill on Rhode Island.20 I endeavoured to get one on Boston,
but could not without waiting; which I thought might be
more inconvenient, than the negotiation at the former place.
Your Cypher came safely to hand. I have not had leisure
to examine it, but presuming no difficulty will arise in the
use, I have laid it by 'till occasion may call it forth. From
the purport of your letters, you must be on the eve of your
departure for Europe. My best wishes, in wch. Mrs. Wash-
ington and the family join me, are offered for a prosperous
voyage, and the accomplishment of your plans. I am, etc.27
To BENJAMIN LINCOLN
Mount Vernon, April 20, 1786.
Dear Sir: As Doctr. Gordons departure for England is an
event that was to have taken place about this time and may
have happened I take the liberty, in that case, of requesting
the favor of you to do what shall appear right with the inclosed
Subscription Paper and Bill.
I will make no apology for the trouble this request may
give you as I persuade myself your inclination to serve the
Doctr. will keep pace with mine, and neither can have any
other motive in the business than to serve and oblige him.
With every sentiment of esteem, etc. [hv.l.]
20The "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers has the following note: "The
Bill referred to in the above is drawn by Josiah Watson & Co., on Messrs. Cromel &
Caleb Child, Merchants, Warren, Rhode Island, for £ 42. at three days sight with or
without advice; and is dated the 19th. April 1786."
21 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] MRS. SAVAGE'S ESTATE 413
To THOMAS BRERETON*8
Mount Vernon, April 20, 1786.
Sir: Within these few days I have received your letter of
the 12th., and some time ago, I recollect to have been favored
with another letter from you, which in the hurry of business
got overlooked.
It is now more than two years since indirectly I obtained
a sight of the deceas'd Mrs. Savage's Will. I then thought,
and still do think it strange that the Executors of this Will,
should never have made any official communication thereof
to the Trustees of that Lady in this Country; nor have made
any direct enquiry concerning the situation of her affairs here.
These may be summed up in a few words ; and shall be found
to be as follows. When matters came to extremity between
Doctr. Savage and his wife, and Mr. Fairfax and myself were
obliged to put the trust Bond in suit to recover her annuity; the
Doctor made use of all the chicanery of Law and Lawyers, to
procrastinate the Suit; which the tardiness of our Courts (and
during one period of the Revolution the suspension of jus-
tice) but too well enabled him to effect. It was therefore long
before a judgment at common Law could be obtained; and
this was no sooner done, than he threw the matter into Chan-
cery, where I am told, for I have had no share in the manage-
ment of this business for the last ten years, (that is since I
took the command of the American forces) it has lain ever
since. I believe Mr. Fairfax has done every thing in his power
to bring the matter to issue; and I have heard, I think from
himself, that there is now a probability of its happening soon.
With great truth I can assure you that not one farthing of
28 Of Baltimore, Md.
414 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
Mrs. Savage's annuity was ever paid to the Trustees; whilst
we have been obliged to advance money out of our own pock-
ets to carry on the prosecution, and whilst, moreover, from a
representation of the distress that Lady was involved in, I
gave her a Bill to the amot. of £$3., on Jas. Gildart Esqr. of
Liverpool, which is still due to me.
This is the best Accot. I am able to give you of the Trust,
and you are at liberty to communicate the purport of it to
Mrs. Innis.29 I am, etc.30
#To MARTIN COCKBURN
Mount Vernon, May 3, 1786.
Sir: Being informed that you receive the lists of Taxable
property in Truro Parish, I do, tho' late send you that of mine.
Do you hire your Negro Tailor by the year ? If so, on what
terms? and is he now, or will he soon be, disengaged? My
Compliments, in which Mrs. Washington joins, are offered to
Mrs. Cockburn.
With esteem, I am etc.31
To THOMAS SMITH
May 8, 1786.
Sir: Vale. Crawford died indebted to me, say ^100 Virga.
Curry., more or less, previously thereto he wrote me the let-
ter dated Jacobs Creek May the 6th. 1774, and accompanied
it with the Bill of sale herewith enclosed, dated May 8th.
1774. Query. Is this Bill now valid ? Will it secure my Debt ?
29 Ann (Mrs. Richard) Ennis (Innis), of Dublin, Ireland.
?0From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
From a photostat of the original in the "Washington Photostats" in the Library of
Congress.
1786] SALE OF NEGROES 415
this is all I want. And can it be recovered without my hazard-
ing a defeat; which may add cost without benefit.
If these points are determined in the affirmative, I would
endeavour to secure my Debt under the cover of the bill, and
desire that you would prosecute my claim accordingly, but
not otherwise. With great esteem, I am, etc.32
To THOMAS CRESAP
Mount Vernon, May 8, 1786.
Sir : Your letter of the 8th. of last month came to my hands
just as I was leaving home for Richmond, which is the reason
you have not received an earlier acknowledgment of it.
I am not a member of, nor am I in any manner, interested
in the affairs of the Ohio Company, nor indeed do I know
at this time, of whom it consists, further than of those claim-
ing under, and mentioned by you, of Colo. Mason and of the
heir of my brother Augustine, who lives at the distance of an
hundred miles from me; and is one whom I scarcely ever saw.
I feel myself much obliged by your polite attention in offer-
ing me a Lott at the mouth of the South branch; it will, I
dare say, be a convenient spot, where on to establish a Town.
I am, etc.32
To THOMAS FREEMAN
Mount Vernon, May 8, 1786.
Sir : Being informed that Mrs. Crawford is on the point of
having her negroes sold to discharge a Debt due from her
late husband, Colo. Crawford, to Mr. James Cleveland, for
whom you are Agent; I will, rather than such an event shall
""From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
416 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Mav
take place, agree to apply any money of mine, which may be
in your hands, towards the discharge of the execution; and
desire, in that case, you will receive such security as Mrs. Craw-
ford can give for reimbursing me. I am, etc.33
To MARQUIS DE ST. SIMON
Mount Vernon, May 10, 1786.
Sir: I received with great pleasure (a few days ago in a
letter from the Marquis de la Fayette) the news of your being
in good health. The recollection of your gallant services, and
the happy moments I have had the honor to spend with you
in this country, will always be dear to me.
It appears by the Marquis's letter that the answer to a letter
which you did me the honor to write to me (now more than
two years) respecting the order of the Cincinnati, had never
come to your hands. I cannot tell how to accot. for it, as all
the papers are in the hands of the Secretary General. I well
remember however, that at the general meeting which was
held at Philadelphia in May 1784, that I laid all the letters
with which I had been favored on that subject, before the
members which constituted it; and that the Secretary was
ordered to communicate the determinations which that meet-
ing had come to, to the gentlemen who had written to the
President, one of which was, that the members of the Society
in France were to constitute a meeting of themselves in order,
among other things, to investigate the claims of those who
conceived they were entitled to the order, and to decide on
them accordingly; in as much as the Meeting in this Country
was not intended to be held oftener than triennially; and
could not well at those times enter into the detail of a business
3 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] DISCHARGE OF A DEBT 417
which with more propriety would be taken up by the several
State Meetings, and the one it had just authorized to be held
in France.
If Mr. de Menonville should happen to be with you, I pray
you to offer him my Compliments, and to be assured yourself
of the sentiments of esteem and respect with which, I have
the honor, etc.34
To THOMAS RINGGOLD TILGHMAN
Mount Vernon, May 10, 1786.
Sir: Being at Richmond when your favor of the 22d. ulto.
came to this place, is the reason of its having lain so long
unacknowledged. I delayed not a moment after my return, to
discharge the balance of your decead. Brother's Accot. against
me, to Mr. Watson; probably he has informed you of it.
As there were few men for whom I had a warmer friend-
ship, or greater regard, than for your brother,35 while living;
so with much truth I can assure you that there are none whose
death I more sincerely regret; and I pray you and his numer-
ous friends to permit me to mingle my sorrows with theirs
on this unexpected and melancholy occasion, and that they
would accept my compliments of condolance. I am, etc.34
To MARCHIONESSE DE LAFAYETTE
Mount Vernon, May 10, 1786.
Madam: Of all the correspondencies with which I am hon-
ored, none has given me more pleasure than yours, none which
I am more desireous of continuing, or more ambitious to
deserve. What then My Dr. Madam, must have been my
34 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
35 Tench Tilghman.
418 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
mortification when, instead of receiving the letter you did
me the honor to write to me on the 15th. of April last year,
in due time, it was not 'till sometime in the course of last
month, that I received it at all, and the parcels with which
you were pleased to accompany it. By mistake these parcels
lay at Bordeaux a considerable time after they had arrived
there, before it was discovered for whom they were intended,
and then were sent by a Vessel which took a very circuitous
voyage to this Country. I trouble you with this detail of mat-
ters by way of apology for what otherwise might appear a
want of sensibility in me for your distinguished and valuable
favors, than which nothing is, or can be more flattering and
pleasing to my vanity.
The tokens of regard with which Miss de la Fayette and
my name-sake have honored the young folks of this family,
will cement the friendship which seems to be rising in their
tender breasts; and will encrease those flames of it which they
have imbibed from their parents, to which nothing can add
strength, but the endearments which flow from personal in-
terviews, and the unreserved exchange of liberal sentiments.
Will you not then Madam, afford them this opportunity?
May we hope for it soon? If the assurances of the sincerest
esteem and affection: if the varieties of uncultivated nature;
the novelty of exchanging the gay and delightful scenes of
Paris with which you are surrounded, for the rural amuse-
ments of a country in its infancy; if the warbling notes of the
feathered songsters on our Lawns and Meads, can for a mo-
ment make you forget the melody of the Opera, and the pleas-
ure of the Court, these, all invite you to give us this hon-
our, and the opportunity of expressing to you personally,
those sentiments of attachment and love with which you have
inspired us.
1786] A NEWSPAPER 419
The noon-tide of life is now passed with Mrs. Washington
and myself, and all we have to do is to spend the evening of
our days in tranquillity, and glide gently down a stream which
no human effort can ascend. We must therefore, however
reluctantly it is done, forego the pleasures of such a visit as
you kindly invite us to make. But the case with you, is far
otherwise, your days are in their meidian brightness. In the
natural order of things you have many years to come, in which
you may endulge yourself in all the amusements which variety
can afford, and different countries produce; and in receiving
those testimonies of respect, which every one in the United
States would wish to render you.
My Mother will receive the compliments you honor her
with, as a flattering mark of your attention; and I shall have
great pleasure in delivering them myself. My best wishes and
vows are offered for you, and for the fruits of your love, and
with every sentiment of respect and attachment. I have the
honor, etc.36
To REVEREND JOSEPH ECKLEY37
Mount Vernon, May 10, 1786.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your favor of the 20th.
ulto. and its enclosure. I was indebted to Doctr. Gordon before
he left the Country, for the Boston Independent Chronicle;
and am so since to your goodness for offering to continue them.
The Doctr. sent these papers unasked, after having read them
himself (being a subscriber), but as their continuation must
be attended with expence and trouble, you would oblige me
by withholding them. To be candid, my avocations are so
numerous that I very rarely find time to look into Gazettes
S0From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
37 Of Boston, Mass.
420 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
after they come to me. I feel myself, however, not less in-
debted to your politeness, and obliging offer, by the non-accept-
ance of it. With respect, I am, etc.38
To MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE
Mount Vernon, May 10, 1786.
My dear Marquis: The Letter which you did me the favor
to write to me by Mr. Barrett dated the 6th. of Feby., together
with the parcel and packages which accompanied it, came
safely to hand; and for which I pray you to accept my grateful
acknowledgments.
The account given of your tour thro' Prussia and other
States of Germany, to Vienna and back; and of the Troops
which you saw reviewed in the pay of those Monarchs, at
different places, is not less pleasing than it is interesting; and
must have been as instructive as entertaining to yourself.
Your reception at the Courts of Berlin, Vienna, and elsewhere
must have been pleasing to you : to have been received by the
King of Prussia, and Prince Henry his brother, (who as sol-
diers and politicians can yield the palm to none) with such
marks of attention and distinction, was as indicative of their
discernment, as it is of your merit, and will encrease my opin-
ion of them. It is to be lamented however that great charac-
ters are seldom without a blot. That one man should tyranise
over millions, will always be a shade in that of the former;
whilst it is pleasing to hear that a due regard to the rights of
mankind, is characteristic of the latter: I shall revere and love
him for this trait of his character. To have viewed the several
fields of Battle over which you passed, could not, among other
sensations, have failed to excite this thought, here have fallen
38 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] SLOW REMEDIES 421
thousands of gallant spirits to satisfy the ambition of, or to
support their sovereigns perhaps in acts of oppression or in-
justice! melancholy reflection! For what wise purposes does
Providence permit this ? Is it as a scourge for mankind, or is
it to prevent them from becoming too populous ? If the lat-
ter, would not the fertile plains of the Western world receive
the redundancy of the old.
For the several articles of intelligence with which you have
been so good as to furnish me, and for your sentimts. on Euro-
pean politics, I feel myself very much obliged; on these I can
depend. Newspaper accounts are too sterile, vague and con-
tradictory, on which to form any opinion, or to claim even the
smallest attention.
The account of and observations which you have made on
the policy and practice of Great Britain at the other Courts of
Europe, respecting these States, I was but too well informed
and convinced of before. Unhappily for us, though their ac-
counts are greatly exaggerated, yet our conduct has laid the
foundation for them. It is one of the evils of democratical gov-
ernments, that the people, not always seeing and frequently
misled, must often feel before they can act right; but then evils
of this nature seldom fail to work their own cure. It is to be
lamented, nevertheless, that the remedies are so slow, and that
those, who may wish to apply them seasonably are not attended
to before they suffer in person, in interest and in reputation. I
am not without hopes, that matters will take a more favorable
turn in the fcederal Constitution. The discerning part of the
community have long since seen the necessity of giving ade-
quate powers to Congress for national purposes; and the
ignorant and designing must yield to it ere long. Several late
Acts of the different Legislatures have a tendency thereto;
among these, the Impost which is now acceded to by every
422 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
State in the Union, (tho' clogged a little by that of New York)
will enable Congress to support the national credit in pecuni-
ary matters better than it has been; whilst a measure in which
this state has taken the lead at its last session, will it is to be
hoped give efficient powers to that Body for all commercial
purposes. This is a nomination of some of its first characters to
meet other Commissioners from the several States in order
to consider of and decide upon such powers as shall be neces-
sary for the sovereign power of them to act under;89 which are
to be reported to the respective Legislatures at their autumnal
sessions for, it is to be hoped, final adoption; thereby avoiding
those tedious and futile deliberations, which result from rec-
ommendations and partial concurrences; at the same time that
it places it at once in the power of Congress to meet European
Nations upon decisive and equal ground. All the Legislatures,
which I have heard from, have come into the proposition, and
have made very judicious appointments: much good is expected
from this measure, and it is regretted by many, that more ob-
jects were not embraced by the meeting. A General Conven-
tion is talked of by many for the purpose of revising and
correcting the defects of the foederal government; but whilst
this is the wish of some, it is the dread of others from an opinion
that matters are not yet sufficiently ripe for such an event.
The British still occupy our Posts to the Westward, and will,
I am persuaded, continue to do so under one pretence or an-
other, no matter how shallow, as long as they can : of this, from
39 "The General Assembly have appointed Edmund Randolph, James Madison,
junr., Walter Jones, St. George Tucker, Meriwether Smith, David Ross, William
Ronald and George Mason Commissioners to meet others from the different States
. . . for the purpose of framing, such regulations of Trade as may be judged neces-
sary to promote the general interests. I have to request your Excellency's attention to
this subject, and that you will be pleased to make such communications of it as may
be necessary to forward the views of this Legislature." — Patrick Henry to the Presi-
dent of Pennsylvania, Feb. 23, 1786.
This convention met at Annapolis in September, 1786.
1786] JACKASSES 423
some circumstances which had occurred, I have been convinced
since August, 1783 and gave it as my opinion at that time, if not
officially to Congress as the sovereign, at least to a number of
its members, that they might act accordingly. It is indeed evi-
dent to me, that they had it in contemplation to do this at the
time of the Treaty; the expression of the Article which respects
the evacuation of them, as well as the tenor of their conduct
since relative to this business, is strongly marked with decep-
tion. I have not the smallest doubt but that every secret engine
is continually at work to inflame the Indian mind, with a view
to keep it at variance with these States, for the purpose of re-
tarding our settlements to the Westward, and depriving us of
the fur and peltry trade of that country.
Your assurances my dear Marquis, respecting the male and
female Asses,40 are highly pleasing to me, I shall look for them
with much expectation and great satisfaction, as a valuable
acquisition and important service.
The Jack which I have already received from Spain, in ap-
pearance is fine; but his late royal master, tho' past his grand
climacteric, cannot be less moved by female allurements than
he is; or when prompted, can proceed with more deliberation
and majestic solemnity to the work of procreation. The other
Jack perished at Sea.
Mr. Littlepage in his dispute with Mr. Jay seems to have for-
got his former situation. It is a pity, for he appears to be a
young man of abilities. At the next meeting of the Potomac
Company (which I believe will not be 'till August) I will com-
municate to them your sentiments respecting the terms on
which a good Ingenieur des ponts and chaussees may be had
and take their opinion thereon.
40 From the island of Malta.
424 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
The benevolence of your heart my Dr. Marqs. is so conspicu-
ous upon all occasions, that I never wonder at any fresh proofs
of it; but your late purchase of an estate in the colony of Cay-
enne, with a view of emancipating the slaves on it, is a gen-
erous and noble proof of your humanity. Would to God a like
spirit would diffuse itself generally into the minds of the peo-
ple of this country; but I despair of seeing it. Some petitions
were presented to the Assembly, at its last Session, for the aboli-
tion of slavery, but they could scarcely obtain a reading. To set
them afloat at once would, I really believe, be productive of
much inconvenience and mischief; but by degrees it certainly
might, and assuredly ought to be effected; and that too by
Legislative authority.
I give you the trouble of a letter to the Marqs. de St. Simon,
in which I have requested to be presented to Mr. de Menonville.
The favourable terms in which you speak of Mr. Jefferson gives
me great pleasure: he is a man of whom I early imbibed the
highest opinion. I am as much pleased, therefore, to meet con-
firmations of my discernment in these matters, as I am morti-
fied when I find myself mistaken.
I send herewith the copies of your private Letters to me,
promised in my last, and which have been since copied by
your old aid. As Mrs. Washington and myself have both
done ourselves the honor of writing to Madame de la Fayette,
I shall not give you the trouble at this time of presenting my
respects to her; but pray to accept every good wish which
this family can render for your health and every blessing this
life can afford you. I cannot conclude without expressing to
you the earnest enquiries and ardent wishes of your friends
(among whom, I claim to stand first) to see you in America,
and of giving you repeated assurances of the sincerity of my
friendship, and of the Affectionate regard with which I am etc.
1786] WHEAT 425
P. S. I had like to have forgotten a promise which I made
in consequence of the enclos'd application from Colo. Carter.
It was, that I would write to you for the wolf hound if to be
had conveniently: The inducements, and the services you
would render by this act, will be more evident from the ex-
pression of the letter than from any thing I can say.
The vocabulary41 for her imperial Majesty,42 I will use my
best endeavours to have compleated; but she must have a little
patience, the Indian tribes on the Ohio are numerous, dispersed
and distant from those who are most likely to do the business
properly.43
*ToBATTAILEMUSE
Mount Vernon, May 12, 1786.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 6th. instt. but not in-
clining to take your surplus Wheat, on purchase, will order
it to be ground and packed, subject to your order. As you did
not direct what kind of flour it should be made into, it will
be fine only, unless you should in time direct otherwise.
I lost very considerably by the delay of your Wheat. In the
first of the Manufactury of it I had a brisk demand for my
superfine flour at 40/. and 38/. per Barrl. and for that which
has been lately ground I have not had more than 32/. offered,
and this price for a small quantity only.
The inclosed was brought to me (under cover) by the per-
son whose name is mentioned therein and with whom I have
agreed. I am etc.44
UA vocabulary of the Shawano and Delaware Indians was compiled and forwarded
two years later. (See Washington's letter to Marquis de Lafayette, ]an. 10, 1788, post.)
^The Empress of Russia.
42 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
44 From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong,
of Princeton, N. J.
426 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
*ToJOHNRUMNEY
Mount Vernon, May 15, 1786.
Sir: I am indebted to you for your favor of the 5th. of Sep-
tember, and to Messrs. Robinson, Sanderson and Rumney for
their letter of the 28th. of Jany. in the present year. The last
was accompanied with 1400 Flags, which came with very lit-
tle brakages; and for your care of, and attention to which, I
beg you to accept my sincere thanks.45
On the 18th. of Novr. I inclosed you a Bill on Wakelin
Welch Esqr. of London for £50 Sterg.; and will, before Mr
Sanderson leaves the Country, settle with him for the Ballance.
It gives me pleasure to hear that we may soon expect to see
you in this Country again. With great esteem and regard, I
am, etc.46
To WILLIAM FRISBIE FITZHUGH
Mount Vernon, May 15, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 13th. came to me this day. Partic-
ular attention shall be paid to the mares which your servant
brought; and when my Jack is in the humour they shall derive
all the benefits of his labours. At present, tho' young, he fol-
lows what one may suppose to be the example of his late Royal
Master, who cannot, tho' past his grand climacteric, perform
seldomer or with more majestic solemnity than he does. How-
ever I have my hopes that when he becomes a little better
acquainted with republican enjoyments, he will amend his
45 The following is noted in Washington's "Diary" under date of Monday, May 22,
1786: "Began to take up the pavement of the Piaza." May 23: "this day began to
lay the Flags in my Piaza." May 27: "Finished laying 28 courses of the pavement
in the Piaza."
40 From a photostat of the original in the "Washington Photostats" in the Library of
Congress.
1786] EWE LAMBS 427
manners and fall into our custom of doing business; if the case
should be otherwise, I shall have no disinclination to present
his Catholic Majesty with as valuable a present as I received
from him.
I am very sorry to hear of the accident which befel Colo.
Fitzhugh in his late trip to Virginia; but from the effect of
the fall I hope he will soon be recovered. I am happy in having
it in my power to furnish him with a bushel of the Barley re-
quested in your letter. A propos, are there any persons in your
neighbourhood who raise Lambs for sale ? My stock of Sheep
were so much neglected during my absence, that I would
gladly buy one or two hundred ewe lambs, and allow a good
price for them, in order to get it up again. A line from you
when convenient, in answer to this query, would be obliging.
Mrs. Washington and the rest of the family join me in every
good wish for the Colo., his Lady and yourself. I am, etc.47
To GEORGE TAYLOR, JUNIOR48
Mount Vernon, May 18, 1786.
Sir: You will excuse me I hope for not having acknowl-
edged the receipt of your favors of the 21st. and 25th. of Feby.
at an earlier period. The truth is, I have been much hurried
and a good deal from home since they came to this place.
I thank you for your obliging attention to the apples, which
were very good, and arrived safely; and Mrs. Washington
joins me in thanking you also for your kind present of pickled
and fried Oysters,49 which were very fine. This mark of your
politeness is flattering, and we beg you to accept every good
wish of ours in return. With esteem, I am, etc.47
47 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
48 Of New York. He had been one of Varick's writers.
49The pickled and fried oysters were preserved in pots.
428 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
To ROBERT LEWIS & SONS
Mount Vernon, May 18, 1786.
Gentn: Waiting to be informed of what I stand indebted
to you, is the cause of my not acknowledging sooner the re-
ceipt of your favor of the 24th. of May last year. I have now
requested Colo. Biddle to enquire into, and to discharge what
is due from me.
I feel myself very much obliged to you for the trouble you
have had in obtaining a Miller for me. Mr. Davenport seems
to be a very honest, good kind of man; but as a miller, and as
a person skilled in the art of keeping a mill in order, I think
him much inferior to Roberts. In these points perhaps Roberts
had no superior; but his propensity to liquor, and his turbulent
temper when under the intoxicating doses of it, were not to be
borne. I have no trouble at all with Davenport; he is steady,
orderly and quiet, and does, I believe, as well as he knows how.
We have neither of us intimated any inclination to part; and
if the reputation of my flour (which stood very high under
Robert's management) can be maintained, it is all I want.
The Agreement which you entered into with him is per-
fectly satisfactory to me, and I thank you for your attention to
the business. With great esteem, I am, etc.50
To CLEMENT BIDDLE
Mount Vernon, May 18, 1786.
Dear Sir: Your favors of the 19th. of Feby. and 16th. and
19th. March, are before me; And would have been acknowl-
edged Sooner, had anything material, occurred.
""From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] A DEBT 429
The Clover Seed, Boots &c. came in Season; but I must take
care to be earlier in my application another year, as the Expence
of getting heavy articles from Baltimore by land, comes high;
I was charged forty odd Shillings for the Transportation of
those Seeds, by the Stage, from that Place. I am nevertheless
obliged to you for forwarding of them in that manner; as the
delay would have rendered the Seeds useless for Spring Sow-
ing, and altogether defective, perhaps, by the Fall. I am obliged
to your Good Father for the Trouble he was at in choosing
them, they are very good, and pray you, to Offer my Complts.
and Thanks, to him therefore, and to Capt. Morris, for his kind
present of a hunting horn, as I was unable to get One in Vir-
ginia, or at Baltimore.
If you Should not have purchased Young's Tour Through
Great Britain, before this Reaches you, be pleased to decline
doing it, as I have Just received a very Polite letter from that
Gentleman, informing me of his having dispatched a Compleat
Sett of his Works for my acceptance.
The Person in whose Name, the inclosed certificate, has Is-
sued,51 is owing me a considerable Sum, (indeed half the Flour,
and Meal, for which the Certificate was granted, belonged to
me) and having requested that it may be Sold for what it will
fetch, and his part of the Money applied to my Credit, I pray
you to do it accordingly; but at the Same time, I must desire,
as Half the Property is my own, that if it Shall appear to you,
to be for my Interest, that it Should be bought in again on my
Accot., that you would do so. In either case, place the Amot.
to my Credit in your Books, Subject to a future disposition.
I must be owing Messrs. Robt. Lewis & Sons (of Philada.)
some Trifle, on Accot. of a Miller which they procured for me,
51 A copy of the certificate which is entered in the "Letter Book" in the Washing-
ton Papers, and dated May 18, 1785, shows that the United States owed Gilbert
Simpson 339 dollars and 53/aoths of a dollar, with interest at 6% from Nov. 4, 1780.
430 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
last year, but have never yet been able to get their Accot. Be so
good as to know what the Amot. is, and Pay it; the Inclosed
Informs them thereof.
I have Such a number of Gazettes crouded upon me, (many
without orders) that they are not only Expensive, but really
useless; as my other avocations, will not allow me time to Read
them oftentimes, and when I do attempt it, find them more
troublesome, than Profitable, I have therefore to beg if you
should get money into your hands, on Accot. of the Inclosed
Certificate, that you would be so good as to pay what I am
owing to Messrs. Dunlap & Claypole, Mr. Oswald, and Mr.
Humphreys.52 If they consider me, however, as engaged for
the year, I am content to let the matter run on, to the expira-
tion of it; but as my Expences run high, it would be impru-
dent in me to encrease them unnecessarily.
I am in want of Glass (for a Particular purpose) and beg
you to Send it to me, by the first opportunity, agreeably to the
Inclosed Patterns, and Quantities.
Is Linnen to be had cheap, at the Vendues in Philadelphia,
for ready Money ? And at what price, could the best dutch, or
Strip'd Blanketts, be bought by the piece, of 15 or 16 in each,
which I think is the usual number ? I may want 200 of them.
My Compliments, in which Mrs. Washington Joins, are Of-
fred to Mrs. Biddle, and I am, etc.53 [h. s. p.]
To THE SECRETARY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Mount Vernon, May 18, 1786.
Dear Sir: In due course of post, I have been honored with
your favors of the 2d. and 16th. of March; since which I have
52Daniel Humphreys. He was publisher of the Pennsylvania Mercury and Phila-
delphia Price -current.
63 In the writing of Tobias Lear.
1786] V/ICKEDNESS IN COUNCILS 431
been a good deal engaged and pretty much from home. For
the enclosure which accompanied the first, I thank you. Mr.
Littlepage seems to have forgot what had been his situation,
forgot what was due to you, and indeed what was necessary to
his own character: and his guardian, I think, seems to have
forgotten every thing.54
I coincide perfectly in sentiment with you, my Dr. Sir, that
there are errors in our national Government which call for
correction, loudly I would add ; but I shall find myself happily
mistaken if the remedies are at hand. We are certainly in a
delicate situation, but my fear is that the people are not yet
sufficiently misled to retract from error. To be plainer, I think
there is more wickedness than ignorance mixed in our Coun-
cils. Under this impression, I scarcely know what opinion to
entertain of a general convention. That it is necessary to revise
and amend the articles of confederation, I entertain no doubt;
but what may be the consequences of such an attempt is doubt-
ful. Yet something must be done, or the fabrick must fall, for
it certainly is tottering.
Ignorance and design are difficult to combat. Out of these
proceed illiberal sentiments, improper jealousies, and a train
of evils which oftentimes, in republican governments, must be
sorely felt before they can be removed. The former, that is
ignorance, being a fit soil for the latter to work in, tools are
employed by them which a generous mind would disdain to
use; and which nothing but time, and their own puerile or
wicked productions can show the inemcacy and dangerous tend-
ency of. I think often of our situation and view it with con-
cern. From the high ground we stood upon, from the plain
path which invited our footsteps, to be so fallen! so lost! it is
wThe Lewis-Littlepage controversy was merely a matter of personal irritation and
of no public importance.
432 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
really mortifying; but virtue, I fear has, in a great degree, taken
its departure from us; and the want of disposition to do justice
is the source of the national embarrassments; for whatever
guise or colorings are given to them, this I apprehend is the
origin of the evils we now feel, and probably shall labour under
for some time yet. With respectful complimts. to Mrs. Jay, and
sentiments of sincere friendship, I am &c.55
ToNEILJAMIESON
Mount Vernon, May 20, 1786.
Sir: Messrs. Balfour and Barraud of Norfolk died indebted
to me in a pretty considerable sum. Meeting with Mr. New-
ton a few days ago at Richmond,56 he informed me that the
books of that Company had been in the hands of a Mr. Schau
deceased, to whom you were an Exor.; and that it was highly
probable you could in this character, give me some clue by
which I could recover my Debt; for he added, that he was
certain money was due in and about Norfolk to Messrs. Bal-
four and Barraud, and might be obtained, if a list of the Debts
cou'd be had.
My debt was contracted for flour sold these Gentlemen.
This flour was for Mr. Hansbury of London, and there can
be little doubt of their connexion in trade; but whether of
such a nature as to make the latter liable for the debt, I am
unable to say.
If my present application to you is improper, or likely to
give you any trouble in affording me the requisite information,
you will please to place the liberty I take, to a former acquaint-
ance, and have the goodness to excuse it. I am, etc.55
55 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
6" Washington went to Richmond in connection with some land purchases from Col.
George Mercer. He left Mount Vernon, April 23; arrived at Richmond, April 26; left
Richmond, April 28; and reached Mount Vernon, April 30.
1786] SHIPMENTS 433
To JOHN MARSDEN PINTARD
Mount Vernon, May 20, 1786.
Sir: Your favors of the 24th. of January and 5th. of Feby.
are at hand; but I have heard nothing of the Vine slips men-
tioned therein, nor do I know where to direct my enquiries
for them, as you do not mention the Port or State to which
the Industry, Captn. Gibson was bound. For your good inten-
tions however, I am as much indebted, as if the slips had
actually been delivered to me.
It is to be hoped and much to be wished that the negotia-
tions of Messrs. Barclay and Lamb,57 at the Court of Morocco,
and with the State of Algiers, may terminate favourably for
America. Should they not, our trade will be exceedingly in-
commoded by the piratical States of the Mediterranian.
At present, thro' the early attention of Messrs. Jno. Searle
& Co., and some others, (formerly my correspondents in Ma-
deria) together with the purchases I have occasionally made
in this Country since the re-establishment of peace, I am more
than usually well stocked with Madeira Wine. I am, etc.58
To THOMAS RIDOUT
Mount Vernon, May 20, 1786.
Sir: Since my last dated the 20th. of August, I have been
favored with your letters of the 31st. of Augt., 7th. of Septr.
and 4th. of Novembr. in the past year.
The packages by the Peggy, Capt. Cuningham are safely
arrived. I am sorry they should have given you any trouble,
and am much obliged by your care of them.
"Thomas Barclay and John Lamb.
From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
434 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
I have paid Colo. Fitzgerald the full amount of the Wine
and other articles wch. were sent to me by Captn. Smith; and
am sorry to add that the quality of the Claret on proof, did not
answer my expectation, and was far short of some other of the
same cargo, wch. I had drank at other places. I ascribe this
however, to chance; it may be my luck next time to get better,
and therefore when your Vessel comes to this River again, I
request that a gross of the best may be sent to me.
Excuse the liberty I take of addressing a packet containing
papers of consequence, to your care for the Marqs. de la
Fayette, and a barrel; to both of wch. I ask your particular
attention. I am, etc.59
To HENRY L. CHARTON60
Mount Vernon, May 20, 1786.
Sir: The letter which you did me the favor to write to me
from Philadelphia on the 5th inst:61 came safely to hand, and I
should have given it an earlier acknowledgment, had not fre-
quent calls from home, and unavoidable business prevented it.
I do not perceive, upon recurring to the subject, that I can be
more explicit in the description of my Lands on the Big Kan-
hawa, and on the Ohio between the two Kanhawas, than I was
when I had the pleasure of seeing you at this place. If I recollect
rightly I then informed you, that from the accounts given me
of them by the Surveyor; from what I had seen of them myself,
(especially the tract on the big Kanhawa) from every other
source of information, and from my best knowledge and belief,
there can be no finer land in that or any other Country; or lands
more abounding in natural advantages.
68 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
wOr Chaston, or Le Chaston. The "Letter Book" addresses him as "Monst."
"Not now found in the Washington Papers.
1786] OHIO AND KANAWHA LANDS 435
The whole of them are washed by the rivers I have men-
tioned, are furnished with land streams fit for water works of
various kinds, stored with meadow ground wch. may be re-
claimed in the cheapest and most expeditious manner imagin-
able, (by only cutting away trifling banks of earth, which
have been formed by the Beaver) and abound in fish and wild
fowl of all kinds, as well as every other sort of game with which
the country is filled. With respect to the quality of the soil, it
may be conceived that none can exceed it when I relate a single
fact, namely, that it was the first choice of the whole country
thereabouts, after a thorough research of it by an excellent
judge, the late Colo. Crawford.
As to the situation of them, none can be more advantageous;
for living about midway between the upper and lower settle-
ments on the Ohio, the trade must pass within sight of those
Lands, whilst the occupants of them, equally convenient to
both might embrace the inland navigation of either Potomac or
James river, as soon as they are made to communicate with the
Western Waters ; which no doubt will soon be effected. I think
too, I should not be mistaken were I to add that 'ere long a
town of some importance will be established in the vicinity of
them, viz, at the confluence of the big Kanhawa and Ohio;62
which is the point at which the trade to Richmond, and that
which is carried to the northern parts of this State, and to Mary-
land and Pennsylvania, must separate. But to go into a more
minute detail in writing of what has before been the subject of
oral conversation, would be more tiresome than interesting;
especially as it is by no means my wish that any purchaser what-
ever, should rely upon my accot. of this matter, or on those of
any others, but judge for himself or themselves, in all things.
02 Point Pleasant and Henderson are now at the mouth of the Great Kanawha, on
either bank of the river.
436 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
When you asked me if I was disposed to sell these Lands, I
answered and truly that I had never had it in contemplation,
because I well knew they would rise more in value than the
purchase money at the present time would accumulate by in-
terest; consequently under these circumstances it would be dif-
ficult in the present moment to fix on a price which would be
acceded to, that would be an equivalent for them hereafter.
However as I had no family, wished to live easy and to spend
the remainder of my days with as little trouble as possible, I
said I would part with them if a good price could be obtained,
and that my sense of their value might easily be ascertained by
the terms on which I had proposed to rent them; (and which
I think you told me you had seen). One of which amounting
in fact to an absolute sale, being on a Lease of 999 years, renew-
able, was at ten pounds this currency per hundred acres, which
at 5 pr Ct. (the legal interest in this State), would have come to
40/ like money pr. acre for the land on purchase; but I added,
that if any one person, or sett of men would take the whole, I
would make the terms of payment easy and abate considerably
in the price. I therefore now inform you that the lands (the
patents and plats of which I shewed you) the titles to which are
uncontrovertible, free from those clashing interests and jarring
disputes with which much of the property in that country is
replete, are in quantities and situation as follows,
1st. 2314 on the Ohio river three or four miles below the
mouth of the little Kanhawa.
2d. 2448 acres on the said river abt. sixteen miles below the
former.
3d. 4395 acres on Ditto, just above the great bend in it, &
below the other two.
4th. 10,990 on the big Kanhawa (West side) beginning
within two or three miles of its conflux with the Ohio, and
extending up the former 17 miles.
1786] TERMS FOR LAND 437
5th. 7,276 acres a little above this on the East side of the same
river Kanhawa.
6th. 2,000 acres higher up the Kanhawa (west side) in the
fork between Coal river and it.
7th. 2950 acres opposite thereto, on the East side. In all
32,373 acres on both rivers.
For these lands I would take Thirty thousand English guin-
eas (of the proper weight) or other specie current in the coun-
try, at its equivalent value. Two thousand five hundred of
which to be paid at the execution of the Deeds and the remain-
der in seven years therefrom, with an interest of five pr. Ct.
pr. ann: regularly paid at my seat 'till the principal shall be
discharged.
I am not inclined to part with any of these Lands, as an in-
ducement to settle the rest. My mind is so well satisfied of the
superior value of them to most others, that there remains no
doubt on it of my obtaining my own terms, as the country pop-
ulates and the situation and local advantages of them unfold.
These terms have already been promulgated, but I have not a
copy of them by me, or I could send it to you : they were in-
serted in Dunlaps & Claypooles Gazette about two years ago, at
whose Office it is probable a copy might be had. One of the
conditions was, if my memory serves me, an exemption from
the payment of rent three years whilst the tenements were
opening and improvements making; this I am still inclined to
fulfill.
The rents were different according to the term for which
leases were to be granted.
If for twenty one years only, they were to commence and end
at £5 Pr« hundred ; for in that case the stipulated improvements
being made, I knew that almost any rent might be had for the
Tenement thereafter.
438 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
If on leases renewable every ten years forever, the rents were
in that case to advance in a certain ratio, to keep pace with the
encreasing value of the Land. And if given in the first instance
for 999 yrs. as has been mentioned before, then the rent was to
commence at ten pounds pr. hund. acres; which being in fact
an alienation of the property, shewed my ideas of its present
value and purchase money, as mentioned already. These, as far
as I can recite from memory, were the terms on which I offered
to rent, and from which I feel no disposition to relax; unless, as
in the case of a purchase, some one or more persons would take
the whole off my hands at once, and become responsible for the
rent; in which case being influenced by similar principles, I
might abate accordingly.
I should have great pleasure in giving such letters as you
have asked, to the Marquis de la Fayette and Chevr. de la
Luzerne, but conceive they could only have an embarrassing
operation. It is certainly as consistent with the policy of one
country to discourage depopulation, as it is for another to en-
courage emigration. Considering the matter in this point of
view I cannot suppose, however well disposed either of the
above gentlemen may be to serve this Country, that they would
do it at the expence of, and perhaps hazard of censure from
their own.
One of these gentlemen too being in the diplomatic or min-
isterial line would, undoubtedly, be very cautious in expressing
a sentiment favorable to a business of this kind. My best wishes
however will follow you thro' all the stages of it; and with
esteem, I am, &c.
P. S. I shou'd be glad to know whether this letter found you
in Philadelphia.63
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] LOCK WORK 439
ToGOVERNOR WILLIAM MOULTRIE
Mount Vernon, May 25, 1786.
Dr. Sir: The Letter which your Excellency did me the honor
to write to me, of the 7th. ulto. came safely to hand; and I
should feel very happy if I could render the Company (who
are engaged in the laudable and important design of opening
a cut between the Rivers Cowper and Santee) any services.
Mr. Brindley, nephew to the celebrated person of that name
who conducted the work of the Duke of Bridgewater and
planned many others in England, possesses, I presume, more
practical knowledge of Cuts and Locks for the improvement
of inland navigation, than any man among us, as he was an
executive officer (he says) many years under his uncle in this
particular business: but he is, I know, engaged with the Sus-
quehanna company, who are I believe (for I saw Mr. Brindley
about six weeks ago) in a critical part of their work. I have
notwithstanding, written to a gentleman of my acquaintance
who is not only a member of that Company, but one to whom
the business is chiefly confided, and near the spot, to know
if Mr. Brindley 's services can be dispensed with long enough
to answer the purposes mentioned in your letter: his answer
shall be forwarded as soon as it comes to my hands.
It gives me pleasure to find a spirit for inland navigation
prevailing so generally. No country is more capable of im-
provements in this way than our own, none which will be
more benefited by them; and to begin well, as you justly ob-
serve, is all in all: error in the commencement will not only
be productive of unnecessary expence, but, what is still worse,
of discouragements. It appears to me therefore, that if the
cost of bringing from Europe a professional man of tried and
440 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
acknowledged abilities, is too heavy for one work; it might
be good policy for several Companies to unite in it; contribut-
ing in proportion to the estimates and capital sums established
by the several Acts. I see no necessity for confining the serv-
ices of such a person to a single undertaking, one man may
plan for twenty to execute; and the distance from Delaware
(between which and Chesapeak a cut is in contemplation and
Commissioners appointed by the two States to agree on a
plan) to the Cowper river is not so great but that one person
of activity might design for all between them, and visit the
whole three or four times a year.
This is only a thought of my own, I have no authority for
suggesting it; but for my private satisfaction had written both
to England and France, to know on what terms a person of
competent skill could be obtained, and have received the fol-
lowing answer from my friend the Marqs. de la Fayette;
"There is no doubt but what a good Engineer may be found
in this country to conduct the work. France in this point ex-
ceeds England; and will have I think every advantage but
that of the language, which is something, altho' it may be sup-
plied by an Interpreter. An application from Mr. Jefferson
and myself to the Ministry, and more particularly an intima-
tion that you set a value on that measure, will ensure to us
the choice of a good Engineer. They are different from the
military ones, and are called Ingenieurs des ponts and chaus-
sees. I think five hundred guineas a year while the business
lasts, and an assurance not to loose his rank in France will be
sufficient to provide you with the gentleman you want."
I have also received an acknowledgmt. of the letter I had
written to England; but the Gentleman there goes no further
than to assure me he will make every necessary enquiry, and
has no doubt but that a person may be obtained. He says
1786]
AGRICULTURAL ESSAY 441
nothing however respecting the terms on which he could be
had. Mrs. Washington joins me in compliments and every
good wish for Mrs. Moultree and yourself. With great esteem
and respect, I am, etc.64
To SAMUEL POWEL
Mount Vernon, May 25, 1786.
Dear Sir: The Letter which you did me the honor to write
to me on the 10th. inst: came safely to hand, and claims my
particular acknowledgments and thanks.
When I beheld the trouble I had given you, in the long tran-
script from the essay on the farmyard, I was quite ashamed
of the request I had made; but having no just plea to offer
as an apology for doing so, I will rely on your goodness rather
than a lame excuse, for pardon.
The Society,65 in my opinion, have judged rightly in deter-
mining to continue their premium for the best Barn-yard;
for whatever merits Colo. Morgan's Essay may have, some-
thing yet more perfect may be hit upon; and this being, as
you justly observe, the basis of all good husbandry, too much
encouragement cannot be given to men of ingenuity and in-
dustry, to turn their thoughts to an object of this magnitude,
to induce endeavors to improve it.
It is from such attention as these, by similar societies, that
Agriculture has been brought to the perfection it now is in
England; and this certainly is the readiest path by which we
can arrive at it here. Practices founded on experiments, and
approved by these societies, are the best touch stones, and will
prove our guide and director in all cases whatsoever.
64 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
65 The Agricultural Society of Philadelphia, Pa.
442 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
Will Mrs. Powel never visit her friends on James River ? Is
it necessary to add how happy she and you would make Mrs.
Washington and myself, to set this down as a halting place ?
If it was I would add the most unequivocal assurances of it.
We unite in every good wish for you both, and I am, etc.60
To ALEXANDER STEEL
Mount Vernon, May 25, 1786.
Sir: As I have no information of Doctr. Shiell's67 death,
nor any connexion with his family or affairs; I return the
letter which you sent me for him (and which came to hand
last night only) unopened. The Doctr. married a lady of New-
town in Pennsylvania, a Miss Harris, and had connexions, I
believe, in trade with some gentn. in the City of Philada., but
with whom they were formed, I am unable to inform you.
Altho' I have no doubt but that the Account, rendered by
you of your services and sufferings, is literally true; yet as
they did not happen to fall within my own knowledge, there
would be an impropriety in my certifying them. Indeed it has
always been a maxim with me, to grant Certificates to no offi-
cers in a subordinate character, who did not apply thro' the
Colonel and genl. officer under whom they had served; or
from the head of the department in which they had acted
if in the staff; the presumption being, tho' the fact in some
instances might be otherwise, that I could only be acquainted
with their characters and conduct thro' one or the other of
these channels. Congress have not, I believe, made provision
for losses of property sustained in the course of the War, in-
stances of which are without number; but for invalids and
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
rDr. Sheal, of Philadelphia. He removed to Kentucky and died there.
1786] F LOUR SHIPPED 443
those who have been disabled they have, I believe, where the
regular modes pointed out by their Resolves, have been pur-
sued, made allowances, but what, or how to come at them,
I am unable to inform you, as this business never went thro'
my hands. I am, etc.68
To JOSEPH JONES
Mount Vernon, May 25, 1786.
My Dr. Sir: I have been favored with, and thank you for
your letter of the 14th inst: The reasons which you have been
at the trouble to assign for the Executive's not calling the As-
sembly at an earlier period than the annual meeting, are very
satisfactory; and I am much obliged to you for the recital of
them, for I confess to you that I was not only among the num-
ber of those who expected this event, but under the publica-
tion of Congress of the 15th. of Feby. and my want of infor-
mation of the precise state of matters in other States, was
among those also who could not account for the postponement.
It will always give me pleasure to hear from you, because it
will afford me fresh occasion for assuring you of the sincere
esteem, etc.68
To THOMAS NEWTON, JUNIOR
Mount Vernon, May 26, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Inclosed you have Peter Kirwins receipt for fifty
barrels of superfine flour, which I beg you to sell to the best
advantage, and remit what may be due to me, after deducting
what I am owing to you.
Twenty four of these fifty barrels are inspected; the others,
tho' of equal quality, are not. The reason is, the bearer calling
68 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
444 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
unexpectedly, and being in a hurry, would not allow time to
get the Inspectors from Alexandria; I was obliged therefore
to send them without, or miss the conveyance; the former I
preferred, as I have been some time on the enquiry for a Ves-
sel. The quality of the uninspected, my miller assures me, is
at least equal to the inspected, being quite fresh. With esteem
and regard, I am, etc.69
To JOSEPH BROWN70
Mount Vernon, May 30, 1786.
Sir: I have been favored with your letter of the 12th. of Sep-
tember,71 and thank you for the prints which accompanied it,
by the Ship Potomac which arrived safely. The frames of these
pictures are quite equal to my wishes, and you will please to
accept my best acknowledgments of it; and assurances that an
apology for their being inferior to those sent to Congress, was
altogether unnecessary.
It gives me concern to learn from yourself, that the late war
has been so injurious to your income, and so destructive of your
hopes. By best wishes will attend any plan you may adopt for
the perfect restoration of both. Of the obliging expressions of
your letters, as they respect myself, I have a grateful sense,
and am,69
^AGREEMENT WITH JAMES BLOXHAM
[Mount Vernon] May 31, 1786.
Articles of Agreement entered into this 31st. day of May in
the year 1786 between George Washington Esqr. of the County
69 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
70 Of Islington, near London.
71 Not now found in the Washington Papers.
1786]
MANAGEMENT 445
of Fairfax and Commonwealth of Virginia of the one part, and
James Bloxham lately from the Shire of Gloucester in the King-
dom of England Farmer of the other part. Witnesseth, That
the said James Bloxham for and in consideration of the wages,
allowances, and priviledges hereinafter mentioned, doth agree
with, and oblige himself to serve, the said George Washington
for the space of one year; to commence the first day of the pres-
ent Month, in the capacity of a Farmer and Manager of such
parts of Husbandry, as shall be committed to his charge; and
will, to the utmost of his skill and abilities, order and direct
the same (with the approbation of the said George Washing-
ton) to the best advantage. That he will, at all times, and upon
all occasions, suggest such plans for the improvement of the
said Washingtons Farms, and the stocks of Horses, Cattle,
Sheep, Hogs &ca. which are on them, as to him shall appear
most conducive to his interest. Will keep regular Accts. of the
said Stock, and will strictly observe and follow all such orders
and directions as he shall, from time to time, receive from his
said employer; for this, and for other purposes. That when
thereunto required, he will buy, at the expence of the said
Washington, Cattle or Sheep for feeding, or for Store; and will
dispose of the same, or any others, to the best advantage; at-
tending particularly to the care and management of the Stock
of every kind, both in Winter and Summer, as well those for
the use and benefit of the Farms, and for family consumption,
as those which may be fatted for Market. That he will use his
utmost endeavours to encrease, and properly distribute, the Ma-
nure in the farms; and also will improve to the best of his
judgment, the impliments of husbandry necessary thereto, and
will instruct, as occasion may require, and opportunity offer,
the labourers therein how to Plow, Sow, Mow, reap, Thatch,
Ditch, Hedge &ca. in the best manner. And generally, That he
446 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [May
will consider the said Washingtons interest as his own, and use
his true endeavour to promote it accordingly. In consideration
whereof, the said George Washington doth agree to pay the
said James Bloxham Fifty Guineas for his years Services, to be
compleated on the first day of May 1787; and will allow him
the said Bloxham, ten guineas besides, towards defraying the
expences of bringing his wife and family to this Country. That
when they shall have arrived, he will provide him, and them, a
decent and comfortable House to reside in, by themselves; will
lend them two Cows for Milk, a Sow to raise Pigs for their own
eating (but not to sell), and give them as much Bran as is suffi-
cient to brew Beer for his family, use. And moreover, will allow
them for the part of the year which will remain after the arrival
of his family and leaving his present board, at the rate of Six
hundred pounds of Porke or Beef, and Eight hundred pounds
of middling flour, per Annum, and likewise a piece of ground
sufficient for a Garden, and firewood. The said George Wash-
ington also agrees to provide the said James Bloxham with a
horse to ride on for the purpose of superintending the business
herein required, or, if the said Bloxham shall find his own
horse, to allow pasturage, and reasonable feed for him. Lastly,
it is agreed between the said George Washington and James
Bloxham, that if the said James should not return to England
at the expiration of the year for which he now engages, and his
conduct shall be such as to merit the approbation of the said
George Washington, that then, and in those cases, his wages
for the next year shall be Sixty Guineas; and the other allow-
ances and privileges the same as those of the present year. In
testimony of all, and each of these Articles, and for the full and
perfect compliance therewith, the parties to these presents hath
interchangeably set their hands and Seals, and to the other,
doth bind himself in the Sum of One hundred pounds Currt.
Money of Virginia, the day and year first written.
1786] CINCINNATI BADGES 447
To THE SECRETARY AT WAR
Mount Vernon, June i, 1786.
My dear Sir: The Post of last week brougt. me (by way of
New York) a letter,72 of which the inclosed is a Copy. I transmit
it, not only for your perusal, but for information, and advice.
All the papers respecting the Society of the Cincinnati being in
possession of the Secretary Genl. or the Assistant Secretary, and
my memory very defective, I cannot speak with precision to
Mr. Jefferson, or decide on any thing which is pleasing to my-
self. From what I can recollect of the matter, all the Officers
who chose to make use of Major L'Enfant's Agency to obtain
the badge of the Society, not only commissioned him to bring
them from France, but furnished him with the means.
I did this myself for 6 or 8. He brought many more. I have
some reason to believe on a speculating Scheme; and de-
manded so much for them, as, if my Memory serves me, to
disgust many Members of the Society, and induce them to ap-
ply to an Artist in Philadelphia, who, it was said, would not
only execute them as well, (and without the defect which
was discovered in the French ones,) but furnish them cheaper.
This and L'Enfant's misapplication of the money (if the
fact is so) for those he did receive, may have been the Sources
72Jefferson's letter to Washington, misdated Jan. 17, 1785, when it should have
been 1786, states that "the person who furnished the badges for the Cincinnati,"
that is, the jeweler Francastel in Paris, had not been paid by Major L'Enfant although
he delivered the "eagles" to him. "Count Rochambeau has written to Major L'En-
fant, and the answer is that he has never received the whole, nor expects to be able
to collect it, and that being without resources he is obliged, as fast as he collects it,
to apply it to his own sustenance. Count Rochambeau told the workman he would
pay for the badges delivered him for the French officers (I think he said about 40 in
number) but that for the others he must apply to the Marquis de la fayette and
Count d'Estaing. As L'Enfant's letter gives room to suppose a misapplication of
these monies, and in the meantime the honour of American officers stands com-
mitted, and in danger of being [mutilated] publicly. I thought it my duty to apprise
you of this, that you may [mutilated] such measures herein as you think best." A
press copy of this letter is in the Jefferson Papers under date of Jan. 17, 1785.
Lafayette paid for the "eagles" and was, later, reimbursed by the Society.
448 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
of the present difficulty. On the one hand, it will be very
disagreeable to the American Officers to be freely spoken
of on this occasion. On the other, it may not only be hard
but distressing to comply with the demands of the Parisian
Artisan, as we are not only unacquainted with the extent, but
in some measure with the nature of them. What is become
of L'Enfant ? I have not seen him since the general Meeting of
the Society which was held at Philadelphia in May 1784, nor,
that I recollect, have heard of him 'till Mr. Jefferson's Letter
came to hand.
Mrs. Washington joins me in every affectionate wish for
Mrs. Knox, yourself, and family. And with sentiments of the
warmest friendship. I am etc.
[By forwarding the inclosed letter you will oblige.]73
[MS.H.S.]
To MRS. MARY BRISTON
Mount Vernon, June 2, 1786.
Madam: Though small were the Services I rendered you,
consequent of your first application to me; yet it behoves me
to add, in answer to your favor of the 15th. of December last,
that it was all I then had, or now have it in my power to offer.
For having no share in the Legislative or Executive concerns
of this Country, I could do no more than to bring your Peti-
tion before the former. This I did by a letter to the Governour
inclosing it. What the ultimate determination of the Assem-
bly was, respecting this matter, I am unable with precision, to
inform you. Generally, I was given to understand, that how-
ever hard the case might appear to be, it was to be ascribed to
the nature of the contest in which we had been oppressively
involved, and tho' to be lamented as a Misfortune, was not
In the writing of Tobias Lear. The sentence in brackets is in the writing of
Washington.
1786] ACEPTANCE OF SERVICES 449
to be attributed as a fault in the justice of this Country, since
it was difficult, if not impracticable to draw a line between the
promoters, and actors, and innocent Victims, of the War, in
a national point of view. How far the reasoning is good I
shall not take upon me to decide; but with much truth may
assure you that I can readily enter into your feelings on this
occasion, and sincerely wish that those who were the contrivers
and abetters were alone to be the Sufferers by the War. I have
the honor to be, etc.74
To THOMAS RINGGOLD TILGHMAN
Mount Vernon, June 4, 1786.
Sir: I have to acknowledge the politeness of the offer con-
tained in your letter of the 26th. ulto., and to thank you for
the disinterestedness of it.
I shall have no scruple when occasion occurs to accept (in
the small way I am in) the services you obliging you tender
me, as proofs of my sensibility for your kindness, and as a testi-
mony of my regard for the memory of your deceased brother,75
who I knew took pleasure in obliging me by acts of this nature.
With great esteem, I am, etc.76
To DANIEL OF ST. THOMAS JENIFER
Mount Vernon, June 4, 1786.
Dear Sir : The Letter with which you favored me on the 24th.
ulto. and the enclosures,77 came to my hands by the last post,
wIn the writing of Tobias Lear. From the original in the British Museum Addi-
tional Manuscript 9828.
75 Tench Tilghman.
76 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
"The enclosure was the 25 pp. 120 pamphlet containing the report of the Intend-
ant, Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer, and the action of the Maryland House. The letter
and enclosure are in the Washington Papers.
450 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
and I thank you for the information I have received from them.
The Committee, by its Report, seemed disposed to run you
hard ; but happily the House viewed matters in a different light,
and rendered you the tribute of applause which was due to
your services; which, as every circumstance that can contribute
to your honor or satisfaction, has afforded me much pleasure,
being Dr. Sir, etc.78
To JAMES TILGHMAN
Mount Vernon, June 5, 1786.
Dear Sir: I have just had the honour to receive your favour
of the 26th ulto. Of all the numerous acquaintances of your
lately deceased son,79 and amidst all the sorrowings that are
mingled on that melancholy occasion, I may venture to assert
(that excepting those of his nearest relatives) none could have
felt his death with more regret than I did because no one en-
tertained a higher opinion of his worth, or had imbided senti-
ments of greater friendship for him than I had done.
That you, Sir, should have felt the keenest anguish for this
loss, I can readily conceive, the ties of parental affection united
with those of friendship, could not fail to have produced this
effect. It is however a dispensation the wisdom of which is
inscrutable, and amidst all your grief there is this consolation
to be drawn, that while living, no man could be more esteemed,
and since dead, none more lamented than Col. Tilghman.
As his correspondence with the Comee. of New York is
not connected with any transactions of mine, so, consequently,
it is not necessary that the Papers to which you allude should
compose part of my public documents ; but if they stand single,
as they exhibit a trait of his public character, and like all the
78 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
70 Col. Tench Tilghman. He died on Apr. 18, 1786.
1786] ASG1LUS CONDUCT 451
rest of his transactions will, I am persuaded, do honor to his
understanding and probity, it may be desirable, in this point
of view, to keep them alive by mixing them with mine ; which,
undoubtedly, will claim the attention of the Historian, who,
if I mistake not, will upon an inspection of them, discover the
illiberal ground on which the charge mentioned in the extract
of the letter you did me the honor to inclose me is founded.
That a calumny of this kind had been reported, I knew; I
had laid my acct. for the calumnies of anonymous scribblers;
but I never before had conceived that such an one as is related,
could have originated with, or have met the countenance of
Captn Asgill, whose situation often filled me with the keen-
est anguish; I felt for him on many accts. and not the least,
when viewing him as a man of honor and sentiment, how
unfortunate it was for him that a wretch who possessed neither,
should be the means of causing in him a single pang, or a
disagreeable sensation, My favourable opinion of him how-
ever is forfeited if, being acquainted with these reports, he
did not immediately contradict them. That I could not have
given countenance to the insults which he says were offered
to his person, especially the grovelling one of erecting a Gibbet
before his prison window, will I expect, readily be believed
when I explicitly declare that, I never heard of a single at-
tempt to offer an insult, and that I had every reason to be
convinced that he was treated by the officers around him, with
all the tenderness and every civility, in their power, I would
fain ask Captn. Asgill how he could reconcile such belief (if
his mind had been seriously impressed with it) to the con-
tinual indulgences, and procrastinations he had experienced ?
He will not, I presume deny that, he was admitted to his parole
within 10 or 12 miles of the British lines, if not to a formal
Parole, to a confidence yet more unlimited, by being permitted,
452 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
for the benefit of his health, and recreation of his mind, to
ride, not only about the Cantonment, but into the surround-
ing country for many miles, with his friend and companion
Maj. Gordon, constantly attending him. Would not these in-
dulgences have pointed a military character to the fountain
from which they flowed ? Did he conceive that discipline was
so lax in the American Army as that any officer in it could
have granted these liberties to a Person confined by the ex-
press order of the Commander in chief unless authorized to
do so by the same authority ? and to ascribe them to the inter-
ference of Count de Rochambeau, is as void of foundation as
his other conjectures; for I do not recollect that a sentence
ever passed between that General and me, directly, or indi-
rectly, on the subject, I was not without suspicions after the
final liberation and return of Captn. Asgill to New York that
his mind had been improperly impressed or [that he was de-
fective in politeness. The treatment he had met with, in my
conception, merited an acknowledgement, none however was
offered, and I never sought for the cause.
This concise acct. of the treatment of Captn. Asgill is given
from a hasty recollection of the circumstances. If I had had
time, and it was essential, by unpacking my papers and re-
curring to authentic files, I might have been more pointed,
and full. It is in my power at any time to convince the
unbiassed mind that my conduct through the whole of this
transaction was neither influenced by passion, guided by inhu-
manity, or under the controul of any interference whatsoever.
I essayed everything to save the innocent and bring the guilty
to punishment, with what success the impartial world must
and hereafter certainly will decide. With very great esteem,
etc.]80
80 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. The portion in brackets
is from a facsimile of the original in Washington's writing, from a sales catalogue, 1929.
1786] FLAGSTONES 453
*ToJOHNRUMNEY
Mount Vernon, June 5, 1786.
Sir: Since my last of the 15th. of May to Messrs. Robertson
Sanderson and Rumney, I have been favoured with your letter
of the 16th. of April by Captn. Aitkinson. The cost of the Flags
is finally settled, with other articles had from your store in
Alexandria; and I again thank you for the trouble you have
had in this business, more so, as neither Commissions nor
freight are charged, nor would be received, although I am
very willing, and offered to pay both to Mr. Sanderson.
The Flags came very reasonably and will answer my pur-
poses very well, though the workman did not keep to the
sample in two or three respects, particularly in the thickness,
and dressing of the Stones; some not being more than % of an
inch thick (scarcely that on one side) and none with the
same polish of the pattern : enough however may be picked out
of the whole to floor my Gallery which is all I wanted. With
great esteem and regard, I am etc.81
To JOHN FITZGERALD
Mount Vernon, June 5, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Whatever number of servants you and Colo. Gilpin
may think it advisable to purchase in behalf of the Potomac
Company from the Ship which is just gone up, will meet my
approbation ; and I shall readily concur with you in price. There
is a Black smith on board highly recommended, and one or two
stone masons which may be useful at our works.
Have you received any precise account of the appearance or
effect of the late fresh, at the great Falls ? From the swell of
81 From a photostat of the original in the "Washington Photostats" in the Library of
Congress.
454 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
the water and quantity of drift wood at this place, I am led to
believe that it must have exceeded in height, any within the
memory of man; which makes me anxious to hear from our
works.
If there is anything which may require a meeting of the Di-
rectors, it would be convenient for me to attend (at any hour
which may be named) on Wednesday next. I am, etc.82
To WILLIAM FRISBIE FITZHUGH
Mount Vernon, June 5, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Your favor of the 26th. ulto. from Baltimore did not
reach me 'till the 2d. inst: I will take the ewe lambs at the price
they are offered by Mr. Reynolds; but not knowing the age of
them, or when it may be proper to remove them, will wait 'till
I hear from you again before I send, which may be when the
mares are taken from this; and when I send, the money shall
also go for Mr. Reynold's Lambs, and others, if more can be
added to them of good quality, at the same price.
My Jack has favored one of your mares with a cover; which,
with three others, is the sum total of his performances to this
time. I do not intend to withhold my own mares more than
three days longer from Magnolio, in expectation of the Jacks
serving them. If Colo. Fitzhugh should incline to let his other
mare (if the Jack should not come to) go to the same horse, he
shall be heartily welcome to the use of him. With very great
esteem I am, etc.82
To BENJAMIN LINCOLN
Mount Vernon, June 7, 1786.
My Dr. Sir: Inclosed is a copy of my last to you, soon after
writing which I heard of Doctr. Gordon's sailing. Not know-
82 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] A RECOMMENDATION 455
ing who his agent is, I again take the liberty of putting under
this cover, the second Bill of exchange for him, and the origi-
nal subscription paper on which the eleven pounds arose as
part of the Bill (just mentioned) for forty two pounds which
was the amount of both the Alexandria and Fredericksburgh
subscriptions. As I have passed my receipts to the gentlemen
who collected the money at the places above named; I wish
the Doctors Agent, or Attorney if he has appointed one, would
acknowledge the receipt of the Bill to me.
Mr. Lear arrived here a few days ago, and appears to be
a genteel, well-behaved young man; he delivered me your
letter, in consequence of which I applied to, and have received
a promise from Charles Lee Esqr. (brother to the Colonel)
to furnish him with such Law Books as he may have occasion
for. I wish you success in your Passamaquady undertaking,
and with sentiments of very great esteem and regard, am, etc.83
To THOMAS BEDWELL
Mount Vernon, June 7, 1786.
Sir: Your letter of the 27th. ulto. with the patterns enclosed,
I have received. I am sorry for the misfortunes which you
have met with in the course of your business, and heartily
wish that your future attempts to carry on any useful manu-
factory, may succeed; but I think Sir, that it would be pre-
sumption in me to recommend to any gentleman in the State
of South Carolina, a person fromPhilada. with whom I have no
acquaintance, and of whose abilities in his business I have not
a complete knowledge. I might with more propriety, venture
to do it in my neighbourhood, or in this State, than in South
Carolina, but even here, I should not feel myself perfectly
83 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
456 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
justified in doing it. Letters from some Gentlemen in Phila-
delphia to their friends in So. Carolina would, in my opinion,
be more suitable, and have their proper effect. You will have
my best wishes for the success of any attempt that may prove
useful and beneficial to the country. I am, etc.84
To CHARLES McIVER
Mount Vernon, June 7, 1786.
Sir: I received your letter of the 5th. inst. together with the
MSS. and other papers sent with it, which I have returned.
It gives me pleasure to see any attempts made towards im-
proving literature and science, more especially when they tend
to the immediate and particular advantage of this country,
and I should always wish to encourage and promote them; but
I cannot with propriety enter into your plan, and offer you
the encouragement you desire, as I am not so well acquainted
with your character and abilities as many Gentlemen in Alex-
andria undoubtedly are, who will have an opportunity of at-
tending your lectures, which I shall not; and are capable of
giving your plan every encouragement which it deserves. I
am, etc.
P. S. As the patterns and drawings may be useful to you on
some other occasion, I return them.84
To MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE
Mount Vernon, June 8, 1786.
My Dr. Marqs. You would be surprised at the old date of
the letter herewith sent you, were I not to tell you that the
vessel which carries it was to have sailed agreeably to the date,
84 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786]
VIRGINIA HAMS 457
and by information was to do so every day since. Nothing
new has occurred since it was written, nor should I have given
you the trouble of a seasons letter by the same ship, had I not
forgotten to mention in my last that Mrs. Washington had
packed and sent for Madame de la Fayette's acceptance, a bar-
rel of Virginia Hams. I do not know that they are better, or
so good as you make in France, but as they are of our own
manufacture (and you know the Virginia Ladies value them-
selves on the goodness of their bacon), and we recollect that
it is a dish of which you are fond, she prevailed on me to
ask your's and Madame de la Fayette's acceptance of them.
I wanted to have accompanyed them with an anchor of
old peach brandy, but could not provide any which I thought
of such a quality as would do credit to the distillery of this
liquor, and therefore sent none; and after all, both perhaps
would have been better furniture for your Canteens on a long
wet march, than for your table in Paris. It is unnecessary to
repeat the assurances of the affection and regard with which
I am, etc.85
To SIR EDWARD NEWENHAM
Mount Vernon, June 10, 1786.
Dear Sir : I cannot omit so good an opportunity as Mr. Wal-
lace affords, of addressing a few lines to you; altho' from the
barrenness of the times I have little to say.
Our Country is at present in peace, and measures are pur-
suing to give adequate powers to Congress to form such a
commercial system as shall pervade equally every branch of
the Union; without which we are unable to meet European
powers on equal ground, and our trade with them will con-
tinue under many disadvantages.
85 From die "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
458 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
I begin to despair (the season being so far advanced) of the
pleasure of seeing you in Virginia this year; unless, instead
of a Spring Voyage, you should incline to make an autumnal
one. It would be but a repetition of former assurances were
I to add, that I should be happy to see you in either, when
ever your convenience and the affairs of Ireland will permit.
I little expected when I wrote you last, that Tharpe80 was
to be the principal workman in the ornamental parts of my
new room. I had not, at that time, even heard of his arrival
in this country; but having engaged one Rawlins of Balti-
more in Maryland (lately from England) to finish it, I found
when he had brought his men and tools here, that Tharpe
had been contracted with and was the person on whom Raw-
lins depended for the execution of the plan on which we had,
two or three months before, agreed. To this man I objected
'till it became evident that it must be him, or no work; there
being no other, Rawlins said, competent to the undertaking.
This being the case, and the inconvenience of laying another
year out of the room being great, I consented to try him on
condition that Rawlins, who I believe has left of? work, him-
self should superintend it closely. Tharpe has been here now,
more than six weeks, and hitherto has demeaned himself so-
berly and well. With great esteem and regard, I have the
honor, etc.87
To GOVERNOR WILLIAM MOULTRIE
Mount Vernon, June 14, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Since I had the honor of writing to your Excellency
last, I have been favored with the enclosed from Mr. Hughes,
in answer to mine respecting Mr. Brindley. If you Sir, or the
80 Richard Tharp (Tharpe).
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] SPRING RAINS 459
Board of Directors of the So. Carolina canal, should incline
to return the answer requested and will commit it to my care;
I will be particularly attentive to it, as I shall have pleasure
in obliging you, or them. I have the honor, etc.88
To HENRY LEE
Mount Vernon, June 18, 1786.
My Dr. Sir: Under cover of your favor of the 21st. of April,
which came duly to hand, was a letter from Arthur Young
Esquire, (Author of the tours thro' England and Ireland, with
his observations on the Husbandry of those Kingdoms) in-
forming me that he had sent me a compleat sett of all his works.
As these have never yet come to hand, nor any advice of them,
you would do me a favor (if you can recollect of whom you re-
ceived the letter) by enquiring whether it was, or was not
accompanied with a parcel. Mr. Young's account is, that these
Books were sent to the care of Mr. Athaws, mercht. of London :
but why Mr. Athaws should send the letter without the parcel,
or either by way of New York, I cannot readily conceive; as
there are vessels from London passing my door (the situation
of which is well known to him) every day.
The winter and Spring has been exceedingly opposed to our
works at the great Falls; the incessant rains often preventing,
and at all times retarding the removal of earth. The latter rains
in May which were continued for more than twenty days, have
produced very calamitous effects in this country: half the
wheat, (some say much more) and three fourths of the rye, are
blasted, and the ground surcharged to that degree with water
as to have rendered ploughing impracticable, which has in-
volved the Indian corn which did come up, so much in weeds
88 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
460 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
and grass as to leave a melancholy prospect in level lands, of
this crop also.
The advantages with which the inland navigation of the
rivers Potomac and James are pregnant, must strike every
mind that reasons upon the subject; but there is, I perceive, a
diversity of sentiment respecting the benefits and the conse-
quences, which may flow from the free and immediate use of
the Mississippi. My opinion of this matter has been uniformly
the same, and no light in which I have been able to consider the
subject is likely to change it. It is, neither to relinquish nor
to push our claim to this navigation; but in the mean while to
open all the communications which nature has afforded, be-
tween the Atlantic States and the Western Territory, and to
encourage the use of them to the utmost. In my judgment it is
a matter of very serious concern to the well being of the former,
to make it the interest of the latter to trade with them; without
which, the ties of consanguinity which are weakening every
day will soon be no bond, and we shall be no more a few years
hence to the inhabitants of that country, than the British and
Spaniards are at this day; not so much indeed, because commer-
cial connexions, it is well known, lead to others, and united, are
difficult to be broken; and these must take place with the Span-
iards, if the navigation of the Mississippi is opened.
Clear I am that it would be for the interest of the Western
settlers, as low down the Ohio as the Big Kanhawa, and back to
the Lakes, to bring their produce thro' one of the channels I
have named; but the way must be cleared, and made easy and
obvious to them, or else the ease with which people glide down
stream will give a different bias to their thinking and acting.
Whenever the new States become so populous and so extended
to the westward, as really to need it, there will be no power
which can deprive them of the use of the Mississippi. Why
1786] A MISSING BOND 461
then should we prematurely urge a matter, which is displeasing
and may produce disagreeable consequences, if it is our interest
to let it sleep ? It may require some management to quiet the
restless and impetuous spirity of Kentucke, of whose conduct
I am more apprehensive in this business, than I am of all the
opposition that will be given by the Spaniards. Mrs. Washing-
ton and George and his wife join me in compliments and good
wishes to your lady. With great esteem &c.89
To MRS. SAMPSON DARRELL
June 18, 1786.
Madam : A tract of land which I bought of Captn. Johnston
(your deceas'd husband) lying on Bullskin in Frederick (now
Berkeley) county, is, as well as a great many others, compre-
hended in the judgment lately obtained in the General Court
in favor of the Hites; but may, it is said, be relieved from the
consequences if it shall appear that this land was originally
purchased from Hite. That the fact is so there can be no doubt,
but the difficulty lies in proving it. It would seem by some pa-
pers in my hands that Captn. Johnston bought this land, wch.
he sold me from one Lewis Thomas; and that Lewis Thomas
bought it of old Jost Hite, father of the present complainants,
who passed his Bond for the conveyance; which bond it further
appears was assigned to Captn. Johnston. Now, if this bond is
to be found among the papers of Captn. Johnston, for I have it
not, it will render null and void the claim of the Hites; unless it
may be for the original purchase money (which was very tri-
fling), if it cannot be proven that it has been paid.
But if this bond is not in being, it is highly probable the Land
will be lost.
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
462 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
The person to whom I sold this land is now calling upon me,
this will oblige me in turn to resort to the representatives of
Capt. Johnston of whom I purchased, and whose Deeds to me
warrant it against the claim of every person whatsoever. But
all these difficulties (except as to the original sum, which was to
have been paid by Lewis Thomas to Hite) may be avoided if
you fortunately should find among Captain Johnston's papers,
the original bond from Hite to Thomas for conveyance of the
land. It is for this reason I give you the trouble of the present
application.
I am informed that commissioners are to meet some day this
month, to receive such evidence as can be offered in favor of the
present possessors of the land, without which the judgment will
be final, I therefore pray that diligent search may be made for
Hites Bond, which may prevent a heavy loss, as the land, with
the improvements thereon, is now become very valuable. I am,
etc.90
To PIERRE FRANgOIS COZETTE
Mount Vernon, June 19, 1786.
Sir : The Letter which you did me the honor of writing to me,
of the 5th. of Feby., I have received. I am highly oblig'd to you
for the compliment which you pay me in desiring my accept-
ance of a portrait of Lewis the fifteenth, on horse back, which
[was] done by you and is at your disposal.
I have not the least doubt Sir, but that the performance does
honor to your abilities, and I join with you in wishing that it
might be placed in some public and conspicuous situation,
where the world could be gratified by seeing the picture of a
good King, and where the merit of the performer meet with
the applause which is due to it. Upon this principle Sir,
(though I feel a grateful sense of the honor which you intended
""From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] A DEDICATION DECLINED 463
me) I must beg leave to decline the acceptance of it, as it could
not here be placed in that conspicuous point of view which
would do it justice. I am, etc.91
To NICHOLAS PIKE92
Mount Vernon, June 20, 1786.
Sir: Your letter of the 25th. of March did not come to hand
'till lately, or it should have had an earlier acknowledgment.
It gives me the highest satisfaction to find the Arts and sci-
ences making a progress in any Country; but when I see them
advancing in the rising States of America, I feel a peculiar
pleasure, and in my opinion, every effort of genius and all at-
tempts towards improving useful knowledge ought to meet
with encouragement in this Country. Your performance is of
the most useful and beneficial kind, and from the opinion of
those Gentlemen who have inspected it, I have not the least
doubt but that it is a very valuable one.
I feel a grateful sense of the honor which you designed me
by wishing to dedicate your Book93 to me, and would even sac-
rifice my own ideas of propriety respecting the matter, so far
as to comply with your request, if I thought that by a non-com-
pliance I should discourage, so good a work. But Sir, as there
are several characters in your part of the country who deserv-
edly hold a high rank in the literary world, and whose names
would add dignity to such performance; it would be more
proper (if I might presume to offer my opinion upon the mat-
ter) to dedicate your book to them.
91 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On June 19 Washington wrote also to Comte de Grouchet, referring his application
for membership in the Society of the Cincinnati to the Society in France. This letter
is entered in the "Letter Book."
92 New Hampshire teacher and arithmetician.
93 A New and Complete System of Arithmetic, Composed for the Use of the Citizens
of the United States, published in 1788.
464 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
I must therefore beg leave to decline the honor which you
would do me, as I have before done in two or three cases of a
similar kind.
With the sincerest wishes for the success of your work, and
much esteem, I am, etc.94
To DAVID HUMPHREYS
Mount Vernon, June 20, 1786.
My Dr. Humphreys : Your letter from New York (as did the
proceeding one from London) came duly to hand, and claim
my particular acknowledgments. On your return to America
I sincerely congratulate you, and shall rejoice to see you at this
place, which soon expecting shall add little at this time.
The only end of this letter is to assure you, that you will have
no occasion for Horses, for mine will always be at your service;
and very little for a servant, as your old acquaintance Will, who
is scarcely fit for anything else, can whiten your head, and
many idlers about the house can blacken your shoes. But in the
latter case I entreat you to be governed altogether by your incli-
nation and convenience.
Not knowing to what place to direct for you, I send this letter
under cover to Colo. Lee.
Mrs. Washington, and George and his wife join me in every
good wish for you, and I am, etc.94
* To CLEMENT BIDDLE
Mount Vernon, June 21, 1786.
Dear Sir: Enclosed is a copy of my last. It is so long since
it was dispatched (without an acknowledgment of it) that I
94 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] CYPRESS POSTS 465
begin to fear some accident must [sic] happened, altho' it was
sent to the Post Office in Alexandria by a very safe hand. Should
this be the case, I pray you to notify the Office of the loss of the
Certificate which was inclosed, that neither principal nor inter-
est may be paid to the bearer till an investigation of his, or her
claim to it, is first had. For this reason I send you an exact copy
of the certificate, taken from the original before it was inclosed
and wish that every proper step may be taken to recover it.
Not being able to discover how the letter should get lost, and
still hoping it is not, I do not, at this time, send you patterns for
the glass then required, but will do so if necessary as soon as I
hear from you. I am etc. [h.s.pj
To JOSEPH DASHIELL95
Mount Vernon, June 21, 1786.
Sir: I thank you for requesting a skipper from the Eastern
shore to call upon, and make me an ofTer of the posts and rails
he had for sale. They were not however of a kind to answer
my purposes (being for paling), nor should I incline to buy
any unless they are better and are to be had cheaper than those
wch. might be taken from my own land. To judge of the pro-
priety of this, you wou'd oblige me Sir, by informing me on
what terms Cypress posts 7 feet long, 5 inches by 6 at top, and 7
inches by 6 at bottom; (a stock a foot square making 4), and
Cypress plank 12 feet long, 6 wide and i1/^ inches thick, could
be had delivered at my landing, supposing 500 of the first, and a
proportional quantity of the latter for rails. I mention cypress
on a supposition that it is a lasting wood for posts ; but would
be glad to know also, what the difference in price would be,
between cypress and Pine, in the rails only. I am, etc.96
95 Of Salisbury, Md.
90From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
466 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
To THORNTON WASHINGTON
Mount Vernon, June 22, 1786.
Dr. Thornton: Jnn. Throckmorton delivered me your letter
of the 6th. inst: I am under no apprehension that the title to
the land on which you live can be affected by the decision
lately had in favor of Messrs. Hite and others. Such papers as
I can readily find respecting this tract, I send you. The pat-
ent from the proprietors office, granted to Captn. George John-
ston of whom I bought the land particularly recites that it
was granted by Jost Hite to Lewis Thomas, the deposition
of John Smith taken, and admitted in the former trial, and
I suppose is of record, with the copy of Lewis Thomas's bond
passed for the payment thereof, together with the statement
subscribed by Colo. Grayson, places the whole business in my
opinion in a very clear and unequivocal point of view. But if
the Commissioners (which I can scarcely conceive) should
be of a different way of thinking, I should be glad to have
time to illucidate matters more fully.
Colo. Grayson you will perceive certifies that what he has
signed is a true copy from the proceedings; in these it is ex-
pressly admitted by the complainants, that Js. Hite did sell
425 acres; which upon a resurvey (possibly by adding a little
of the barrens) measured 552 acres. Not having the original
bond from Jost Hite to Lewis Thomas in my possession, I
sent to the widow Darrell, formerly wife of Captn. Johnston,
to see if it could be found among his papers; but she was from
home and not likely, my messenger was informed, to return
soon, and very probably may be found as a deposit in the pro-
prietors, as the Deed is expressly founded upon it. In my
judgment it is quite immaterial where it is, as there is, besides
admission of the papers, the most uncontrovertible evidence
1786] FATE OF LETTERS 467
of the sale to Thomas. By L. Thomas's bond to Jost Hite, it
appears that the money was to have been paid, "at such time,
that the said Jost Hite, his Heirs, Exors, Admrs or Assigns can
obtain a good patent from the office."
The only point therefore which can be disputed, according
to my conception of the case, is, if the purchase money has
never yet been paid, who is liable, the possessors of the land,
or the persons to whom it was sold, or their representatives ?
Whether the decree of the Court goes to this point, or what
powers are vested in the Commissioners respecting it I know
not, never having seen the judgment, and having had but a
very indistinct report of it.
The Ship with servants happening to be becalmed opposite
to my door, I sent on board to enquire for a Carpenter; only
one stood upon the list, and he professing not to understand
much of the business, I concluded he understood nothing of
it, and therefore did not buy him for you.
My best wishes attend you and your wife. I am, etc.97
To GEORGE WILLIAM FAIRFAX
Mount Vernon, June 26,98 1786.
My Dr. Sir: Since I had the honor of writing to you in Novr.
last I have been favored with your letters of the 23d. of June in
the last, and 23d. of January in the present year, the first was
handed to me by Doctr. Baynham,99 and the other by James
Bloxham.
Your conjectures respecting the fate of our letters, are, I am
persuaded, too well founded, such frequent miscarriages would
not result from negligence alone. But why, after the prying eye
87 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Tapers.
88 Sparks prints this letter under date of June 25.
"Dr. William Baynham, of Essex County, Va.
468 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
of curiosity, or the malignant hope of trapanning an individual,
or making useful discoveries were disappointed, the letters
should not have been permitted to proceed to their address, is
not easy to be conceived. Being well appriz'd of the delicacy of
your situation, I have studiously avoided every expression in all
my letters which might if known, have involv'd you in the
smallest difficulty or embarrassment; it is wantonly unfeeling
therefore to destroy as well as to have inspected those which
were founded in friendship only, and have the occurrences
which relate to the parties for their basis. In future I will always
place my letters to you under cover to Mr. Athawes.1
I have already informed you that Mr. Pine's reception in this
Country has been favorable, and indicative of a profitable har-
vest in the line of his profession. Consequent of your good re-
port of this gentleman, I furnished him with letters to many
of the first characters in Philadelphia and Annapolis; and
have every reason to believe that his success will be at least equal
to his expectation, if it is not injured by any act of his own;
against which his own prudence no doubt will guard him.
Tho' envy is no part of my composition, yet the picture you
have drawn of your present habitation and mode of living is
enough to create strong desires in me to be a participator of the
tranquillity and rural amusements you have described. I am
getting into the latter as fast as I can, being determined to make
the remainder of my life easy, let the world or the affairs of it
go as they may. I am not a little obliged to you for the assur-
ance of contributing to this, by procuring me a Buck and Doe
of the best English deer; but if you have not already been at this
trouble, I would my good Sir, now wish to relieve you from it,
as Mr. Ogle2 of Maryland has been so obliging as to present me
six fawns from his park of English deer at Belle air. Of the
1 Samuel Athawes, of London.
2 Benjamin Ogle.
1786] AN ENGLISH FARMER 469
Forest deer of this Country, I have also procured six, two bucks
and four does; with these, and tolerable care, I shall soon get
into a full stock for my small paddock. I do not mean to com-
prehend in this relinquishment, the offer of my good friend
Mrs. Fairfax. I will receive with great pleasure and gratitude
the seeds of any trees or shrubs wch. are not natives of this
country, but reconcilable to the climate of it, that she may be so
obliging as to send me; and while my attentions are bestowed
on the nurture of them, it would, if anything was necessary to
do it, remind me of the happy moments I have spent in conver-
sations on this and other subjects with that Lady at Bellvoir.
My friend in New England having, since the date of my let-
ters to you in Novr., engaged a young gentleman for me of very
decent appearance and respectable family, as a tutor for the two
little Custis's living with me, I have to pray that the trouble I
was about to give you on this occasion may cease, and that the
letter which I put under your cover for a Mr. Chapman, may be
burnt.
I have now my Dr. Sir, to beg you to accept my particular
thanks for the early attention which you paid to my request
respecting a Farmer, and for directing James Bloxham to offer
himself to me before he should engage with any other. The
character given of him by Mr. Peacey 3 is full and ample, and
his appearance and conversation being much in his favor, I
have agreed to give him sixty guineas pr. ann: for his services,
and find him and family in provisions, a house to live in, a
garden to work and two Cows to furnish them with milk. In
consequence thereof he has written for his wife and children to
come to him. With his assistance and advice, I shall be able
to dispense with a steward. I have now taken the management
of my farms into my own hands, and shall find employment
3 William Peacey.
470 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
and amusement, if not profit, in conducting the business of
them myself.
The post-script to your letter of the 23d. of Jany., has given
me pain; it would seem from the tenor of it as if you conceived
I was not well pleased at your giving Mr. Thos. Corbin a letter
of introduction to me : be assured My Dr. Sir, no idea was ever
more foreign to my feelings; my intention, however incau-
tiously the sentiment might have been expressed, was only to
inform you that his brother Dick had determined to play noth-
ing short of the whole game, and therefore was resolved to be
as early with his narrative in this Country as Tom could be.
And now, whilst I am upon this subject, let me once for all en-
treat you not to be scrupulous or backward in your introduc-
tions in future; for I can assure you with much truth, that every
occasion which affords the means of hearing from you and
Mrs. Fairfax will give pleasure in this family, and no person
who shall come with your passport will be an unwelcome guest
in it. So many come here without proper introductions, that it
is a real satisfaction when I am able to discriminate: this will be
the case whenever Mr. Ansty or any other shall present a letter
to me from you. My manner of living is plain. I do not mean
to be put out of it, a glass of wine and a bit of mutton are always
ready, and such as will be content to partake of them are wel-
come, those who expect more will be disappointed, but no
change will be affected by it.
With compliments and best wishes for Mrs. Fairfax, I am,
etc.4
To RICHARD SPRIGG
Mount Vernon, June 28, 1786.
Dr. Sir: When your favor of the 1st. inst: accompanying the
she ass, came to this place, I was from home; both however
4 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] SCHOOL CHILDREN 471
arrived safe, but Doctr. Bowie informed me by letter, that
the bitch puppy was not brought to his house, nor have I heard
anything more of the asses which were at Marlboro', nor of
the grass seeds committed to the care of Mr. Digges.5
I feel myself much obliged by your polite offer of the first
fruits of your Jenny. Tho' in appearance quite unequal to the
match, yet, like a true female, she was not to be terrified at
the disproportionate size of her paramour, and having renewed
the conflict twice or thrice, it is to be hoped the issue will be
favourable.
My best respects attend Mrs. Sprigg and the rest of your
family. With great esteem and regard, I am, etc.
To DOCTOR WILLIAM BROWN
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1786.
Sir: In answer to your favor of the 27th. written at the re-
quest of the Trustees of the Alexandria Academy, I have the
honor to inform you that the education of boys for the pur-
poses mentioned in my letter of the 17th. of December, was
what I had principally, if not wholly in view at that time.
But if it shall appear to the Trustees that there are girls who
may fitly share the benefits of the institution, I will readily
comprehend them in a ratio not to exceed one girl for four
boys. With esteem and regard, I am, etc.0
To GEORGE WILLIAM FAIRFAX
Mount Vernon, June 30, 1786.
My Dr. Sir : Better late than never, is an adage not less true,
or less to be respected because it is old. The letter I am now
6 George Digges.
6From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
472 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
about to write to you, ought to have been written sometime
ago; but however strange it may seem, it is nevertheless true,
that I have not had leisure (tho' more than two years have
elapsed since my return to what the world calls retirement)
to overhaul papers and to inspect transactions which preceeded
the Revolution.
Having abundant reason to distrust my memory, I did not
incline to write to you fully respecting the trust with which
you had invested me, 'till I cou'd go into a thorough examina-
tion of all the papers to which it had given birth; that I might
not only satisfy you in the best manner the nature of the case
would admit, but myself also with respect to the transactions.
How, me thinks I hear you say, could the inspection of these
papers, be a work of so much time ? It would not indeed Sir,
if the papers had been properly arranged, and my time had
been at my own disposal : but a house never clear of company,
a continual reference to me of old matters (with which I ought
not to have been troubled), and correspondencies without num-
ber, following several hasty removals of my papers from Book-
presses to trunks and thence into the country, when the Brit-
ish armed vessels would make their appearance, had thrown
the whole into such a jumble and confusion that I could scarce
come at any of them.
I have now taken up the business from your letter of the
ist. of Jany. 1773, with which it commenced, and having gone
thro' all the papers respecting it from that date to the present
moment; I am exceedingly sorry to find that the greater part
of it has been managed so little for your interest and so re-
pugnant to my wishes as it appears to have been. 'Till my
Country called my services to the field, in which I spent al-
most nine years, I acted in every respect for you as I should
have done for myself. But after bidding adieu to my family
1786] FAIRFAX'S AFFAIRS 473
and home, to which I never expected to return if the smiles
of Heaven should prove unpropitious, a general wreck of my
affairs as well as yours, took place. Aware of the probability
that this would happen, I perceive by the copy of a letter which
I wrote to you from Cambridge the 26th. of July 1775. (so soon
as I had taken the command of the army), that I informed
you in strong terms, of the indispensable necessity of appoint-
ing another attorney, as I could not from my then situation,
give any attention to private concerns. A little before that,
from Philadelphia, in a letter of the 31st. of May, I enclosed
you sundry bills as I then mentioned; and have ever since
thought were to the full amount of what I owed you, 'till
the late investigation of the papers hath discovered that I am
yet indebted to you in the sum of ^169:12.6. for goods bought
at your sale the 15th. of August 1774, and ^31:11:9. for those
purchased at the subsequent one on the 5th. of Deer, follow-
ing; which, with some other credit, make the sum which is
due to you ^207:13:0^4.
That I should have informed you in that letter, that the re-
mittances were to the full amount of what I then owed, is
easily accounted for and was proper at that time; because
the sums just mentioned did not become due (according to the
conditions of the sale) 'till twelve months thereafter: but why
it shou'd not have occurred to me afterwards, is more difficult
to solve, and is of no great importance now to attempt; yet I can
assure you with the sincerest truth, that 'till within these few
days, I thought the accounts between us were so near a balance,
as to render it of little importance when they were exhibited. I
was led into this belief from two circumstances: first, having
omitted to credit you in my Ledger by the amot. of my pur-
chases at the sale, I wanted that remembrance of the fact which
a variety of occurrences and close attention to other matters,
474 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
had entirely obliterated. 2dly., by having recurrence to the
copies of my last letters to you, written after I had left home,
and which were always present, I was deceived by the infor-
mation there given that the remittances were compleat.
The enclosed accot. commencing with the balance of the
former, does I believe, comprehend everything between us.
For the balance I give you a Draft on Wakelin Welch Esqr. of
London. I have drawn this at the legal exchange as settled by
act of Assembly, tho' the currt. exchange is 40 pr. Ct., which
would have reduced the bill to ,£148.6.5. I have allowed no
interest on what I am owing you; the reasons I will frankly
communicate, if they are not satisfactory, it may be drawn for
hereafter. 1st. Even if there had been any person appointed by
you to have receieved the money from me when it became due,
I could not have reconciled it to my conscience to have paid the
nominal sum in paper bills of credit; (which was the only
money then in circulation) thereby giving the shadow for the
substance of a debt. 2d. because I am in a manner rendered
unable to do it by the ungenerous, not to say dishonest practices
of most of my debtors who paid me with a shilling or six pence
in the pound; by wch. and other means, I have sustained a loss
of at least ten thousand pounds during my absence; and 3d.
because my Creditors let their claims rest 'till the annihilation
of paper money, and are now receiving (as indeed every person
ought to do) specie, or an equivalent to the full amount. A
mode so unequal has pressed hard upon me, under the depriva-
tion of crops, and want of a market for the little that was raised.
The Bonds which were taken at the sales before mentioned,
were put into the hands of Mr. Craven Peyton to collect as ap-
pears by his Rect. to Lund Washington of the 7th. of April
1776; a copy of which I will send Colo. Geo. Nicholas, that he
1786] TRANSFER OF A TRUST 475
may see how they have been accounted for, as I will also do the
rect. from the same person for Colo. Stephens's7 Bond for
,£230, and Majr. McDonald's8 for £56. dated the 14th. Jany.
1774. The other bonds remain where you informed me they
were deposited, subject to the conditions and directions pointed
to in your letter of the 10th. of January 1774.
With respect to your book-debts, my letters of the 10th. of
June, 20th. of August and 15th. of November 1774. will have
informed you of the difficulties which then occurred in every
attempt that was made to collect the balances, and these in-
creased as often as they were renewed: nothing therefore could
be done without going into the Courts of justice, which, soon
thereafter were shut and not opened before I left home; after
which, upon the first intimation of your wish that Robt. Carter
Nicholas esqr., or Colo. Fielding Lewis might be empowered
to direct your affairs, I addressed both these gentlemen on the
subject. The latter on account of his declining state of health,
desired to be excused; and from the former I have never got an
answer. Equally unsuccessfull was I in my application to his
son, after I had heard of his entering upon the trust, when I in-
formed him of the papers that were in my possession which
might be necessary for his government. In April last however,
I saw Colo. Nicholas in Richmond, and repeating what I had
before written, he assured me that every attempt to recover
debts that were not reduced to specialties, was altogether un-
availing; but that he would direct your manager (Mr. Muse)
to receive the Book, papers &c. from me. As they were not
necessary for any purposes he could have, and no inconvenience
would attend their remaining with me (for they are in your
'Col. Adam Stephen.
8Maj. Angus McDonald.
476 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [June
own Escritoir) I thought it better and desired they should re-
main here, which Colo. Nicholas readily consented to. Here
then they will remain 'till you may think proper otherwise to
dispose of them. No settlement having been made of the
bloomery9 accot. by Messrs. Adam and Campbell before I left
home, tho' the matter was repeatedly pressed as appears by let-
ters, I was restrained by your instructions of the 31st. of March
1774, from executing Deeds for the land belonging to that con-
cern; and Colo. Carlyle's10 bond depending upon this settlemt.
(as you will perceive by the letter before alluded to) remains as
it did; for I have heard nothing of this business since my return.
Among other papers which I have found in my researches, is
the enclosed letter from Saml. Athawes Esqr. As it is of no use
here, but may serve to compare with the transactions of that
date relative to your Estate in England, I send it. The pictures,
for directions concerning which I asked in my letter of the 20th.
of Augt. 1774, were, (not having received them before my de-
parture) left standing at Bel voir, and unfortunately perished
with the House.
For the furniture of the blue room, which had been removed
to this place (out of the moths way) during my absence, I in-
tended to allow whatever you might think it was worth, for we
were, it seems, under the necessity of useing it: but as it was
used under an expectation of paying for it, I am willing and
ready to do it.
Among the papers in my possession, is a sealed packet, en-
dorsed, "A copy of G: W, Fairfax's last will and testament,
which he begs may not be opened until his death is confirmed,
or a subsequent one is produced." It shall remain sealed as
desired, and safe unless you should incline to recall it.
"Iron works.
10Col.JohnCarlyle.
1786] FAIRFAX'S ACCOUNTS 477
I might my Dr. Sir, have gone more into the detail of this
business. I might have given you the correspondencies between
your Steward, and your Collector and myself; and between my-
self and others respecting your business; but from the recur-
rence which I have had to the copies of my letters to you, I
perceive it is sufficient to refer to them. The letters of the 25th.
of Septr. 15th of Octr. and 30th. of Deer. 1773, 10th. of May,
10th. of June, 20th. of Augt. and 15th. Novr. 1774; and 6th. of
April and 31st. May 1775,11 previous to my taking command
of the American forces, contain a full and accurate accot. of
every thing that had occurred relative to your business which
had fallen under my notice. They transmitted copies of the
accots. which had been rendered to me by your steward and Col-
lector; they enclosed bills which had been purchased with your
money, and they gave an accot. of all the monies which had been
paid by me for your use. And my letter of the 26th. of July 1775 12
informed you of my then situation; the impracticability of my
giving further attention to your business, and the indispensable
necessity of your employing another attorney. From that pe-
riod until my return to Virginia in the beginning of the year
1784, 1 remained in total ignorance of your business, and had
nearly as little knowledge of my own. How much my [own]
suffered in that space, I have already informed you; and I have
reason to suspect, from what I have heard, that yours was not
under the best management.
Willis, with his family, has removed to the State of Georgia;
and Peyton is dead, but all those matters you have doubtlessly
"Drafts of the letters of June 10, 1774, and of May 31, 1775, only are now found
in the Washington Papers. (See Washington's letters to George William Fairfax, June
10, 1774, and May 31, 1775, ante (vol. 3).
"See Washington's letter to George William Fairfax, July 26, 1775, ante.
On July 15, 1786, Washington placed this letter under a cover, with a brief note to
Samuel Athawes, a copy of which note is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington
Papers; but it is likely that this date is an error of the "Letter Book" copyist, and
that it should be July 1.
478 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
been informed of in a more regular and authentic way by Colo.
Nicholas With sentiments of great regard and friendship. I
am, etc.13
ToBATTAILEMUSE
Mount Vernon, July i, 1786.
Sir: I did not receive your Letter of the 4th of June season-
ably enough to return an Answer so soon as you may have
expected. I cannot inform you with any precision what the
flour made of the 50 bushels of wheat sent to my mill is worth
as I am informed that flour has risen to the Northward, and
the short crops of wheat this season will undoubtedly have a
great effect upon the price of it, I should therefore think it
advisable to let it lay a little longer till it can be disposed of to
more advantage. It is customary at my Mill to receive the
Bran in payment for the Barrels, packing &c.
I should be much obliged to you if you would draw in my
favour as soon as possible after having the means in your hand,
and let me know where I shall receive the money, as the num-
ber of workmen which I have employed, and sundry other
matters, call for a large and constant supply of Cash. I am etc.14
To WILLIAM FITZHUGH
Mount Vernon, July 2, 1786.
Dear Sir: Your letter without date was handed to me last
night by your servant. With one of your mares, he returns,
the other I detain: the latter was among the very few which
were early favoured by the Spaniard, but is not yet satisfied.
The other, which went to Magnolio, my Groom seems con-
fident is with foal, which is the reason of my sending her.
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
"From a copy in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress.
"OfPatuxent, Md.
1786] EWE LAMBS 479
A female ass which I have obtained lately, has excited de-
sires in the jack, to which he seemed almost a stranger; mak-
ing use of her as an excitement, I have been able to get several
mares served, which otherwise would have gone uncovered
by him this season: this expedient, unluckily, was hit upon
too late for me, as I had put almost the whole of my mares to
Magnolio before it was tried; it will be practised with your
mare that is left, and I hope with success.
I have advised your Servant to try the mares he carries back
by some horse in your neighbourhood, and if she should dis-
cover an inclination to him, to bring her to Magnolio when he
returns for the other. If this should not happen before the
latter end of this month when I shall send to Mr. Reynolds
for the ewe Lambs, I will contrive your mare that far, unless
you forbid it in the interim.
I am much obliged to my good friend Perry for the trouble
he is about to take by his enquiries for ewe lambs for me; and
will give him an answer the moment he advises me of the
result, which I shall be enabled to do as soon as I hear from
Genl. Smallwoods manager, who sent me word that there were
a number of Lambs belonging to the Genls. Estate, which
he believed were to be disposed of; about which he was de-
sired to enquire and to let me know when the Govr. came into
Charles Coty. which has happened.
I am much obliged to you for the sample of Barley. Mine
that I sowed this Spring is come to nothing; occasioned I
believe by the continual rains.
I am very sorry to hear of your long confinement by the
fall you got in this State, but glad to find you are beginning
to overcome it. With every good wish for Mrs. Fitzhugh,
yourself and family, I am, etc.16
16From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
480 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
To THOMAS JOHNSON
Mount Vernon, July 8, 1786.
Dear Sir : It was not 'till our return to the great Falls, that
Colo. Gilpin and myself discovered the error of the propos'd
meeting of the Directors of the Potomac Company at Alexan-
dria on Monday preceding the first day of August. The gen-
eral Meeting of the Company it seems is, by Law, to be held
on the first Monday in that month; and this not happening,
in the present year, 'till the 7th. day of it, we wish that the
Meeting of Directors may take place on the Saturday before;
of which I pray you to give Mr. Lee notice. I am, etc.17
To EDMUND RANDOLPH
Mount Vernon, July 12, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Your letter of the 7th. is this instant come to hand.
Elizabeth and Sarah, daughters of Michl. Cresap, live I pre-
sume in Hampshire, to the Sheriff of which I will direct the
summons, tho' it is at a hazard, having no other knowledge
of the matter, than that their mother married one Jacobs of
that county. Luther Martin lives in Maryland, and is I believe
Attorney General of that State. What is to be done in this case ?
I am exceedingly sorry to hear of your indisposition and
loss. I hope the change of air and exercise which you are
about to take will restore you to perfect health. Be assured
I shall have singular pleasure in seeing you at this place as
you return from, or go to Annapolis, being with great esteem
and regard, Dr. Sir, etc.17
II From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] THE ASGILL AFFAIR 481
To JAMES TILGHMAN
Mount Vernon, July 20, 1786.
Dr. Sir: It will readily appear to you from the manner and
evident marks of hurry with which the letter I had the honor
to address you last, was written, that it was only meant for
your own perusal; but if the contents of it can afford any satis-
faction to the gentleman who you say is anxious to be informed
of the truth of the insinuations which have met Capt: Asgill's
countenance, I have no objection to its being handed to him
under the prohibition you have mentioned; for if that gentle-
man conceives that such tales will excite commiseration, he may
be endulged in them 'till the touch stone of time and truth
will reverberate upon him. I have already informed you that
my letter was written from memory. I am persuaded, never-
theless, that nothing is contained therein, wch. is not founded
on facts; and that more might have been said to disprove the
alligations.
I am really sorry that it is not in my power yet, to give you
any satisfaction respecting the affairs of Colo. Thos. Colville's
Estate;18 and of what can be done with the claim of Miss An-
derson. No man can be more anxious than I am to bring these
matters to such a close as will satisfy all parties, and exonerate
myself. It is now many months, since I have pressed the eld-
est son, and I believe one of the Exors of Mr. John West de-
ceas'd, who was the principal acting Exor of T. Colvill, to
18 On May 18, 1786, Washington receipted, at Mount Vernon, to Thomas Moody,
f°r ;£°5:I3S- of specie money of Virginia "in part payment of a Bond given to me
as Exect. of the Will of Thos. Colvil Esqr. deceased, by Mr. Benjn. Moody his late
father, with Messrs. Josiah Watson and James Hendricks as Securities thereto, for
three hundred and Twenty nine pounds dated the 19th of Novr. 1781." A photostat
of this receipt, through the kindness of Dr. A. S. W. Rosenbach, of New York City, is
in the Washington Papers.
482 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Jolt
furnish me, if he would not take the matter in hand himself,
with all the papers of that Estate, that a final settlement upon
some principle or another might be gone into. He always
promised, but has never performed this, two months ago, he
assured me I should have these papers in three weeks; at the
end of which, I again applied and was as unsuccessful as be-
fore. His last assurance was, that he would bring them himself
in a little time.
As the concerns of this Estate have been intermixed and
blended with Jno. Colvill's affairs, to whom Thomas was an
Exor, and as both are in great confusion and perplexity, I
mean as soon as I can get the papers, to put the whole into
the hands of some gentleman of abilities and knowledge of the
Law, to overhaul, digest and advise what is proper to be
done in every matter for the fulfilment of the trust, and to-
wards a final settlement: the result of which, so far as it re-
spects Miss Anderson, you shall be informed of, so soon as I
can speak with any decision on this point; for at present I am
perhaps as ignorant as you can be of the concerns of these
Estates, and of what is proper to be done in behalf of the Lega-
tees &c. I am, etc.19
To HENRY L. CHARTON
Mount Vernon, July 22, 1786.
Sir: The rude draughts herewith enclosed will, in some de-
gree, comply with your request; because it will shew the shape
of the lands about which you have been treating. The Ship
by which they are sent, heaving in sight before I had notice of
its coming, I could do no more than send them in the unpol-
ished state in which they are now handed to you.
10 From the "Letter Book." copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] SEED WHEAT 483
The descriptions and situations of them you already have.
It may not be amiss to repeat, that the price set upon these
lands, was on the supposition that the whole were to be taken;
if part only is wanted (if I consent to separate them at all)
the price by the acre, according to its situation and value, will
be encreased; for to be relieved of the trouble of seating them
was my principal motive and only inducement to offer them at
a price which I conceived to be much under their intrinsic
value. I have the honor, etc.20
ToBATTAILEMUSE
Mount Vernon, July 25, 1786.
Sir: I want to change my seed wheat, but do not incline to
sow any but of the white kind, I shall be ready to commence
my seeding in a few days and if you have any of this kind,
ready, either of this, or the last year and will receive payment
for it out of your collection of my Rents, I should be glad to
have sent me from one to three or four hundred Bushels. I
will give the Alexandria price at this time (be it what it may)
or the price it may be hereafter, you at the moment, saying
you are content with it. The Wheat must be clean and good
and as I said before, white, and for the reason assigned I must
have it sent to me immediately if at all; Pray let me know by
Post what I have to trust to. I am etc.21
To HENRY LEE
Mount Vernon, July 26, 1786.
My Dr. Sir: Your favors of the 3d. and nth. inst: are both at
hand. The last came first, and first only two days ago. The
20 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
a From a copy in the Toner Transcripts in the Library of Congress.
484 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
Books by Mr. Griffith are also received, and came in good or-
der. My thanks for your kind intention of giving me the use of
them 'till you return to Virginia are sincerely offered. Youngs
Tour thro' Ireland, I had myself purchased when in New
York; and I have just received advice of the others at Annap-
olis, which I had been expecting, and had given you the trouble
of enquiring after.
I am much obliged to you for the information respecting the
China which is for sale in New York, with the order of the Cin-
cinnati engraved on it; if it should not be disposed of before
this letter reaches you, and you think a ready and safe con-
veyance can be had for it to Alexandria or this place, I would
thank you for buying it for me. In this case, pray let me know
the exchange between New York and London at 60 days sight,
and I will by return of the post, give you a good Bill for the
sterlg. amount of the 150 Dollars: or, by means of some of
the merchts. in Alexandria who have connexions in New York,
I will forward an order on that place to that amot.
If I stopped short of your ideas respecting the navigation of
the Mississippi, or of what may be the opinions of Congress on
this subject, it was not for want of coincidence of sentiment,
but because I was ignorant at that time of the rubs which are
in the way of your commercial treaty with Spain, and because
I thought some address might be necessary to temporize with,
and keep the settlement of Kentucky in state of quietness. At
this moment that settlement is formidable, population is rap-
idly encreasing there. There are many ambitious and turbu-
lent spirits among its inhabitants, who from the present diffi-
culties in their intercourse with the Atlantic States, have turned
their eyes to New Orleans, and may become riotous and un-
governable, if the hope of traffick with it is cut oflf by treaty.
Notwithstanding if this cession is counterpoized, it may be a
1786] ATTENDANCE IN CONGRESS 485
more favourable time for Congress to speak decisively to them,
than when they have got stronger, but not sufficiently matured
to force the passage of the Mississippi themselves; whilst the
plans which are in agitation for opening communications with
that territory, may, if successful, unfold to them new prospects,
mutually beneficial to the old and new States.
All those matters, no doubt, will be duly considered by Con-
gress, and a decision had on which ever side the advantages
preponderate.
It was with very sincere regret I received the news of Genl.
Greene's death.22 Life and the concerns of this world one
would think are so uncertain, and so full of disappointments,
that nothing is to be counted upon from human actions. Adieu,
with sentiments of great regard and affection, I am etc.23
To WILLIAM GRAYSON
Mount Vernon, July 26, 1786.
Dear Sir: It is a fact that your favor of the 27th. of May was
long getting to me; but why it happened so, I am unable to
inform you; as I generally send to the Post Office in Alexandria
twice in every week.
Is it not among the most unaccountable things in nature
that the representation of a great Country shou'd, generally,
be so thin as not to be able to execute the functions of Govern-
ment?24 To what is this to be ascribed? Is it the result of
political manoeuvre in some States, or is it owing to supineness,
or want of means ?
Be the causes what they may, it is shameful and disgusting.
In a word it hurts us, our character as a nation is dwindling;
^Nathanael Greene died June 19, 1786, at the age of 44.
23 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
M Representation in Congress.
486 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
and what it must come to if a change should not soon take
place, our enemies have foretold; for in truth we seem either
not capable, or not willing to take care of ourselves.
For want, I suppose, of competent knowledge of the Con-
necticut claim to Western territory, the compromise which is
made with her, appears to me to be a disadvantageous one for
the union; and if her right is not, one of the motives (according
to your account) for yielding to it, in my humble opinion, is
exceedingly dangerous and bad; for upon such principles,
might, not right, must ever prevail, and there will be no surety
for anything.25
I wish very sincerely that the Land Ordinance may answer
the expectations of Congress. I had, and still have my doubts
of the utility of the plan, but pray devoutly, that they may never
be realized, as I am desireous of seeing it a productive branch
of the Revenue. That part which makes the waters and carry-
ing places common highways, and free for all the States, is
certainly valuable.
I thank you for the other articles of information; such as
you have disclosed confidentially, you may rest assured will
proceed no further, 'till it becomes public thro' other chan-
nels; and this shall always be the case with paragraphs which
are so marked. The answer to the Memorial of Mr. Adams by
Lord Carmarthen, I have seen at large. It was impolitic and
unfortunate, if it was not unjust in these States to pass laws,
25 Grayson had written (May 27) that Connecticut offered to cede all her claim
to the Western Territory, reserving however 120 miles between the ceded lands
and the Pennsylvania line; " this cession was at first much opposed, but Congress
have at length agreed to accept it whenever the delegates of that State shall be
authorized to make a proper deed." The consequence of this, Grayson thought,
would be a loss to the United States of 6,000,000 acres, which had already been
ceded by Virginia and New York. " The advocates for this measure, urged . . .
that the claim of a powerful State although unsupported by right, was under pres-
ent circumstances a disagreable [desirable?] thing; and that sacrifices ought to be
made for the public tranquillity." Grayson's letter is in the Washington Papers.
1786] BRITAIN'S ATTITUDE 487
which by fair construction might be considered as infractions
of the treaty of peace.
It is good policy at all times, to place one's adversary in the
wrong. Had we observed good faith, and the western Posts
had then been withheld from us by G: Britain, we might have
appealed to god and man for justice, and if there are any guar-
antees to the treaty, we might have called upon them to see
it fulfilled.26 But now we cannot do this; tho' clear I am, that
the reasons assigned by the British Ministry are only ostensible,
and that the Posts, under one pretence or another, were in-
tended to have been detained, tho' no such Acts had ever
passed: but how different would our situation have been under
such circumstances? With very sincere regard and affection,
I am, etc.27
To MAUDUIT DU PLESSIS
Mount Vernon, July 28, 1786.
Sir: It is with great pleasure I take the earliest opportunity
of acknowledging the receipt of the letter you did me the honor
to write to me from New York on the 20th. inst:, accompanied
by an original letter from Mr. le Marquis de la Fayette, and by
the copy of one from Mr. le Comte d'Estaing.
Such ample testimonials of merit from such distinguished
characters, cannot fail to ensure you the most grateful recep-
tion throughout America in general; but permit me Sir, to
add for myself in particular, that I shall be unfeignedly happy
28 By the Vllth article of the Treaty of Peace, the western posts held by the British
within United States territory were to be evacuated. By the IVth article, every facility
was to be allowed to British subjects to collect the debts due to them in the several
States. Lord Carmarthen charged that obstacles had been thrown in the way of col-
lecting such debts, through recent laws enacted by some of the States, and that the
IVth article had been violated by the United States. He stated that in retaliation these
posts would not be given up.
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
488 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
in receiving you under the peaceful shades of Mount Vernon,
and in seeking occasions to render you any services which
it may be in my power to offer.
In the meantime (as I hope soon to have the pleasure of
seeing you personally) I will content myself with felicitating
you on your safe arrival in the United States, while I congratu-
late my Country on the acquisition of so valuable and dignified
a Citizen.
With sentiments of perfect esteem and consideration I have
the honor, etc.28
To THOMAS SMITH
Mount Vernon, July 28, 1786.
Sir: It would be more tiresome than interesting to assign
reasons for my not having acknowledged the receipt of your
letters of the 26th. of Novr. and 7th. of Feby., 'ere this. It may
be sufficient to inform you, that they came duly to hand, tho'
I had not the pleasure of seeing Majr. McCormick"9 whilst
he was in Virginia, which I regretted, as I might have de-
rived useful information from him respecting the views and
expectations of the occupants of my Land in Washington
county; at the same time I might possibly have engaged him,
or some other thro' him, who would have made it a point to
bring forward such testimony as would evince, that pre-occu-
pany of the tract in dispute, was in me.
Without this I may fail in this particular, as it is not fre-
quently found that people volunteer their services upon these
occasions; but, on the contrary, that they generally hang back,
from a desire of living (the idea is) in peace with their neigh-
bours. For this reason I must refer you to the information
28 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
OTMaj. George McCormick.
1786] LAND TITLE 489
given in my former letters; with a request that the evidences
there named may be summon'd (if you think it necessary)
to prove what has been advanced.
The instances of decision, of wch. you have made minutes in
your letter of the 20th. of Novr., in the western Courts, are
indicative of a favourable determination of my Suit, and I
would not depart from the legal ground on which I claim;
yet as an auxiliary, the proof of pre-occupancy would drive
my opponents from what they conceive to be their strong
hold; for it is on this, (before what they call legal steps were
taken by me) that they, I am persuaded, rest their cause: but
why all of them should take this ground, when most of them
emigrated to the Country after the date of my patent, is mis-
terious, and may comprehend more than I am aware of; for
which, among other reasons, if I cou'd be ascertained of the
precise time for the trial, I would endeavour to attend; espe-
cially as I have other calls in that Country, among which, to
dispose of that Land if the decision is favorable for me, and
of my other tract where Simpson formerly lived, are most
important.
I have considered your remarks, and wish it was in my
power to solve your Doubts; my answers shall be candid, tho'
the explanations may be unfavorable.
However strange it may seem, the fact nevertheless is, that
Posey's30 Warrant was not dated 'till the 25th. day of Novembr.
1773, (posterior, according to my opponents accot., to their
settlemt.), this knowledge I have but lately obtained, and am
exceedingly surprized at the fact, as the right was bought by
me for this express purpose two or three years before, as you
may perceive by the date of the Bond which is now in your
30 John Posey.
490 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
possession: this circumstance it is necessary to apprize you of,
that if known to the Defendants you may be guarded against
the force of it, as that the date of Colo. Crawfords deputation
is subsequent to their pretended settlement. The proof to the
hand writing of Posey, I have already furnished you with.
I believe there has been no entry in the Surveyors Book of
this tract; for I can find nothing there preceeding the record
of the Survey; to what to ascribe this I know not, except to a
neglect of office, or to the unacquaintedness of Colo. Crawford
with business: the presumption however is, that the preceeding
steps to the issuing of the Patent, were legal and such as satis-
fied this government, under whose jurisdiction it was: and this
Government having stipulated in its cession to Pennsylvania
that the grants she had made, should be secured to the Grantees.
I cannot conceive upon what ground the validity of mine can
be questioned without arraigning the conduct of a sister State
in the management of her own business.
The Council books, as I have before informed you, were
either destroyed by the enemy, or so mislaid as that no access
can be had to them; it is not in my power therefore to furnish
you with an authenticated copy of the Proclamation which
takes off the restriction in that of 1763.
If you should hear of any persons wanting to buy improved
Lands in the Counties of Fayette or Washington, I would thank
you for letting them know that mine (as already mentioned)
are for sale. I wish you for no more than the real value of them,
and if you could help me to fix this by comparison with the
prices of Lands of equal quality, similarity of improvements
and with the same advantages, in these Counties, it would oblige
me. I would make the payments (being well secured) easy to
the purchaser.
1786] A DEPRECIATION LOSS 491
I should be glad to hear that this letter had got safe to your
hands; an acknowledgement of it via Philada. or Baltimore,
with direction to put it into the Post Office, will be most certain
of a conveyance. I am, etc.31
To CLEMENT BIDDLE
Mount Vernon, July 30, 1786.
Dr. Sir: Majr. Gibbes handed me your letter of the 24th. ulto.
with the accounts enclosed. Necessity alone ought to compel
me to loose the difference between ,£50:18.9. and 33953/90
Dollars; because the last mentioned sum (but a very little while
since) was, if I recollect rightly considered as the specie value
of the Commissary's Certificates for which it was issued by
Mr. Stelle,32 and was accordingly so settled by the scale of depre-
ciation. Notwithstanding, as I am entirely unacquainted with
the fund upon which this certificate has issued, and what it
may ultimately tend to, I must repeat my wish that you would
act for me in this case, as you wou'd do for yourself. Laying
out of the money will be no inducement to my selling the Cer-
tificate at an under value, if it is thought that it will finally be
good, and the interest can be received in the mean while. But
as I never made paper money a study, having had nothing to
do with any, except old continental, (by which I have lost very
considerably) I must rely upon your judgment more than any
direction I could give for the disposition of Stelle certificates
always remembering that I am to give others credit for one
moiety of what it would really fetch in specie, and that their
Accots. are to be credited by what you shall say to me on this
head, it would sell for.
31 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
Benjamin Stelle. He was Pennsylvania commissioner for settling accounts.
492 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
When Blankets, Osnabrigs, Linens of any kind, Paints, loaf
Sugar, Coffee, best Hyson Tea, or either of them may happen
to be low at the wholesale or Vendue stores in Philada., you
would do me a kindness by giving the information; because if
I should not happen to be supplied at the time, I would imme-
diately commission you to make a purchase for me.
Do the Tanners in Philadelphia make Leather which is
strong, stout and well adapted for negroes shoes ? If so, what
could twenty five sides of each (unblacked) or as much as
would make 150 pair, with three soles, be bought for ?
Be so good as to forward the enclos'd by a safe conveyance :
the one to Mr. Smith respects a Law suit I have in the Western
Country, the miscarriage, or delay of which might be injurious
to me. My compliments to Mrs. Biddle, with esteem, I am, etc.33
*To COMTE DE ROCHAMBEAU
Mount Vernon, July 31, 1786.
My dear Count: I have been duly honored with the two
letters you were pleased to address to me in the months of
Jany and March last: I need scarcely tell you that your com-
munications always afford me the sincerest gratification; be-
cause they are always replete with the most friendly senti-
ments; because they insensibly bring to remembrance some
circumstances of that pleasing and important period we so
happily passed together, and because you frequently have it
in your power to give such informations, as in my present
retirement from the busy and political world cannot fail of
being acceptable to me.
It must give pleasure to the friends of humanity even in
this distant section of the globe to find that the clouds, which
83 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] TREATY WITH PRUSSIA 493
threatned to burst in a storm of War on Europe, have dissi-
pated and left a still brighter political horizon. It is also to be
hoped, that something will turn up to prevent, even at the
death of the Elector of Bavaria or the King of Prussia, the ef-
fusion of human blood, for the acquisition of a little territory.
As the rage of conquest, which in the times of barbarity,
stimulated Nations to blood, has in a great degree ceased; as
the objects which formerly gave birth to Wars are daily di-
minishing; and as mankind are becoming more enlightened
and humanized, I cannot but flatter myself with the pleasing
prospect that more liberal policies and more pacific systems
will take place amongst them. To indulge this idea affords a
soothing consolation to a philanthropic mind, insomuch that
altho' it should be founded in illusion, one would hardly wish
to be divested of an error, so grateful in itself and so innocent
in its consequences.
The Treaty of Amity which has lately taken place between
the King of Prussia and the United States, marks a new aera
in negotiation. It is perfectly original in many of its articles.
It is the most liberal Treaty which has ever been entered into
between independent Powers; and should its principles be con-
sidered hereafter as the basis of connection between nations,
it will operate more fully to produce a general pacification
than any measure hitherto attempted amongst mankind. Su-
peradded to this, we may safely assert, that there is at present
less war in the world than ever has been at any former period.
The British continue to hold the Posts ceded by the late
Treaty of Peace to the Ud. States. Each of these powers does
not hesitate to criminate the other, by alledging some infrac-
tions of that Treaty. How the matter will terminate time
must disclose. Everything remains tranquil on this side of
the Atlantic, except that the Savages sometimes commit a few
494 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
trifling ravages on the frontiers. General Green lately died at
Savanna in Georgia. The Public, as well as his family and
friends, has met with a severe loss. He was a great and good
man indeed. With sentiments of the purest esteem etc.34
ToDUCDELAUZUN
Mount Vernon, July 31, 1786.
Monr. le Due: I have had the honor to receive your letter
to me of the 25th. of Augt. 1785. by the hand of Mr. Michau,33
of whom it was introductory. The scientific object which oc-
casioned the voyage of that gentleman to America, his per-
sonal character, and the recommendation of the Duke de
Lauzun, conspired to make me extremely happy in forming
an acquaintance with him. I should be made still more so
by his complete success in his botanical pursuits. Any assist-
ance in my power will be most chearfully accorded as a tribute
to his merit, and as a demonstration of the attachment and
esteem with which I have the honor, etc.36
To BARON DE HOLKENDORFF
Mount Vernon, July 31, 1786.
Sir : The letter of the 4th. of June 1785 which you was pleased
to address to me by Colo. Senff,37 has very lately been put
into my hand; in answer to which I have the honor to observe,
that having divested myself of an official character and re-
tired to private life, I can have no agency whatever in matters
of a public nature. This, I thought, had been made known
34 From the original in the Rochambean Taper s in the Library of Congress.
85 Andre Michaux, French botanist.
36 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
37 Christian Senff, formerly a colonel in the South Carolina State troops.
1786] MILITARY CERTIFICATES 495
extensively enough by the manner of my resignation and re-
tirement. The want of being acquainted with these facts seems
however, to have involved some gentlemen at a distance in
unnecessary and unavailing applications. All therefore, that
I have it in my power to advise you on the two objects of your
letter, is, that application for admittance into the Society of
the Cincinnati, must be either to the Society of the State in
whose line the officer served; or, if the officer was a foreigner,
to the Society in France; and that with respect to pecuniary
claims, recourse must be had either to the Paymaster General,
or Secretary for the Department of War. With due considera-
tion and regard I have the honor, etc.38
To ANTOINE FELIX WUIBERT DE MEZIERES
Mount Vernon, July 31, 1786.
Sir: I have been favored with the receipt of triplicate copies
of your polite letter dated at Cape-francois the 15th. of Novr.
last.
While you do me the justice to acknowledge the zeal with
which I desired and attempted to promote the interest of all
the individuals composing the army I had formerly the honor
to command; permit me to express my regret that, from pe-
culiar circumstances, I had it not more fully in my power to
attain that desirable object.
It was doubtless the intention of Congress to establish funds
for the punctual payment of the interest as it became due on
the public securities given to the officers and Soldiers of the
Army for arrearages of pay and commutation : Their designs
however have hitherto been unfortunately frustrated by the
delinquency of some of the States, which could not be induced
88 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
496 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [July
to comply with their requisition of 5 pr Cent impost. All the
States in the Union have at length granted that impost, but
there are still some difficulties respecting the collection &c.
Whenever these can be removed, it is to be hoped the interest
will be regularly paid on your Certificates. In the meantime
Congress are taking measures for surveying the Lands ceded
to them; out of wch. the officers and Soldiers will undoubtedly
receive what has been promised.
Having, as you know sir, long since retired from all public
employment, I have it not in my option to interfere with pub-
lic measures by making recommendations. Indeed I do not
think it probable that any Corps of Engineers will be estab-
lished at present. But I am very happy in all events to find
that you are so agreeably situated with an old acquaintance
and friend.
As to medals and Diplomas for the Cincinnati, the former
I believe are to be purchased in Philada., and the latter to be
obtained thro' the State Society of wch. an officer is member.
I have none of either at my disposal. With sincere wishes for
your health and happiness, I remain, etc.39
To WAKELIN WELCH
Mount Vernon, July, 1786.
Sir : Since my last of the 28th. of Novr. I have been favored
with your letters of the 27th. of Feby. and 13th. of March; and
have received the paper hangings and watch by Capt. An-
drews. With the last Mrs. Washington is well pleased, and I
thank you in her name for your attention to the making of it.
If the stocks keep up, and there is not a moral certainty of
their rising higher in a short time, it is my wish and desire,
30 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] PAYMENT OF DEBTS 497
that my interest in the Bank may be immediately sold, and
the money arising therefrom made subject to my Drafts in
your hands, some of which, at sixty days' sight, may soon fol-
low this letter.
The footing on which you have placed the interest of my
debt to you, is all I require. To stand on equal ground with
others who owe money to the Merchants in England, and
who were not so prompt in their payment of the principal
as I have been, is all I aim at. Whatever the two Countries may
finally decide with respect to interest; or whatever general
agreement or compromise may be come to between British
Creditors and American Debtors, I am willing to abide by;
nor should I again have touched upon this subject in this let-
ter, had you not introduced a case which, in my opinion, has
no similitude with the point in question. You say I have re-
ceived interest at the Bank for the money which was there,
granted : but (besides remarking that only part of this money
was mine) permit me to ask if G. Britain was not enabled,
by means of the bank, to continue the war with this Country ?
Whether this war did not deprive us of the means of paying
our Debts? And whether the interest I received from this
source did, or could bear any proportion to the losses sustained
by having my grain, my Tobacco, and every article of produce
rendered unsalable and left to perish on my hands ? However,
I again repeat, that I ask no discrimination of you in my favor,
for had there been no stipulation by treaty to secure debts,
nay more, had there even been an exemption by the Legisla-
tive authority, or practice of this Country against it, I would,
from a conviction of the propriety and justice of the measure,
have discharged my original debt to you.
But from the moment our ports were shut, and our markets
were stopped by the hostile fleets and armies of Great Britain,
WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
'till the first were opened, and the others revived, I should,
for the reasons I have (though very cursorily) assigned, have
thought the interest during that epocha stood upon a very
different footing. I am much obliged by the trouble you have
taken to enquire into the nature of the connexion between the
House of Messrs. Hanbury & Co. and Balfour & Barraud. I
had no sanguine hopes of redress from that quarter, but as
it seemed to be the only chance, I was willing to try it. I am
etc.40
*To BATTAILE MUSE
Mount Vernon, August i, 1786.
Sir: Not till within these two days did your letter of the nth.
of last Month get to my hands. I have sent your advertisement
to the Printer and as soon as the number of copies are struck
they shall be forwarded to you. My former letter containing
my sentiments respecting the flour at my Mill, I have done
nothing in it since rather wishing that you would pursue your
own judgment with respect to the Sale than to derive any price
from me. Neither Wheat or flour has started in price that I
have heard of as yet.
Your order for Fifty pounds on Colo. Geo. Gilpin which I
hereby acknowledge the receipt of will be presented in a day
or two.
The Hites can have no claim, I conceive, to the small tract
of 183 acres on which Bailey lives, that was a piece of Land
which lay waste, after all the surrounding Lands were taken
up and Patented and granted without the interference of any
one. Nor do I think the determination in favor of the Hites
can possibly affect the other Land on Bullskin, because it is in
proof that this Land was sold by old Joist Hite to one Lewis
40From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] SEED 499
Thomas who sold it to Captn. George Johnson and is so recited
in the Deed from the Proprietors Office. In the former trial
these matters were adduced as evidence; which evidence I sup-
pose is of record; I have in answer to a letter on this head, writ-
ten to Thornton Washington who lives on part of the Land
and who I hope (for I have no idea of attending the Commis-
sioners) will take care of his as well as my interest in this busi-
ness; if you can assist him in it I shall be obliged to you. I have
not had time yet to examine Colo. Fairfax's Land Papers, nor
would I incline to entrust them to any casual conveyance where
there can be the remotest danger of delay or miscarriage. If
you call here, as intimated, I will deliver them to you without
the formallity of an order from Colo. Nicholas, your receipt
for them will satisfy me.
I am very well satisfied with your settlement with McCrane,
and I am pleased to hear you had so much better luck with
your Clover Seed than I had with that you sent me which was
sowed as Soon as I got it last fall and in a piece of the best
ground I had on purpose to raise Seed, not one of wch. was up
the middle of May when I put the same ground in Timothy ;
the disappointment I would not have sustained for fifty pounds,
because fifty pounds will not buy me as much Seed as I expected
to raise from the four acres on which I sowed the bushel of
defective Seed which has occasioned me the loss of a Season.
I am etc.41
To CHEVALIER DE LA LUZERNE
Mount Vernon, August i, 1786.
Dear Sir: The letter you did me the honor to write to me on
the 3d. of Feby., has come safely to hand. Nothing could be
"From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Judge E. A. Armstrong,
of Princeton, N. J.
500 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
more satisfactory to me than the friendly sentiments contained
in it, and the generous manner in which you always interest
yourself in the happiness and dignity of the United States. I
wish I had it in my power to inform you that the several States
had fully complied with all the wise requisitions which Con-
gress has made to them on national subjects. But unfortunately
for us, this is not yet the case. Altho' for my own part I do not
cease to expect that this just policy will ultimately take effect.
It is not the part of a good Citizen to despair of the republic:
nor ought we to have calculated, that our young Governments
would have acquired, in so short a period, all the consistency
and solidity, which it has been the work of ages to give to other
nations. All the States however, have at length granted the im-
post ; tho' unhappily some of them have granted it under such
qualifications, as have hitherto prevented its operation. The
greater part of the Union seems to be convinced of the necessity
of fcederal measures, and of investing Congress with the power
of regulating the commerce of the whole. The reasons you
offer on this subject are certainly forcible, and I cannot but hope
will 'ere long have their due efficacy.
In other respects our internal Governments are daily acquir-
ing strength. The laws have their fullest energy; justice is well
administered; robbery, violence or murder is not heard of from
Nw. Hampshire to Georgia. The people at large (as far as I
can learn) are more industrious than they were before the war.
QEconomy begins, partly from necessity and partly from choice
and habit, to prevail. The seeds of population are scattered
over an immense tract of western country. In the old States,
wch. were the theatres of hostility, it is wonderful to see how
soon the ravages of war are repaired. Houses are rebuilt, fields
enclosed, stocks of cattle which were destroyed are replaced,
and many a desolated territory assumes again the cheerful
1786] BRITISH ATTITUDE 501
appearance of cultivation. In many places the vestiges of con-
flagration and ruin are hardly to be traced. The arts of peace,
such as clearing rivers, building bridges, and establishing con-
veniences for travelling &c. are assiduously promoted. In short,
the foundation of a great Empire is laid, and I please myself
with a persuasion, that Providence will not leave its work
imperfect.
I am sensible that the picture of our situation, which has
been exhibited in Europe since the Peace, has been of a very
different complexion; but it must be remembered that all the
unfavorable features have been much heightened by the me-
dium of the English newspapers thro' which they have been
represented. The British still continue to hold the Posts on our
frontiers, and affect to charge us with some infractions of the
Treaty. On the other hand we retort the accusation. What
will be the consequences, is more than I can pretend to predict.
To me, however, it appears, that they are playing the same
foolish game in commerce that they have lately done in War;
that their ill-judged impositions will eventually drive our ships
from their ports, wean our attachments to their manufactures,
and give to France decided advantages for a commercial con-
nexion with us. To strengthen the alliance and promote the
interests of France and America will ever be the favorite object
of him, who has the honor to subscribe himself, with every
sentiment of attachment, &c.42
To THE SECRETARY FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS
Mount Vernon, August i, 1786.
Dr. Sir: I have to thank you very sincerely for your inter-
esting letter of the 27th. of June, as well as for the other
42 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
502 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
communications you had the goodness to make at the same
time. I am sorry to be assured, of what indeed I had little doubt
before, that we have been guilty of violating the treaty in some
instances. What a misfortune it is the British should have so
well grounded a pretext for their palpable infractions: and
what a disgraceful part, out of the choice of difficulties before
us, are we to act.
Your sentiments, that our affairs are drawing rapidly to a
I crisis, accord with my own. What the event will be, is also
beyond the reach of my foresight. We have errors to correct;
we have probably had too good an opinion of human nature
in forming our confederation. Experience has taught us, that
men will not adopt and carry into execution measures the
best calculated for their own good, without the intervention
of a coercive power. I do not conceive we can exist long as a
nation without having lodged some where a power, which
will pervade the whole Union in as energetic a manner, as
the authority of the State Governments extends over the sev-
eral States.
To be fearful of investing Congress, constituted as that body
is, with ample authorities for national purposes, appears to me
the very climax of popular absurdity and madness. Could
Congress exert them for the detriment of the public, without
injuring themselves in an equal or greater proportion? Are
not their interests inseparably connected with those of their
constituents ? By the rotation of appointment, must they not
mingle frequently with the mass of Citizens ? Is it not rather
to be apprehended, if they were possessed of the powers be-
fore described, that the individual members would be induced
to use them, on many occasions, very timidly and inefficaci-
ously for fear of losing their popularity and future election ?
We must take human nature as we find it: perfection falls
1786] POLITICAL CONDITIONS 503
not to the share of mortals. Many are of opinion that Con-
gress have too frequently made use of the suppliant humble
tone of requisition, in applications to the States, when they
had a right to assert their imperial dignity and command obe-
dience. Be that as it may, requisitions are a perfect nihility
where thirteen sovereign independent disunited States are in
the habit of discussing and refusing compliance with them
at their option. Requisitions are actually little better than a
jest and a bye word throughout the land. If you tell the Legis-
latures they have violated the Treaty of Peace, and invaded the
prerogatives of the confederacy, they will laugh in your face.
What then is to be done ? Things cannot go on in the same
train forever. It is much to be feared, as you observe, that the
better kind of people, being disgusted with the circumstances,
will have their minds prepared for any revolution whatever.
We are apt to run from one extreme into another. To antici-
pate and prevent disastrous contingencies, would be the part
of wisdom and patriotism.
What astonishing changes a few years are capable of pro-
ducing. I am told that even respectable characters speak of
a monarchical form of Government without horror. From
thinking proceeds speaking, thence to acting is often but a
single step. But how irrevocable and tremendous ! what a tri-
umph for our enemies to verify their predictions! what a
triumph for the advocates of despotism to find that we are
incapable of governing ourselves, and that systems founded on
the basis of equal liberty are merely ideal and fallacious!
Would to God that wise measures may be taken in time to avert
the consequences we have but too much reason to apprehendr
Retired as I am from the world I frankly acknowledge I
cannot feel myself an unconcerned spectator. Yet, having hap-
pily assisted in bringing the Ship into Port, and having been
504 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
fairly discharged; it is not my business to embark again on a
sea of troubles. Nor could it be expected, that my sentiments
and opinions would have much weight on the minds of my
Countrymen; they have been neglected, tho' given as a last
legacy in the most solumn manner. I had then perhaps some
claims to public attention. I consider myself as having none
at present. Mrs. Washington joins me in compliments, etc.43
*To THOMAS JEFFERSON
Mount Vernon, August i, 1786.
Dear Sir: The letters you did me the favor to write to me
on the 4th. and 7th. of Jany. have been duly received. In
answer to your obliging enquiries respecting the dress, atti-
tude &ca. which I would wish to have given to the Statue in
question, I have only to observe that not having sufficient
knowledge in the art of sculpture to oppose my judgment to
the taste of Connoisseiurs, I do not desire to dictate in the mat-
ter; on the contrary I shall be perfectly satisfied with whatever
may be judged decent and proper. I should even scarcely have
ventured to suggest that perhaps a servile adherence to the garb
of antiquity might not be altogether so expedient as some
little deviation in favor of the modern costume, if I had not
learnt from Colo. Humphreys that this was a circumstance
hinted in conversation by Mr. West44 to Houdon. This taste,
which has been introduced in painting by West, I understand
is received with applause and prevails extensively.
I have taken some pains to enquire into the facts respecting
the medals of the Cincinnati, which Majr. L'Enfant purchased
^From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On August 1 Washington signed agreements with Thomas Mahony, as a carpenter,
for one year and Cornelius McDermott Roe, as a stonemason and bricklayer, for one
year. These agreements are in the V/ashington Papers.
^Benjamin West.
1786] PAPER MONEY ISSUES 505
in France. It seems that when he went to Europe in 1783
he had money put into his hands to purchase a certain num-
ber, and that conceiving it to be consonant with the intentions
of the Society, he purchased to a still greater amount; inso-
much that a Committee of the Genl. Meeting, upon examin-
ing his Acct. reported a balle. due to him of Six hundred and
thirty dollars, wch. report was accepted. This money is still
due, and is all that is due from the Society of the Cincinnati
as a Society. General Knox has offered to pay the amount to
Majr. L'Enfant, but as it has become a matter of some public
discussion, the latter wished it might remain until the next
Genl Meeting, which will be in May next. In the mean time
Genl. Knox (who is Secretary Genl) has, or will write fully
on the Subject to the Marquis de la Fayette, from whom he
has had a letter respecting the business.
We have no News of importance. And if we had, I should
hardly be in the way of learning it; as I divide my time be-
tween the superintendence of opening the navigations of our
rivers and attention to my private concerns. Indeed I am too
much secluded from the world to know with certainty, what
sensation the refusal of the British to deliver up the Western
posts, has made on the public mind. I fear the edge of its
sensibility is somewhat blunted. Fcederal measures are not
yet universally adopted. New York, wch. was as well disposed
a State as any in the Union is said to have become in a degree
antif cederal. Some other States are, in my opinion, falling into
very foolish and wicked plans of emitting paper money. I
cannot however give up my hopes and expectations that we
shall 'ere long adopt a more just and liberal system of policy.
What circumstances will lead, or what misfortunes will compel
us to it, is more than can be told without the spirit of proph-
ecy. In the meantime the people are industrious, ceconomy
506 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
begins to prevail, and our internal governments are, in general,
tolerably well administered.
You will probably have heard of the death of Genl Greene
before this reaches you, in which case you will, in common
with your Countrymen, have regretted the loss of so great
and so honest a man. Genl. McDougall, who was a brave
Soldier and a disinterested patriot, is also dead;45 he belonged
to the Legislature of his State, the last act of his life, was (after
being carried on purpose to the Senate) to give his voice against
the emission of a paper currency. Colo. Tilghman, who was
formerly of my family, died lately and left as fair a reputation
as ever belonged to a human character. Thus some of the
pillars of the revolution fall. Others are mouldering by in-
sensible degrees. May our Country never want props to sup-
port the glorious fabrick! With sentiments of the highest
esteem etc.46
To JOHN MARSDEN PINTARD
Mount Vernon, August 2, 1786.
Sir: Since my last to you, the Industry Captn. Gibson is ar-
rived, but from the length of the voyage most of the articles
you had the goodness to send me have perished. The Figs
were entirely lost, so were all the Malmsey grape. Of the Mus-
cat and Vera., some showing signs of feeble life; I have with
great care and attention recovered two of the cuttings. These
have now put forth leaf, and I hope will do well.
The wines with which I was furnished by Messrs. Searle &
Co. are of a very good quality, and came to hand in very good
order, and supplied, I dare say, upon as good terms as they
could have been had from any other House on the Island;
45 Alexander McDougall died June 8, 1786.
"From the original in the Jefferson Papers in the Library of Congress.
1786] MADEIRA WINE 507
these considerations, added to such as you have mentioned, will
I am persuaded, induce me to give it the preference, especially,
as from the purport of your letter, you must be connected
therewith.
The negotiations which have been set on foot by Congress
with the piratical States 4T will, it is to be hoped, put an end to the
apprehensions with which the American trade is labouring,
from the conduct of those barbarians towards it. I am, etc.48
To LAMAR, HILL, BISSETT & COMPANY
Mount Vernon, August 3, 1786.
Gentn : Your favors of the 6th. and 17th. of December came
duly to hand; and I have also received from Norfolk the pipe
of Madeira wine which you addressed to the care of Doctr. Tay-
lor of that place for my use. I have not yet tasted it, but presume
it is fine : it ought to be so, for the cost of it in the Island, besides
the extra charges here, is ;£ 7.12.4 pr. pipe more than the wines
I had from Messrs. Searle & Co. in April 1783; than which
none, I think, could be better, for it was old, and of an excellent
quality.
I remit to Henry Hill Esqr. of Philada. a draft49 for ^43 : 12 14
on Wakelin Welch Esqr. of London, which is the amot. of your
order on me in favor of the above gentleman. I am, etc.48
To WAKELIN WELCH
Mount Vernon, August 5, 1786.
Sir: Arthur Young Esqr. of Bury, in Suffolk, having been so
obliging as to offer to procure for me Implements of Husbandry,
47 The Barbary States.
48 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On August 3 Washington also wrote Henry Hill, inclosing the above-mentioned
draft. This note is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
508 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
seeds &c, I have accepted his kindness with much pleasure,
because he is a competent judge of the first, and will be careful
that the latter are good of their several kinds, a thing of much
consequence, and which does not often happen with seeds
imported into this Country from Europe.
I have requested him to forward these articles to your care,
and to draw upon you for the amount. Let me entreat your
particular attention to them, with a request that the Captn. of
the Vessel on board which they are shipped may be sollicited
to keep the seeds in the cabbin, or out of the Ship's hold at any
rate, as they never fail to heat and spoil when put there. I am,
etc.50
To WAKELIN WELCH
Mount Vernon, August 5, 1786.
Sir: On the other side is a copy of my letter to you of this
date under cover to Arthur Young Esqr. of Bradford Hall,
near Bury in Suffolk. The articles which I have written to him
for are,
2 ploughs, with spare shares and Coulters; and a mould to
form others on.
A little of the best kind of cabbage seed for field culture.
20 lb. of best Turnip seeds.
10 bushels of Sainfoin seeds.
8 Do of the Winter Vetches.
2 Do of Rye-grass Seeds.
50 lb. of Hop clover seed; and a little Burnet seed, if it is in
estimation with Farmers.
Perhaps he may add a few seeds of other kinds, perhaps he
may encrease the quantities above, and possibly add some other
instruments of Husbandry, tho' I have written for none, nor
MFrom the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] FARMING MATTERS 509
have I reason to expect any unless he may be disposed to send
very useful ones without waiting a request. It is also possible,
tho' I have very little expectation of its happening, that he may
engage me a common plough-man.
Your paying the cost of these things and forwarding them
in a vessle for Potomac, will much oblige me; as it will to con-
vey the letters herewith enclosed, to their respective addresses.
I am, etc.51
To WILLIAM PEACEY
Mount Vernon, Virginia, August 5, 1786.
Sir: Excuse the liberty I take in putting the inclosed Letters
under cover to you. It is to oblige Mr. James Bloxham who now
lives with me, but who scarcely has sufficient knowledge of
his own mind to determine whether to continue more than
the present year (for which he is engaged) or not. In a word
he seems rather to have expected to have found well organized
farms, than that the end and design of my employing him
was to make them so. He makes no allowances for the rav-
ages of a nine year's war from which we are but just begin-
ning to emerge, nor does he consider that if our system of
Husbandry had been as perfect as it may be found on your
Farms, or in some of the best farming Counties in England,
that there would have been no occasion for his Services.
What the old man has written to you respecting the com-
ing over of his wife, sending over plows, seeds and so forth,
I know not; because at different times he seems to be of dif-
ferent opinions. I can only add therefore, if his family are to
come, and by the way of London, that it would be well for
some person in their behalf to open a correspondence with
Messrs. Forrest and Stoddart Merchans, of that place, who
"From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
510 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
have Ships that pass by my door in their way to Alexandria,
and would render the passage in one of them much more
convenient, and less expensive than to any other place; tho
in a Vessel bound to Norfolk in this State, (Virginia,) or to
Annapolis, Baltimore, or Patuxent in the neighbouring one
of Maryland, it would not be very inconvenient. In case of
her coming, whatever Implements, Seeds, &c. may be requested
by Mr. Bloxham on my Acct. had better be paid for by his
Wife, and settled for here.
I am sorry to be thus troublesome, but as Mr. Bloxham con-
siders you as his Benefactor, and Friend, has addressed one of
his Letters to you, and his Wife, if she finally resolves to come,
will stand in need of advice and assistance, it is necessary that
the best mode should be suggested. A ship from Bristol to
either of the places above named, may, probably, be more con-
venient than the rout by London, but of this you can judge
better than I. I am etc.52
*To ARTHUR YOUNG
Mount Vernon, August 6, 1786.
Sir: I have had the honor to receive your letter of the 7th.
of Jany. from Bradford-Hall, in Suffolk, and thank you for
the favor of opening a correspondence, the advantages of
which will be so much in my favor.
Agriculture has ever been amongst the most favourite
amusements of my life, though I never possessed much skill
in the art, and nine years total inattention to it, has added
nothing to a knowledge which is best understood from prac-
tice; but with the means you have been so obliging as to
02From the text kindly furnished by Forest G. Sweet, of Battle Creek, Mich. It
varies from the "Letter Book" copy in minor verbal details only.
1786] A PATENT PLOW 511
furnish me, I shall return to it (though rather late in the day)
with hope and confidence.
The System of Agriculture (if the epithet of system can be
applied to it), which is in use in this part of the United States,
is as unproductive to the practitioners as it is ruinous to the
land-holders. Yet it is pertinaciously adhered to. To forsake
it; to pursue a course of husbandry which is altogether differ-
ent and new to the gazing multitude, ever averse to novelty
in matters of this sort, and much attached to their old customs,
requires resolution; and without a good practical guide, may
be dangerous; because, of the many volumes which have been
written on this subject, few of them are founded on experi-
mental knowledge, are verbose, contradictory, and bewilder-
ing. Your Annals shall be this guide. The plan on which they
are published, gives them a reputation which inspires confi-
dence; and for the favor of sending them to me, I pray you
to accept my very best acknowledgments. To continue them,
will add much to the obligation.
To evince with what avidity, and with how little reserve I
embrace the polite and friendly ofTer you have made me of sup-
plying me with " Men, Cattle, Tools, Seeds, or anything else
that may add to my rural amusement", I will give you, Sir,
the trouble of providing, and sending to the care of Wakelin
Welch, Esqr. of London, Mercht. the following articles.
Two of the simplest, and best constructed Plows for land
which is neither very heavy nor Sandy. To be drawn by two
horses. To have spare shares and Colters; and a mold on
which to form new irons when the old ones are worn out, or
will require repairing.
I shall take the liberty in this place to observe, that some
years ago, from a description, or recommendation of what was
then called the Rotheram; or Patent Plow, I sent to England
512 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
for one of them, and till it began to wear, and was ruined
by a bungling Country Smith that no plow could have done
better work, or appeared to have gone easier with two horses;
but for want of a mold (wch. I had neglected to order with
the Plow), it became useless after the irons which came in
with it were much worn.
A little of the best kind of Cabbage-seeds, for field culture.
20 lbs. of the best Turnip-Seeds, for Do.
10 Bushels of Sainfoin Seeds
8 Bushls. of the Winter Vetches.
2 Bushls. of Rye-grass Seeds.
50 lbs. of Hop clover seeds, and If it is decided (for much
has been said for and against it), that Burnet, as an early food,
is valuable, I should be glad of a bushel of this seed also.
Red clover seeds are to be had on easy terms in this Country,
but if there are any other kinds of grass-Seeds (not included
in the above) that you may think valuable, especially for early
feeding or cutting, you would oblige me by adding a small
quantity of the seeds, to put me in stock: Early grasses, unless
a species can be found that will stand a hot Sun, and often-
times severe droughts in the summer months, without much
expence of cultivation, would suit our climate best.
You see, Sir, that without ceremony, I avail myself of your
kind offer; but if you should find in the course of our corre-
spondence, that I am likely to become troublesome you can
easily check me. Inclosed I give you an order on Wakelin
Welch Esqr. for the cost of such things as you may have the
goodness to send me. I do not at this time ask for any other
implements of Husbandry than the Plows; but when I have
read your annals (for they are but just come to hand) I may
request more. In the meanwhile, permit me to ask what a
1786] AN ENGLISH BAILIFF 513
good Plowman might be had for, annual wages, to be found
(being a single man) in board, washing, and lodging? The
writers upon Husbandry estimate the hire of labourers so dif-
ferently in England, that it is not easy to discover from them
whether one of the class I am speaking of would cost Eight,
or Eighteen pounds a year. A good Plowman at low wages,
would come very opportunely with the Plows here requested.
By means of the application I made to my friend Mr. Fair-
fax, of Bath, and through the medium of Mr. Rack,53 a bailiff
is sent to me, who, if he is acquainted with the best courses
of cropping, will answer my purposes as a director or Super-
intendant of my Farms. He has the appearance of a plain
honest Farmer; is industrious; and, from the character given
of him by a Mr. Peacy (with whom he has lived many years)
is understanding in the management of Stock, and of most
matters for which he is employed. How far his abilities may
be equal to a pretty extensive concern, is questionable. And
what is still worse, he has come over with improper ideas;
for instead of preparing his mind to meet a ruinous course of
cropping, exhausted Lands, and numberless inconveniences
into which we had been thrown by an eight years War, he
seems to have expected that he was coming to well organized
Farms, and that he was to have met Plows, Harrows, and all
the other implements of Husbandry in as high taste as the
best farming Counties in England could have exhibited them.
How far his fortitude will enable him to encounter these dis-
appointments, or his patience and perseverence will carry him
towards the work of reform, remains to be decided. With
great esteem etc.54
53 Edmund Rack. He was secretary of the Agriculture Society of Bath, England.
54 From a photostat of the original through the kindness of Dr, A. S. W. Rosenbach,
of New York City.
514 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
To CHARLES ARMAND-TUFFIN
Mount Vernon, August 10, 1786.
Dr. Marquis: I am to acknowledge the receipt of the agree-
able letter you did me the honor to write to me on the 20th.
of Jany., and at the sametime to congratulate you on the happy
event announced in it.
Permit me to assure you that nothing affords me more satis-
faction than to receive good news of my friends; and you must
allow me the liberty of considering your marriage to an amia-
ble lady, with a handsome fortune, in that point of light.
Indeed I was not surprized at this, because I knew the merits
of the Marqs. de la Rouerie entitled him to such a connexion.
But I must confess, I was a little pleased, if not surprised, to
find him think quite like an American on the subject of mat-
rimony and domestic felicity. For in my estimation more per-
manent and genuine happiness is to be found in the seques-
tered walks of connubial life, than in the giddy rounds of
promiscuous pleasure, or the more tumultuous and imposing
scenes of successful ambition.
This sentiment will account, in a degree, for my not making
a visit to Europe: other reasons may conspire to prevent me
from enjoying the heart-felt satisfaction I shou'd experience
in embracing my friends on that continent. Their kind sollici-
tude and invitations are, however, entitled to my cordial ac-
knowledgments; and you may be persuaded, it will not be
among the least of my regrets on this occasion, that the cir-
cumstances preclude me from receiving the welcome, and
witnessing the happiness, I should expect to meet with at the
Chateau de la Rouerie.
I enter so little into disquisitions and politics, that I could
hardly do justice to the subject, should I undertake to dilate
1786] WANT OF MONEY 515
upon it. I have understood, in general, that Congress have
taken arrangements for the payment of the interest due on
Securities given to foreigners who served in their Army. A
timely and efficacious application to the States will, I hope,
in future produce more punctuality, and supercede the neces-
sity of any interference on my part, which it appears to me
would be improper on many accounts.
Mrs. Washington desires her compliments may be accept-
able to Madame la Marquise de la Rouerie and yourself; with
a similar request, I have the honor, etc.55
To JOHN FRANCIS MERCER
Mount Vernon, August 12, 1786.
Dr. Sir: The Clerks notes in the Suits ordered by you on the
Bonds taken at Colo. Geo: Mercer's sale, are (many of them)
brought against me; some of wch. without adverting thereto,
I have paid, supposing them to have arisen on distresses made
by Mr. Muse for my Rents. A few days ago a Bill from the
Clerk, I believe, of Berkeley, was handed to me amounting to
near six hundred pounds of Tobacco, which not being con-
venient for me to pay, was returned. I shall be obliged to you
in future when writs are ordered, to direct these notes into some
other channel. I am threatened also (as you may see by the
enclosed) in another manner on the same Accot.
I am led from these circumstances to hope that the suits have
been, or soon will be productive; for, tho' painful to reiterate,
the fact is that I am really in want of money. The almost total
loss of my Corn last year, the scantiness of my Crop of Wheat
this (in which I am only a common sufferer), and the probable
destruction of my Corn by the Chinch-bug, in which I stand
65 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
516 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
almost alone, deprives me of all hope of aid from these sources;
which is the more distressing to me as I am at this time involved
in more than common expence to finish my house and to make
the repairs which were found wanting when it come to be
examined. I am, etc.56
To THEODORICK BLAND
Mount Vernon, August 15, 1786.
Dear Sir : By Colo. Fitzhugh I had the satisfaction to receive
the humorous accot.57 you were pleased to give me of your noc-
turnal journey to Fredericksburg. I recollect very well, the
Lady whom you mention to have had for a fellow traveller,
and if you should chance to be in her company again, I should
be much obliged by your presenting my compliments to her.
The even tenor of my life (in which I can expect to meet with
few extraordinary adventures) as well as my long seclusion in
a great measure, from the exhilirating scenes of mixed society,
must be an apology for my not attempting (with such provoc-
atives to gaiety) to say some more sprightly things in reply to
the brilliancy of her dialogue; or the vivacity with which you
have reported it. I commend you, however, for passing the time
in as merry a manner as you possibly could ; it is assuredly better
to go laughing than crying thro' the rough journey of life.
I have mentioned your request to Colo. Humphreys, who is
still at Mt. Vernon and who has put a copy of his last poem
into my hands to be forwarded with his compliments to you.
He has farther desired me to inform you, in answer to the civil
things you have said of it, that he feels himself singularly happy
56 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On August 14 Washington signed an agreement with James Lawson to do ditching
at Mount Vernon. This agreement is in the Washington Papers.
B7Bland's "humorous" account is not now found in the Washington Papers.
1786| PAPER MONEY 517
whenever he finds that his works are honored with the appro-
bation of men of taste and liberallity. He regrets that he can-
not send you the copy of a former poem, which after being
several times reprinted in Europe, has lately been translated by
the Marqs. de Chastelleux, and received with a great deal of
applause at Paris.
I shall always be happy to give and receive communications
on improvements in farming, and the various branches of agri-
culture. This is in my opinion, an object of infinite importance
to the country; I consider it to be the proper source of American
wealth and happiness. Whose streams might become more
copious and diffusive, if gentlemen of leisure and capacity
would turn their attention to it, and bring the result of their
experiments together? Nothing but cultivation is wanting.
Our lot has certainly destined a good country for our inherit-
ance. We begin already to attract the notice of foreigners of
distinction. A French general officer whose name is Du Plessis
is now at Mount Vernon on his way to Georgia, with a design
to settle there as a farmer.
Sequestered as I am, from the bustlings and intrigues of the
world, in the calm walks of private life; I can hardly flatter my-
self with being able to give much light or assistance, to those
who may be engag'd in passing thro' the dark and thorny paths
of politics. I can only repeat what I have formerly told my
countrymen in a very serious manner "that honesty will be
found, on every experiment, the best policy". How far argu-
ments deduced from this topic, and from the present alarm-
ing troubles in Rhode Island, can with pertinancy and force
be made use of against any attempts to procure a paper cur-
rency in the State, I leave to your judgment to decide. The
advantages which are to be derived from Seminaries of
learning, from the improvement of our roads, a proper
518 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
establishment of our Militia, the extension of inland naviga-
tion &c. must have struck you in too forcible a manner to
need a remembrancer.
My sentiments respecting f oederal measures, in general, are
so well known that it is unnecessary to reiterate them. The two
Mrs. Washingtons and my nephew join in compliments with
me to Mrs. Bland and yourself, and I am, etc.58
To MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE
Mount Vernon, August 15, 1786.
My dr. Marqs: I will not conceal that my numerous corre-
spondencies are daily becoming irksome to me; yet I always
receive your letters with augmenting satisfaction, and there-
fore rejoice with you in the measures which are likely to be
productive of a more frequent intercourse between our two
nations. Thus, motives of a private as well as of a public nature
conspire to give me pleasure, in finding that the active policy
of France is preparing to take advantage of the supine stupid-
ity of England, with respect to our commerce.
While the latter by its impolitic duties and restrictions is
driving our Ships incessantly from its harbours; the former
seems by the invitations it is giving to stretch forth the friendly
hand to invite them into its Ports. I am happy in a conviction,
that there may be established between France and the U. S.,
such a mutual intercourse of good offices and reciprocal inter-
ests, as cannot fail to be attended with the happiest conse-
quences. Nations are not influenced, as individuals may be,
by disinterested friendships; but, when it is their interest to
live in amity, we have little reason to apprehend any rupture.
This principle of union can hardly exist in a more distin-
68 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] BRITISH ARROGANCE 519
guished manner between two nations, than it does between
France and the United States. There are many articles of
manufacture which we stand absolutely in need of and shall
continue to have occasion for so long as we remain an agri-
cultural people, which will be while lands are so cheap and
plenty, that is to say, for ages to come.
In the mean time we shall have large quantities of timber,
fish, oil, wheat, Tobo., rice, Indigo, &c. to dispose of: Money
we have not. Now it is obvious that we must have recourse
for the Goods and manufactures we may want, to the nation
which will enable us to pay for them by receiving our Produce
in return. Our commerce with any of the great manufactur-
ing Kingdoms of Europe will therefore be in proportion to
the facility of making remittance, which such manufacturing
nation may think proper to afford us. On the other hand,
France has occasion for many of our productions and raw ma-
terials; let her judge whether it is most expedient to receive
them by direct importation and to pay for them in goods;
or to obtain them thro' the circuitous channel of Britain and
to pay for them in money as she formerly did.
I know that Britain arrogantly expects we will sell our pro-
duce wherever we can find a market and bring the money
to purchase goods from her; I know that she vainly hopes to
retain what share she pleases in our trade, in consequence of
our prejudices in favor of her fashions and manufactures; but
these are illusions, which will vanish and disappoint her, as
the dreams of conquest have already done. Experience is con-
stantly teaching us, that these predilections were founded in
error. We find the quality and price of the French goods we
receive in many instances, to be better than the quality and
price of the English. Time, and a more thorough acquaint-
ance with the business may be necessary to instruct your
520 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
merchants in the choice and assortment of Goods necessary for
such a Country. As to an ability for giving credit, in which
the English merchants boast a superiority, I am confident it
would be happy for America if the practice could be entirely
abolished.
However unimportant America may be considered at pres-
ent, and however Britain may affect to despise her trade, there
will assuredly come a day, when this country will have some
weight in the scale of Empires. While connected with us as
Colonies only, was not Britain the first power in the World ?
Since the dissolution of that connexion, does not France oc-
cupy the same illustrious place? Your successful endeavors
my Dr. Marqs., to promote the interests of your two Countries
(as you justly call them) must give you the most unadulter-
ated satisfaction: be assured the measures which have lately
been taken with regard to the two Articles of Oil and To-
bacco, have tended very much to endear you to your fellow
Citizens on this side of the Atlantic.
Altho' I pretend to no peculiar information respecting com-
mercial affairs, nor any foresight into the scenes of futurity;
yet as the member of an infant empire, as a Philanthropist by
character, and (if I may be allowed the expression) as a Citizen
of the great republic of humanity at large; I cannot help turn-
ing my attention sometimes to this subject. I would be under-
stood to mean, I cannot avoid reflecting with pleasure on the
probable influence that commerce may hereafter have on hu-
man manners and society in general. On these occasions I
consider how mankind may be connected like one great fam-
ily in fraternal ties. I indulge a fond, perhaps an enthusiastic
idea, that as the world is evidently much less barbarous than
it has been, its melioration must still be progressive; that
1786] BARBARY STATES 521
nations are becoming more humanized in their policy, that the
subjects of ambition and causes for hostility are daily dimin-
ishing, and, in fine, that the period is not very remote, when
the benefits of a liberal and free commerce will, pretty gener-
ally, succeed to the devastations and horrors of war.
Some of the late treaties which have been entered into, and
particularly that between the King of Prussia and the Ud. States,
seem to constitute a new era in negotiation, and to promise
the happy consequences I have just now been mentioning.
But let me ask you my Dr. Marquis, in such an enlightened,
in such a liberal age, how is it possible the great maritime pow-
ers of Europe should submit to pay an annual tribute to the
little piratical States of Barbary ? Would to Heaven we had
a navy able to reform those enemies to mankind, or crush them
into non-existence.
I forbear to enter into a discussion of our domestic Politics,
because there is little interesting to be said upon them, and
perhaps it is best to be silent, since I could not disguise or
palliate where I might think them erroneous. The British
still hold the frontier Posts, and are determined to do so. The
Indians commit some trifling ravages, but there is nothing
like a general or even open war. You will have heard what a
loss we have met with by the death of poor Genl. Greene.
General McDougal and Colo. Tilghman are also dead.
It is a great satisfaction to have it in my power to pay some
attention to Monsr. Du Plessis, by whom I had the happiness of
receiving your last letter: he is now at Mount Vernon on his
way to Georgia.
You will see by the length to which I have extended this
letter, that I can never find myself weary of conversing with
you. Adieu, My Dr. Marqs. Mrs. Washington and the family
522 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
desire to be most respectfully presented to Made, de la Fayette,
to whom, I pray you also to offer my very best homage; and to
believe that I am etc.59
To MARQUIS DE CHASTELLUX
Mount Vernon, August 18, 1786.
My Dr. Marquis: I cannot omit to seize the earliest occasion,
to acknowledge the receipt of the very affectionate letter you
did me the honor of writing to me on the 22d. of May; as well
as to thank you for the present of your Travels in America and
the translation of Colo. Humphreys's Poem, all of which came
safe to hand by the same conveyance.
Knowing, as I did, the candour, liberality and philanthropy
of the Marquis de Chastellux, I was prepared to disbelieve any
imputations that might militate agst. these amiable qualities.
For characters and habits are not easily taken up, or suddenly
laid aside. Nor does that mild species of philosophy which
aims at promoting human happiness, ever belye itself by devi-
ating from the generous and godlike pursuit. Having not-
withstanding understood that some misrepresentations of the
work in question, had been circulated; I was happy to learn
that you had taken the most effectual method to put a stop to
their circulation, by publishing a more ample and correct edi-
tion. Colo. Humphreys (who has been some weeks at Mount
Vernon) confirm'd me in the sentiment by giving a most flat-
tering account of the whole performance : he has also put into
my hands the translation of that part in which you say such,
and so many handsome things of me; that (altho' no sceptic
on ordinary occasions) I may perhaps be allowed to doubt
00 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
1786] AMERICA RECOVERING 523
whether your friendship and partiality have not, in this one
instance, acquired an ascendency over your cooler judgment.
Having been thus unwarily, and I may be permitted to add,
almost unavoidably betrayed into a kind of necessity to speak
of myself, and not wishing to resume that subject, I choose to
close it forever by observing, that as, on the one hand, I consider
it an indubitable mark of mean-spiritedness and pitiful vanity
to court applause from the pen or tongue of man; so on the
other, I believe it to be a proof of false modesty or an unworthy
affectation of humility to appear altogether insensible to the
commendations of the virtuous and enlightened part of our
species. Perhaps nothing can excite more perfect harmony in
the soul than to have this string vibrate in unison with the
internal consciousness of rectitude in our intentions and an
humble hope of approbation from the supreme disposer of all
things.
I have communicated to Colonel Humphreys that paragraph
in your letter wch. announces the very favorable reception his
Poem has met with in France. Upon the principles I have just
laid down, he cannot be indifferent to the applauses of so en-
lightened a nation, nor to the suffrages of the King and Queen
who have been pleased to honor it with their royal approbation.
We have no news on this side the Atlantic worth the pains of
sending across it. The country is recovering rapidly from the
ravages of the war: the seeds of population are scattered far
in the wilderness: agriculture is prosecuted with industry: the
works of Peace, such as opening rivers, building bridges &c,
are carried on with spirit. Trade is not so successful as we could
wish, our State Governments are well administered. Some ob-
jects in our foederal system might probably be altered for the
better. I rely much on the good sense of my countrymen, and
524 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
trust that a superintending Providence will disappoint the hopes
of our Enemies. With sentimts. of the sincerest esteem etc.60
To METCALF BOWLER 61
Mount Vernon, August 19, 1786.
Sir: I have received your letter of the 21st. of July together
with the Treatise on Agriculture and practical Husbandry.
I consider the latter as a mark of attention which merits my
warmest acknowledgments.
It is a subject highly worth the attention of every gentleman
in this country who has leisure, abilities, or opportunity to im-
prove it. It is the only source from which we can at present
draw any real or permanent advantage; and in my opinion it
must be a great (if not the sole) means of our attaining to that
degree of respectability and importance which we ought to
hold in the world. I am, etc.60
To THOMAS NEWTON, JUNIOR
Mount Vernon, August 19, 1786.
Dr. Sir : Inclosed is a duplicate of my letter to you of the 26th.
of May which was forwarded by Peter Virwins who received
fifty barrels of superfine Flour to be deliver'd to you at Norfolk.
It is now almost three months since the flour was sent: as I
have not heard from you, and am unacquainted with Mr. Vir-
win, I do not know whether it has come to your hands or not.
60 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On August 18 Washington wrote also to Clement Biddle, sending two window
curtains " which I pray you to get new dyed of die same color, green, and returned to
me as soon as may be. . . . The price of Mr. Howell's leather is not cheaper than it
is sold in Alexandria, and the freight would make it come higher." A copy of this
letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington Papers.
01 Of Newport R.I.
1786] INDIAN VOCABULARY 525
If you have received it, and it is sold, I should be glad to know
what it sold for; if it is not sold, should wish to know what it
will sell for, as, from the short crops of wheat, I think it must
now fetch a pretty good price. I am, etc.62
To THOMAS HUTCHINS
Mount Vernon, August 20, 1786.
Sir: You will see by the enclosed letter from the Marqs. de la
Fayette to me, that the Empress of Russia is desirous of obtain-
ing some authentic documents respecting the languages of the
natives of this Country, for the purpose of compiling an uni-
versal Dictionary. As I have thought no person was more in
condition to accomplish that essential service for the republic
of letters than yourself, I have taken the liberty of transmitting
a specimen of the vocabulary to you, together with a request
that you do me the favor of paying as early and accurate atten-
tion to the completion of the matter, as your avocations will
admit. Persuaded that a gentleman of your taste for science in
general, and particularly of your capacity for acquiring the
information in question, will enter upon the task with pleasure,
I make no apology for troubling you with it. Nor do I think
it necessary to add anything farther, than that it may be expe-
dient to extend the vocabulary as far as, with the aid of your
friends, you conveniently can; and that the greatest possible
precision and exactitude will be indispensable in committing
the Indian words to paper, by a just orthography.
With sentiments of esteem etc.63
^From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
^From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers. A duplicate of this let-
ter, addressed to Col. George Morgan, near Princeton, N. J., was (1907) stated to be
in the possession of A. S. Morgan, of Pittsburgh, Pa.
526 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
To THE SECRETARY AT WAR
Mount Vernon, August 21, 1786.
Dr. Sir: The inclosed letter I received a short time since. As
1 am wholly unacquainted with the writer, and circumstances
therein mentioned, I can only say, that if the facts are such as
there alledged, I think the sufferer is entitled to some redress;
but how far it may be in the power of Congress to comply with
petitions of this nature I am not able to say. You undoubtedly
know much better than I do, and I am sure your exertions will
never be wanting to have justice done to those who have suf-
fered by adhering to the cause of our Country. I am, etc.64
To JONATHAN LORING AUSTIN
Mount Vernon, August 23, 1786.
Sir: I have received your Oration of the 4th. of July, which
you did me the honor to send me; and am much obliged to you
for so polite a mark of attention. I have perused it with a great
deal of pleasure, and hope that the anniversary of that day will
ever be commemorated in this country as the era from which
we may date our happiness and importance. I am, etc.64
To REVEREND JOHN WITHERSPOON
Mount Vernon, August 23, 1786.
Revd. Sir: The last Post brought me your favor of the 14th.
You have been misinformed respecting the congregation of
01 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
On August 22 Washington wrote briefly to Maurice Desdevens, a former captain of
Canadian militia in Montgomery's expedition against Quebec, that he had forwarded
his letter to Knox. A copy of this letter is in the "Letter Book" in the Washington
Papers.
1786] A DELAYED ACCOUNT 527
Pohick. It is of the Episcopal Church and at this time has an
incumbent; of which I give you the earliest notice for the in-
formation of Mr. Wilson.65
A Church above this, formerly under the same Ministry, is,
I believe, unprovided; but of what Religion the people there-
about now are, I am unable to say. Most probably a medley as
they have had Methodist, and Baptist preachers of all kinds
among them. With respect, I am, etc.66
To JAMES HILL
Mount Vernon, August 29, 1786.
Sir: I have been in continual expectation ever since my re-
turn to private life (now near three years) of receiving a state-
ment of the accots. between us. This not having yet happened,
and finding sums which I expected were due to me (especially
in the case of Mr. Newton of Norfolk from whom I thought
a large balance was due to me) charged as having been paid
to you, it makes it indispensably necessary for me to be fur-
nished with a precise and compleat accot. of all the transac-
tions of my business which had been committed to your care
from the date of the last settlement which I made with you
myself, to the present moment. Shewing, if monies have been
paid to others or myself, the sums, and by what authority it
was done. Without these it is impossible for me to adjust my
own accounts, or bring my business to a close with others. I
pray you therefore not to delay complying with this request,
and it will oblige Yrs., etc.
P. S. That this letter may be certain of getting to your hands,
I have requested Mr. Henley to send it by a special messenger.
65 James Wilson, a Scotch Presbyterian minister.
68 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers,
528 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON [Aug.
Your answer. will come safe, and more expeditiously by the
Post, than by a private conveyance, and is the mode I would
prefer receiving it.67
To DIEGO DE GARDOQUI
Mount Vernon, August 30, 1786.
Sir: The day before yesterday gave me the honor of your
Excellency's favor, written on the 12th. of June, with a post-
script thereto of the 22d. of July. It was accompanied by the
cloth made of the wool of the Vicuna, which indeed is of a
softness and richness which I have never seen before, and is
truly worthy of being called his Majesty's true manufactured
cloth.
For your Excellency's goodness in presenting me with this
specimen of it, I pray you to accept my best acknowledge-
ments. I receive it Sir, as a mark of your polite attention to
me, and shall wear it with much pleasure as a memento thereof.
The color is really beautiful, and being natural can never fade.
I feel myself much indebted to your Excelly. for communi-
cating the testimonies of my gratitude to the King, thro' the
medium of His Excelly. Count de Florida Blanca, for his royal
present of the Jack Asses; one of which arrived very safe, and
promises to be a most valuable animal. I am endeavouring to
provide a female, that the advantages which are to be derived
from this Jack may not end with his life.
I can omit no occasion of assuring your Excellency of the
high sense I entertain of the many marks of polite attention
I have received from you; nor of the pleasure I should feel
in the honor of expressing it at this seat of my retirement from
public life, if you should ever feel an inclination to make an
excursion into the middle States. I have the honor, etc.67
67 From the "Letter Book" copy in the Washington Papers.
INDEX
INDEX
By David M. Matteson
Accounts, Washington's private, postbellum condition, confusion, 16,
84, 248-250, 403, 527; Fairfax, 84, 472-476; Washington's refusal
to pay, 154, 165, 166; justice of army, 173; Washington's, against
Lee estate, 197 n; headquarters clothing, against Washington, 252,
253; Neufville's American, 254; Washington's, for flour for army,
429, 491; liquidation, scale of depreciation, 491. See also Debts.
Acts of trade, British, postbellum enforcement against United States,
161, 184, 207, 229, 235, 250, 316, 339, 501.
Adam, Dow & Mclver, land affair, 61.
Adams, , iron works account, 476.
Adams, John, as minister at British court, 243, 289, 486.
Adams, John Quincy, return, bears letter, Washington's hounds, 232,
233, 242.
Address, New York freedom of city, 126.
Advice, on marriage, 15, 152, 514.
Agriculture, Washington on, need of reform, 185, 395, 510, 511, 517,
524; societies, 200, 201, 291, 367, 394, 441; poor crops, 310; books,
Young's, 384, 429, 459, 484, 524. See also Animals; Fertilizer; Im-
plements; Land; Mount Vernon; products by name.
Alexandria, Va., letter from, 15; Washington and building, 25, 92; as
port, 53.
Alexandria Academy, Washington's connection, 321, 322; letter to
trustees, 356; his plan for charity pupils, 356-358, 471.
Algiers. See Barbary.
Allen, John, paper possessed by, 127 n.
Ambler, Jacquelin, letter to, 148; Potomac Company, 148.
American Antiquarian Society, material from, 6jn, 306 n.
American Historical Review, 329/2.
American Revolution, Washington and commentaries, 203; Hum-
phreys and history, 203; Gordon's work, 242, 345, 372; Ramsay's
work, 403; ravages repaired, 500. See also Peace.
Anderson, , Dismal Swamp, 287, 333.
Anderson, Harriet Rebecca, Colvill estate, 148-150, 481, 482.
531
532 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Animals. See Asses; Sheep.
Annapolis, Md., letters from, 17-22.
Annapolis Convention, call, 422; Washington's attitude, 431.
Anstey, John, Mount Vernon, 470.
Apples, for Mount Vernon, 427.
Arbuthnot, Thomas, land, 76, 77.
Archivo Historico Nacional, material from, 360 n.
Ariss, John, land lease, 376.
Arithmetic, Pike's, dedication declined, 463, 464.
Armand-Tuffin, Charles, marquis de Rouerie, letters to, 288, 514; French
promotion, 288; marriage, 514.
Armistead, John, letter to, 410; father's estate, debt to Washington, 410.
Armstrong, Edward A., letters possessed by, 8«, 29/2, 121 n, 338 n, 379 n,
3800, 4250,499 n.
Army, proposed western posts, 167-169; engineers, 496.
Arrack, for Mount Vernon, 223 n.
Arrot, Rene Marie, vicomie de, letter to, 276; Washington's regards,
276, 277; office, 276 7Z.
Arts and sciences, promotion, 433.
Asgill, Capt. Charles, Tilghman calumny, responsibility, Washington's
criticism, 450-452, 481.
Ashby, Enoch, land lease, 269.
Ashby, Robert, Chattins Run lands, 268, 269, 367.
Ashton, , account, 400.
Aspens, for Mount Vernon, 38.
Asses, desire for a jack, 74, 147; jacks from King of Spain, 74, 160, 161,
208, 244; from Malta, Lafayette's gift, 209, 244, 309, 423; travel of
Spanish jack, instructions, expenses, 296-302, 309, 359, 385, 399;
thanks to king, 360-362, 373, 528; Spanish jack at stud, 331, 409,
423, 426, 454, 471, 478, 479; jenny from Dutch Guiana, 380-383.
Athawes, Samuel, Arthur Young, 459; Fairfax affairs, 468, 476; letter
to, 4770.
Atkinson, , shipmaster, 171, 453.
Austin, Jonathan Loring, letter to, 526; Fourth of July address, 526.
Austria, Dutch affairs, 1, 98, 124, 145, 170, 174, 202, 231, 339.
Autograph Letters and Documents of George Washington, material
from, 159/2.
Avistay de Chateaufort. See Chateaufort.
INDEX 533
Bacon-Foster, Corra, Potomac Route to the West, 21 n.
Bailey, , land lease, 498.
Bailey, William, Georgetown Academy, Washington's nephews, 178,
217, 319, 320; letters to, 217, 320.
Baintain, , lawyer, 344.
Baker, , miller, 153.
Balch, Rev. Stephen Bloomer, Georgetown Academy, Washington's
nephews, 132, 178, 319, 320; letters to, 178, 319.
Balfour & Barraud, debt, 249, 432, 498.
Ball, George A., acknowledgment to, 20 n.
Ballendine, John, Potomac River improvement, 266, 402.
Balloons, Washington's comment, 17; Newenham, Washington's cau-
tion, 323.
Balm of Gilead, seeds, 6, 134.
Baltimore, and Potomac route, 52-54.
Bank of England, Custis account, sale of stock, 326, 496.
Banks, John, Greene and affairs, 145.
Barbary States, negotiations, 403, 433, 507; tribute, 521.
Barbe-Marbois, Francois de, letters to, 169, 275; Corny, 169, 201; Long-
champ affair, 227, 243; West Indies appointment, 275; Washing-
ton's farewell, 275.
Barclay, Thomas, Barbary negotiations, 433.
Barley, for Fitzhugh, 427; failure of crop, 479.
Barraud, . See Balfour & Barraud.
Barren Hill, action, 345.
Barrett, , from France, 420.
Bartlett, , shipmaster, 380, 382.
Bassett, Burwell, Mount Vernon, 28; letter to, 151; and Washington,
151; marriage of daughter, 152, 183, 313.
Bassett, Frances, Mount Vernon, health, 28, 36, 131; marriage, 152, 183,
210, 309, 313, 346; movements, 217^.
Bath, W. Va. See Berkeley Springs.
Bavaria, controversy, 145, 174.
Baynham, Dr. William, bears letter, 467.
Beall, Thomas, Washington at mill, 217;*.
Beaven, , land lease, 212.
Beckley, John, letter to, 55 n.
Bed well, Thomas, letter to, 455; recommendation, 455.
534 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Belknap, Rev. Jeremy, letter to, 22; history, 22.
Belvoir, Va., burned, decay, 83; Washington's regard, 83.
Benson, Egbert, inspection of British embarkations, 121, 283.
Berckel, Pieter Johan van, letter to, 227 n.
Berkeley County, W. Va., Washington's land, litigation, Hite claim,
461, 462, 466, 467, 498.
Berkeley Springs, W. Va., Washington's house, 159, 375.
Bibby, Capt. Thomas, introduction, Mount Vernon, 322, 347, 348; letter
to> 347-
Biddle, Clement, Washington's affairs, supplies, 6, 29, 46, 55-59, 141,
142, 2ii, 222, 256, 349, 383, 384, 429, 464, 465, 491, 492, 52472; let-
ters to, 55, 58, 141, 211, 222, 256, 349, 383, 383 n, 428, 464, 491, 524 n;
failure, 141; mill, 153.
Biddle, John, favor, 429.
Big Beaver Creek, as route, 50, 167.
Bills of exchange, specimen, 412 n.
Biography, Washington's attitude, 98-100, 305, 523; Washington and
commentaries, 203.
Blackburn, Julia Ann, marriage, 292.
Blackburn, Thomas, letters to, 14, 292; Potomac Company, 14, 16, 20;
daughter's marriage, 292.
Blacksmith, white servant, 453.
Blake, William, letter to, 182; gift, 182.
Bland, Theodorick, letter to, 516; romantic adventure, 516; Humphreys,
516.
Blankets, slave, 430, 492.
Bloom, Sol, acknowledgment to, 133 n.
Bloxham, James, farm management agreement, 444-446; bears letter,
467; Washington's comments, 469, 509, 513; family, 509, 510.
Blueskin, horse, 320.
Boats. See Navigation.
Books, for Mount Vernon, 22, 100, 384, 429, 459, 522, 524.
Booth, William, recommendation, 387.
Bomford, Sarah, letter to, 10 1; Savage estate, 10 1.
Bordley, John Beale, on course of crops, 201; on wheat culture, 307.
Boston, Mass., Sans Souci Club affair, 93.
Boston, siege of, medal for Washington, 247.
Boston Independent Chronicle, to Mount Vernon, 419.
INDEX 535
Boudinot, Elias, letters to, 46, 297 /z; grain seed, 46, 55; Washington's
account, 222; jackass, 297 n.
Boulton, Richard, work at Mount Vernon, released, 146, 147, 150, 175,
197; letter to, 175.
Boundaries, northeastern, 93.
Bounty, land, survey, 496.
Bowie, Dr. , Washington's affairs, 471.
Bowie, John, biography of Washington, 98.
Bowler, Metcalf, letter to, 524; agricultural treatise, 524.
Boyle, John, jr., shipmaster, 117, 322.
Bracken, Rev. John, from England, 82, 183.
Branden, Samuel, letter to, 382; Washington's affairs, 383.
Brandy, old peach, 457.
Brent, William, death, 175 n.
Brereton, Thomas, letter to, 413; Savage estate, 413, 414.
Brindley, James, Great Falls Canal, 397, 398, 402; as canal engineer, 439,
_ 458.
Brisco, John, Washington's frontier lands, 156.
Brisco, William, private secretaryship, 190.
Briston, Mary, loyalist claim, 82, 448; letter to, 448.
British debts, execution of treaty, and frontier posts, 10, 486, 487; Wash-
ington's, 497; interest, 497.
British Museum, Additional Manuscripts, material from, 45 n, 449/2.
Brown, Joseph, Greene engraving, 324; letter to, 444; prints, 444; effect
of war on trade, 444.
Brown, Dr. William, letters to, 321, 471; Alexandria Academy, 321, 322,
356/2, 471.
Brown University, material from, 306 n.
Buckwheat, seed, 385, 411.
Building, houses in Alexandria, 25, 92; lime, 25, 92, 167; at Bath, 159,
375; by tenants, 273. See also Mount Vernon.
Bullskin Run, Washington's land, litigation, 461, 462, 498.
Bushnell, David, submarine, 280.
Bushrod, Mildred(?), death, 314.
Business. See Building; Dismal Swamp; Estates; Finances; Land;
Potomac Navigation Company; Private secretary.
Bust, Wright's, of Washington, 44, 45, 56.
Butter, for Mount Vernon, price, 237, 369, 375.
536 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Cabbage, seeds from England, 512.
Cabell, Buchanan & Southa, James, Navigation Company, 215.
Cadvvalader, John, letter to, 8; Principio Company, 8.
California, mention, 205.
Campbell, , iron works, 476.
Campbell, Matthew, letter to, 39; plaster of Paris, 39, 40.
Canadian expedition, Canadians in, 526/2.
Canadian refugees, relief, 526.
Canals, Chesapeake-Delaware, 337, 440; Susquehanna, 394, 439; Santee,
439> 4595 foreign engineer, 439-441. See also Dismal Swamp;
James Navigation Company; Potomac Navigation Company.
Cane, gift to Washington, 41.
Capital. See Seat of government.
Captening Creek, Ohio, Washington's land opposite, 128.
Caraman, Maurice Riquet, chevalier de, Washington's regards, 7.
Carey, Mathew, Lafayette, 75; letters to, 103, 136; newspaper 103, 104,
349; introductions, 136.
Carlyle, John, Fairfax affairs, 476.
Carmarthen, Francis G. Osborne, marquis of, execution of peace treaty,
486,487??.
Carmichael, William, letters to, 160, 362; jackass, 160, 161, 208, 362.
Carpenters, joiner, white servant, 171, 317, 467; hire, 369//.
Carroll, Charles, of Carrollton, letters to, 8, 29, 340, 400; Principio Com-
pany, 8; Potomac Company, 29, 340; loan, 400, 401.
Carter, Charles, favor, 127; hound from France, 425.
Carter, Landon, adverse land claim, 368.
Castiglioni, Luigi, conte, introduction, 44/7 .
Catherine II of Russia, Indian vocabularies, 425, 525.
Chapin, Alfred C, acknowledgment to, 22 n.
Chapman, George, letters to, 13, 309; education, 13; tutor for Custis
children, 309, 310,312,315.
Charles III of Spain, jackass for Washington, 160, 161, 208, 244, 296-302,
3°9> 399> 4°9> 423> 4265 thanks to, 360-362, 373, 528.
Charles II of Zweibrikken, Bavaria question, 174.
Chartiers Creek, Pa. See Millers Run.
Charton, Henry L., letters to, 434, 482; Mount Vernon, 434; frontier
lands, 434-438, 482.
Chase, Samuel, letters to, 8, 26, 32, 340/2; Principio Company, 8; Poto-
mac Company, 26, 32; public schools, 27.
INDEX 537
Chastellux, Francois Jean, marquis de, Swan, 91; letters to, 91 n, 253,
522; Washington on relations, 253; Humphreys's poem, 517, 522,
523; Travels, Washington's comment, 522.
Chateaufort, Ignatius Romain, chevalier d'Avistay de, introduction, 250,
252.
Chattins Run, Va., Washington's lands, leases, boundary, 268, 355, 356,
367> 376-
Cheat River, as route, 13, 31, 50, 119, 312.
Cheeses, gift, 64.
Chesapeake Bay, Delaware Canal, 337, 440.
Chestnuts, Spanish, 365.
Chicago University Library, material from, 16 n.
Child, Cromel & Caleb, bill of exchange, 412/2.
China, cargo from, Washington's purchases, 223.
Chinaware, for Mount Vernon, Cincinnati badge, 223 n, 238, 484.
Chinese, appearance, 239.
Cincinnati, Society of the, New England, 5; diplomas, lost, 59, 275, 276;
Washington's subscription, 59; Corny's bill, 169, 202, 344; badge on
china, 223 n, 484; foreign members, 226, 243, 255, 273, 325, 326,
416, 4630, 495; state societies, 240; reforms, not ratified, 240, 350-
352; Mirabeau's pamphlet, Washington's comment, 326, 327, 350;
L'Enfant and eagles, irregularity, 447, 504.
Ciphers, Lafayette's, 75, 242; Gordon's 412.
Citron, for Mount Vernon, 315.
City Tavern, Philadelphia, 222.
Clagett, Jeanette C, acknowledgment to, 321 n.
Claiborne, Richard, letter to, 12; Potomac Company, 12.
Clarke, Thomas, letter to, 40; gift, 41.
Claypoole, Capt. Abraham George, Cincinnati, 59; service, 59/2.
Claypoole, David C. See Dunlap & Claypoole.
Clements Library, material from, 22.
Cleveland, James, Crawford debt and levy, 415.
Clifton, William, land from estate, 29.
Clinton, Gov. George, letters to, 6, 122, 133, 297 n; trees and seeds
for Mount Vernon, 6, 134; favor, 6; Weissenfels, 105; Washington's
debt, 118, 123, 131, 133; land purchase with Washington, 134;
jackass, 297/2.
Cloth, from China, 223/2, 224; for Mount Vernon, 238, 264, 392, 430,
492; Spanish woolen, 528.
538 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Clothing, headquarters accounts, 252, 253.
Clover seed, for Mount Vernon, quality, 56, 214, 235, 267, 368, 377, 384,
429> 499> 512-
Coat of arms, on Washington's plate, 16.
Cochran, Dr. John, Washington's hounds, 233 n, 240; letter to, 240;
candidacy, endorsement refused, 241.
Cockburn, Martin, letters to, 414; taxes, 414; slave tailor, 414.
Code, new Virginia, 335.
Coffee, for Mount Vernon, 349, 382, 383, 492.
Colby, , from West Indies, 48.
Colvill, John, estate, 482.
Colvill, Thomas, will, estate, 148-151, 481, 482.
Commander in chief, postbellum bothers, 23, 65, 70, 84, 149; reply to
commendations, 120, 126, 523; recommendations for foreign offices,
105; Lee's papers against, 162; service certificates, 442. See also
Headquarters.
Commerce, West and the Union, 4, 64, 72, 79, 204, 205, 218, 231, 291,
460; British restrictions on American, 161, 184, 207, 229, 235, 250,
316, 339, 501, 519; need of congressional power, and sectionalism,
161, 174, 184, 208, 228-230, 245, 246, 250, 290, 328, 336, 339, 457,
500; international influence, and peace, 254, 520, 521; value of for-
eign, 290; Franco- American prospects, 518-520. See also Trans-
portation.
Confederation. See Continental Congress; Union.
Connecticut, western cession and reserve, 486, 486*2.
Conococheague River, as route, 53, 312.
Consul, at Madeira, 316.
Continental Congress, Indian negotiations, 2, 4, 9, 106-109, 204> 25I>
lack of quorum, danger, 10, 305, 485; survey of inland navigation,
11; Lady Huntingdon's plan, 43, 87-89, 180; and holding of Fort
Washington, 97; impost, 124, 127, 421, 500; land ordinance, 137,
138, 172, 204, 206, 208, 234, 251, 486; need of commercial power,
161, 174, 184, 208, 228-230, 245, 246, 250, 290, 328, 336, 339, 457,
500; Howe, 164; army claims, 173 n; Dorham, 192; Longchamp
affair, 227; coinage, 233, 246, 251; lack of assertiveness, 233; Wash-
ington and requests to, 241; medal for Washington, 247; Pool's
claim, 296/2; relief of Steuben, 352; need of coercive power, 502.
See also Union.
Cook, James, Voyages, Dunlap's edition, 56.
Cook, Roy B., acknowledgment to, 297 n.
INDEX 539
Coopers, Mount Vernon, negro, 58, 130.
Corbett, , bears letter, 316.
Corbin, Richard, and brother, 187, 191, 470.
Corbin, Thomas, from England, 187; and brother, 187, 191, 470; letter
to, 191.
Corn, restricted culture at Mount Vernon, 186; drought, scarcity, pur-
chase, 247, 311, 348, 355, 363, 366, 378, 381, 395, 515.
Corny. See Ethis de Corny.
Correspondence, burden, 23, 65, 70, 83, 84, 149, 518.
Courts, Washington as judge, 14; Virginia reform, 336.
Courts-martial, postbellum annulment, 94.
Cozette, Pierre Francois, letter to, 462; gift declined, portrait of Louis
XV, 462.
Craig, John, letter to, 118, western lands, 118.
Craik, William, to West, bears letter, 292, 295.
Cranberries, for Mount Vernon, 64.
Crawford, Valentine, Washington's Pennsylvania lands, 195; estate,
debt to Washington, 414, 415.
Crawford, William, Washington's western lands, 39, 112-114, 128, 155,
I03> IQ4> 294> 49°-
Crawford, Mrs. William, distress, sale of slaves, Washington's aid, 415.
Cresap, Elizabeth, 480.
Cresap, Michael, estate, claim to Washington's lands, 155-157, 221, 480.
Cresap, Sarah, 480.
Cresap, Thomas, letter to, 415; Ohio Company, 415; townsite at forks
of Potomac, 415.
Culture. See Arts and sciences; Education; Literature.
Cunningham, , shipmaster, 433.
Cushing, Lieut. Gov. Thomas, jackass, 297, 298, 300-302, 385, 399; let-
ters to, 300, 399.
Custis, Eleanor (Nellie) Parke, health, 15; tutor, 158, 177, 309-312;
315, 356, 379, 405, 409, 469; Lafayette's present, 210, 225, 418.
Custis, George Washington Parke, Gordon, 98; tutor, 158, 177, 309-312,
315, 356, 379, 405, 409, 469; Lafayette's present, 210, 225, 418; plans
for education, 310-312; family pet, promise, 371.
Custis, John Parke, estate, Dandridge, 137; plantation, corn from, 349,
378,381.
Cuyahoga River, as route, 50, 167, 169.
Cypress, palings, 465.
540 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Dalby, , fugitive slave, 407, 408.
Damas, Charles Francois Louis Joseph Cesar, comte de, letter to, 342;
Washington's compliments, 342.
Dancing, instruction, 178, 217.
Dandridge, Bartholomew, death, 137, 210; Custis estate, 137.
Dandridge, Frances (Jones), death, 137, 210.
Darrell, Mrs. Sampson, letter to, 461; Hite claim, 461, 462, 466.
Dashiell, Joseph, letter to, 465; palings, 465.
Davenport, Joseph, miller at Mount Vernon, 129, 130, 153, 428.
Deakins, Francis, Neville, 260 n\ white servants for Potomac Company,
365-
Debts, J. A. Washington's, 8, 9; to Washington, depreciation payments,
38, 1 10, 1 18, 120, 134, 249, 362, 363, 373, 389, 391, 410, 414, 415, 432,
474, 498; to Clinton, 118, 122, 131, 133; Washington's recommen-
dation for a loan, 400, 401. See also British debts; Public debt.
Deer, for Mount Vernon, 86, 221, 314, 468.
De Hart, Miss , silhouette of Washington, 96.
Delaware Bay, Chesapeake Canal, 337, 440.
Delaware Indians, vocabulary, 425 n.
Delaware River. See Falls of the Delaware.
Democracy, dependence on experience, 421.
Desdevens, Maurice, relief, 526; letter to, 52672.
Diary, on Potomac survey, 21772.
Dickinson, John, letter to, 141 72; Pine, 141 72.
Dickinson, Sylvanus, bill of exchange, 122, 133.
Digges, George, Washington's affairs, 471.
Diriks, Jacob Gerhard, letter to, 105; recommendation refused, 105.
Dismal Swamp, canal plans, survey, 68, 72, 78, 176, 279, 302, 312, 333,
337; Washington and reclamation, 176. See also next title.
Dismal Swamp Company, meeting, 121, 127, 136, 259; resumption of
work, foreign loan and workmen, 259, 286, 386.
Ditching, agreement, 516/2.
Dogs, hounds for Mount Vernon, 209, 233, 240, 243, 245, 425, 471.
Dogue Creek, Ipsewassan, 60.
Dollar, variable value in shillings, 299.
Donaldson, Arthur, dredge, 271, 272, 296; letter to, 296.
Dorham, Arnold Henry, claim, 192.
Dow, , land lease, 61.
INDEX 541
Drama, Le Barbier's, 230, 274.
Drayton, William, letter to, 394; agricultural society, 394.
Dredge, Donaldson's, 271, 272, 296.
Drillon. See Vandrillon.
Duane, James, letters to, 123, 125; freedom of city, 123, 125.
Duche, , and legal practice in America, 132, 133.
Duel, challenge of commanding officer, 144.
Dulany, Benjamin, letter to, 60; exchange of land, agreement, 60, 61,
76, 77; Alexandria Academy, 356 n.
Dulany, Daniel, deer for Mount Vernon, 221; wife, 320.
Dulany, Rebecca (Smith), letter to, 320; horse, 320, 321.
Dunlap & Claypoole, newspaper to Mount Vernon, complaint, 56, 104,
136, 142, 211, 349, 430; newspaper to headquarters, 384.
Du Plessis. See Mauduit.
Du Simitiere, Pierre Eugene, military portraits, 96.
Dutch Guiana, jenny for Mount Vernon, 380-383.
Duties, continental impost, attitude of New York, 124, 127; efforts for,
421, 443, 500, 505; and public creditors, 496.
Duyn, Aarnoud Joost van der, heer van Maasdam, certificate to, refused,
105.
Dwight, Rev. Timothy, letter to, 399; epic poem, 399, 407, 409.
Earle, John, & Co., wine for Mount Vernon, 404.
Eckley, Rev. Joseph, letter to, 419; newspapers for Mount Vernon, 419.
Economic conditions, rehabilitation and progress, 500, 505, 523. See also
Agriculture; Business; Finances; Labor.
Eddy, C. Vernon, acknowledgment to, 396/2.
Education, need of promotion, 13; Maryland and public schools, 27;
tutor for Custis children, 158, 177, 309-312, 315, 356, 379, 405, 409,
469; Washington and use of his improvement companies stock,
214, 279. See also Alexandria Academy; Georgetown Academy.
Engineers, for internal improvements, 80, 85, 160, 184, 207, 398, 423,
439-441, 458; peace establishment, 496.
Engravings, prints for Mount Vernon, 444.
Ennis, Ann, Savage estate, 414.
Ennis, Richard, Savage estate, 414/2.
Estaing, Charles Henry Hector, comle d', Cincinnati, 273; Du Plessis,
487.
542 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Estates, Savage, 91, 101-103, 413, 414; Mercer, 118, 218, 362, 363, 372,
373, 389, 432 n, 515; Custis, 137; Colvill, 148-150, 481, 482; sup-
posed Richards, 163, 343, 344; Fairfax, 472.
Ethis de Corny, Louis Dominique, Cincinnati, account, 169, 202, 344;
letter to, 344.
Europe, war threats, 66, 145; political conditions, 124.
Extradition.. Longchamps affair, 227, 243.
Fairfax, Bryan, Savage estate, 103, 413; Washington on, 313.
Fairfax, George William, letters to, 81, 182, 310, 314, 467, 471; and
Washington's postbellum correspondence, 82; American affairs
and accounts, S3, 182, 313, 472-478, 499; Potomac Company, 85;
deer for Mount Vernon, 86, 468; Pine, 141 », 387, 468; pictures
for Mount Vernon, 183; English farmer for Mount Vernon, 185-
187, 313, 469, 513; tutor for Mount Vernon, 311, 315; miscarriage
of correspondence, suspicions, 467; rural life, 468; introductions to
Washington, 470; Corbin, 470.
Fairfax, Hannah, in 1785, 313.
Fairfax, John, Spanish jack, certificate, instructions, 296-302; letter to,
297.
Fairfax, Sarah (Cary), seeds for Mount Vernon, 469; Washington on
relations, 469.
Fairlie, Ma]. James, Mount Vernon, bears letters, 349-351.
Falconer, , private secretary, 157, 158.
Falls Church, Va., postbellum conditions, 527.
Falls of the Delaware, seat of government, Washington's criticism, 70,
74, 172.
Fayette County, Pa. See Great Meadows; Washington Bottom.
Ferry, Hooe's, 27.
Fertilizer, plaster of Paris, 39, 40; Potomac mud, 271, 272, 296, 306.
Fig trees, for Mount Vernon, 315, 506.
Filson, John, letters to, 30, 100; history and map, dedication, 30, 100,
TOI.
Finances, Washington's need of active funds, 363, 410, 478, 515; of road
improvements, 335. See also Accounts; Business; Debts; Money;
Requisitions; Taxes; Wages.
First Dragoons, officer, 144 n.
Fishery, herring contract, 389.
Fitzgerald, John, letters to, 32, 397, 453, Potomac Company, 32-34, 37,
207, 245, 260, 365, 397, 398, 453; Cincinnati, 59, 276; Washington's
affairs, 224; Alexandria Academy, 356 «.
INDEX 543
Fitzhugh, William, plaster of Paris, 40; letters to, 146, 197, 314, 478;
Boulton, 147, 175, 197; mules, 147, 426, 454, 478, 479; imported
supplies for Mount Vernon, 147, 198; Potomac Company, 263;
deer for Mount Vernon, 314; horse racing, 314; Georgetown Acad-
emy, 319; Mercer estate, 363; accident, 427; 479, barley, 427; Bland,
5x6.
Fitzhugh, William Frisbie, letters to, 426, 454; lambs for Mount Ver-
non, 454.
Flagstones, for Mount Vernon, shipment from England, 171, 172, 317,
426, 453.
Flax, for Mrs. Washington's use, 62; seed, 385, 411.
Floridablanca, Jose Mofiino, conde de, jackass for Mount Vernon, 160,
360-362; letter to, 360.
Flour mills, Mount Vernon miller, 36-58, 129, 130, 153, 249, 428; Penn-
sylvania frontier mill, accounts, public accounts, disposal, 128, 211,
293, 429, 429/2, 465, 491; purchase of wheat, custom grinding, 235,
236, 356, 363, 425, 498; operation of Mount Vernon, 249; Washing-
ton's gift of flour, 316; Washington's mark, 317; demand for flour,
price, shipments, 364, 404, 425, 478, 524; barter, 378, 380-383;
Washington's pride in product, 428; uninspected shipment, 443;
bran and barrels, 478.
Foreign affairs, secretary for, Jay, 28372. See also Jay, John.
Foreign relations, and Union, 5, 290, 403.
Foreign volunteers, minor, 105; interest on pay certificates, 515.
Forrest & Stoddert, Alexandria trade, 509.
Fort Mcintosh, as supply post, 167; Indian treaty, 251.
Fort Pitt, as supply post, 167.
Fort Stanwix, Indian treaty, 2, 4, 9.
Fort Washington, responsibility for holding, 97.
Fort Wayne, site for post, 11, 168, 169.
Francastel, , Paris jeweler, Cincinnati eagles, 447/2.
France, Washington and visit, 1, 419, 514. See also French alliance.
Franklin, Benjamin, letters to, 274, 282; return, Washington's greeting,
state office, 274, 308, 338; Houdon, 277, 278, 282; Newenham, 324.
Franklin, William Temple, letter to, 277/2; Washington on, 309.
Fraunces, Samuel, services during Revolution, 196; claim against Lee
estate, 197; housekeeper for Mount Vernon, 257, 258; letter to, 257.
Frederick II of Prussia, Lafayette, 420; Washington on character, 420;
death, 493.
Frederick County, Va (W. Va.), Washington's land, 212.
544 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Freedom of the city, New York, 123, 125-127.
Freeman, Thomas, letters to, 128, 272, 292, 415; Washington's frontier
lands, 128, 272, 293-295; Crawford affairs, 415.
Freight, interior, 54; Chesapeake Bay, 381; charges, 429.
French, Daniel, land, 60.
French, Penelope (Manley) land, 60, 61, 76, 77.
French alliance, Washington and marshalship, 46; Longchamps affair,
227, 243; whale oil, 244; continuance, 518; American commercial
prospects, 518-520.
French and Indian War, Washington's land rights, 39, 111, 113, 155-
157, 196, 220, 261, 295, 489.
French Guiana, Lafayette's emancipation project, 424.
French language, instruction, 178, 217.
Frontier, Washington's lands, lease, adverse claims, 128, 155-157, 199,
221, 293, 295, 393, 434-438, 480; Washington's trip, 295; land
maps, 482, 483. See also next title; Indians.
Frontier posts, British retention, Washington's comment, menace, 10,
204, 231, 243, 246, 251, 256, 277, 288, 432, 493, 521; proposed Amer-
ican posts, 167-169; excuse for retention, 487; retention and public
opinion, 505.
Fur trade, Virginia routes, 50.
Gabian, Alexandre de, Cincinnati, 31972.
Gallaway, Samuel, horse racing, 314; death, 314.
Gardoqui, Diego de, Mississippi River negotiations, 109, 169; arrival,
161; favor, 361; invitation to Mount Vernon, 361, 528; letters to,
372, 528; compliments, correspondence, 372, 373; gift, 528.
Gates, Horatio, Potomac Company, 16, 17, 20, 22, 24; "bosom friend,"
24; Du Simitiere's portrait, 96.
Genevy de Pursignan, Capt. Alexandre Cesar de, Cincinnati, 273, 256,
273; letter to, 273.
Georgetown, as port, 53; letter from, 217; Washington at, 217/z.
Georgetown Academy, Washington's nephews, expense, 132, 178, 217,
3IQ> 320-
Germans, for Dismal Swamp work, 286.
Gibbs, Caleb, Mount Vernon, bears letter, 491.
Gibson, , shipmaster, 433, 506.
Gifford, William L. R., acknowledgment to, 388 n.
Gifts, to Mount Vernon, 14, 41, 64, 182, 346, 392, 396, 399, 403, 406, 409,
427, 429, 468, 522, 524, 526, 528; declined, 462.
INDEX 545
Gilbert, John, acknowledgment to, 6n.
Gildart, James, bill of exchange, 414.
Gilpin, Dr. , Mount Vernon, 48.
Gilpin, George, Potomac Company, 190, 207, 245, 260, 397, 398, 453;
letters to, 306, 397; dredging for fertilizer, 306; Washington's ac-
counts, 498.
Goddard, William, letter to, 162; Lee's papers against Washington, 162.
Goldsborough, , Washington at house, 217^.
Gordon, Ma]. James, Asgill, 452.
Gordon, Rev. William, letters to, 14, 96, 241, 344, 411; gifts, 14, 346;
silhouette of Washington, 96; Fort Washington, 97; recipe on young
plants, 98; young Custis, 98; history, Washington's aid, subscrip-
tions, 227, 242, 345, 372, 411, 412, 455; for England, 412, 454;
cipher, 412.
Gough, Harry Dorsey, Washington's affairs, 330, 369.
Graham, Robert, Washington's affairs, 39.
Graham, William, Mount Vernon, 159, 169.
Grain, seeds from England, 512. See also Barley; Buckwheat; Corn;
Oats; Wheat.
Granchain de Semerville, Capt. Guillaume Jacques Constant Liberge
de, Washington's regards, 7.
Grant, Gen. Francis, Barren Hill, 345.
Grapes, vines for Mount Vernon, 135, 315, 433, 506.
Grass seed, for Mount Vernon, 46, 55, 56, 141, 198, 384, 471. See also
Clover.
Grayson, William, letters to, 37, 136, 172, 232, 485; Potomac Company,
37; river improvement stock for Washington, 37; trees for Mount
Vernon, 38; public lands ordinances, 137; bears letter, 383; Hite
claim, 466; on Connecticut's western cession, letter, 486 n.
Great Britain, Irish troubles, 2, 322; treaty policy, 161; attitude, 183; re-
strictions on American commerce, retaliation, 184, 207, 229, 235,
250, 316, 339, 501, 519; Indian intrigue, 246; European intrigue
against United States, 421, 501. See also British debts; Frontier
posts.
Great Falls Canal. See Potomac Navigation Company.
Great Kanawha River, as route, 31, 51, 265, 312, 392-394; Washington's
lands, 199, 293, 393, 434-438.
Great Meadows, Pa., lease, 272, 293.
Green, Thomas, agreement as carpenter, 369 n.
Greenbrier River, as route, 312.
546 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Greene, Nathanael, Fort Washington, 97; letter to, 144; Gunn affair,
144; Banks affair, 145; claim, frontier lands in settlement, 145;
Newenham and portrait, 324; print, 324; death, tribute, 485, 494,
506, 521.
Griffith, Rev. David, Mount Vernon, 307; bears letter, 400; loan, 400;
favor, 484.
Grigg, Abner, land lease, 376, 391, 395.
Grotto work, Mount Vernon garden, 135.
Grouchet, Comte de, letter to, 46372; Cincinnati, 463 n.
Gryme, Edward, land, 269.
Gunn, Capt. James, challenge of Greene, 144.
Haines, , lawyer, 343.
Hamilton, Alexander, Pool's claim, 296/2; letter to, 351.
Hamilton Papers, material from, 352/2.
Hammond, John, Washington's affairs, 405.
Hampshire County, letter to sheriff, 221.
Hams, for Lafayette, 457.
Hanbury, Osgood & Co., Washington's account, 250, 432, 498.
Handkerchiefs, from China, 223/2; for Mount Vernon, 239.
Hanson, Samuel, Alexandria Academy, 356/2.
Harpers Ferry, Washington at, 217/2.
Harrel, Daniel, land lease, 341.
Harris, Miss , Mrs. Sheal, 442.
Harris, James, Great Falls Canal, 397.
Harrison, Benjamin, letters to, 34, 359; Washington's river improve-
ment stock, 34, 359.
Harrison, Richard, jackass, 74, 208.
Harrison, Robert Hanson, letter to, 190; Mount Vernon, 190.
Hartley, David, and Washington, 188.
Hartshorne, William, letters to, 32, 263, 384, 410; Potomac Company,
32-34, 37, 263; bills of exchange, 222; Washington's affairs, 235,
267, 384, 385, 410; Alexandria Academy, 356/2.
Harvard College Library, material from, 412.
Harvie, John, letters to, no, 155; Washington's Pennsylvania lands,
m-115; Cresap claim, 155.
Haskell, , shipmaster, 6^.
Haverford College, material from, 349.
Hawkins, Joseph, letter to, 387; Booth, 387.
INDEX 547
Hay, Charles, war conduct, 47 ft.
Hay, Udny, letter to, 47; brother's war conduct, 47.
Hay. See Clover; Grass.
Hayes, James, Washington's advertisement, 120.
Hazard, Ebenezer, Washington's affairs, 22; letter to, 22 ft.
Headquarters, clothing account, 252, 253; newspapers, 384.
Health, Washington's need of exercise, 23, 65, 83; prevention of disease,
282.
Hearst, William Randolph, acknowledgment to, 270 ft.
Hemlock, seeds for Mount Vernon, 6, 38, 135.
Henderson, Richard, Washington's affairs, 38.
Hendricks, James, Alexandria Academy, 356ft; Colvill estate, 481 ft.
Henley, David, letter to, 252; Mount Vernon, 346; Washington's affairs,
527. See also Otis & Henley.
Henley, Lieut. Samuel, certificate, 91; service, 91 ft.
Henry of Prussia, Prince, Lafayette, 420; Washington on character, 420.
Henry, Gov. Patrick, letters to, 89, 117 ft, x7^ 2^°» 302' 3°3> 3°8«> 333'
388; Washington's river improvement stock, 89-91; DismalSwamp,
176; Lady Huntingdon's plan, 180; appointment by, letter, 260 ft;
contract, 389; prison labor, 389; on call of Annapolis Convention,
letter, 422 ft.
Herbert, William( ?), white servants, 386.
Hester, sloop, affairs, 325.
Hickman, Joseph, land lease, 212.
Hickory, nuts for Mount Vernon, 135.
Higgins, Bryan, on cements, 25.
Hill, Henry, wine for Mount Vernon, 247; bill of exchange, 507; letter
to, 507 ft.
Hill, James, Washington's account, 404, 527; letter to, 527.
Hillegas, Michael, favor, 200; letter to, 200 ft.
Hippopotamus dredge, 271, 272, 296.
Historical Society of Pennsylvania, material from, 46, 57, 59, 61, 77, 143,
150, 223, 224, 249, 257, 276, 302, 349, 370, 383 ft, 384, 465.
Hite, Jesse, land claim, 367.
Hite, Jost, estate, land claim, litigation and award, 367, 461, 462, 466,
467, 498.
Holkendorff, Lewis Casimir(P), baron de, letter to, 494; Cincinnati,
495; claim, 495.
548 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Holliday. See Hollyday.
Hollingsworth, Levi, letter to, 271; dredge, 271.
Holly, for Mount Vernon, 121.
Hollyday, , Colvill estate, 148, 150.
Holmes, Hugh, letter to, 391; son, Washington's namesake, 391; gift,
392-
Holt, William, Washington's accounts, 249.
Holyroyd, John B. See Sheffield.
Honors, dedication of books, declined, 30, 45, 59, 188, 463, 464; freedom
of city of New York, 123, 125-127; membership in societies, 200,
394; Boston siege medal, 247. See also Poetry.
Hooe, Robert Townsend, jackass, 74; bills of exchange, 130, 133, 222;
letter to, 386.
Hooe's Ferry, 27.
Hopkinson, Francis, letter to, 140; Pine portrait, 141.
Horse racing, 314.
Houdon, Jean Antoine, letter to, 277; statute, at Mount Vernon, 277, 278,
282, 288, 305, 308, 504; bears letters, 288, 305, 342.
Hounds. See Dogs.
House of Representatives Collection, material from, 190 n.
Housekeeper, for Mount Vernon, 222, 256-258.
Houses. See Building.
Howe, Robert, letter to, 164; claim, 164.
Howe, Sir William, Barren Hill, 345.
Huddy reprisal affair, 450-452, 481.
Hughes, Hugh, Brindley, 458.
Humphreys, Daniel, newspaper to Mount Vernon, 430.
Humphreys, David, letters to, 65, 202, 246, 305, 464; correspondence, 66;
history of the war, 203; Washington's medal, 247; Bushnell's sub-
marine, 281; poetry, Chastellux's translation, 305, 516, 522, 523;
return, 464; Mount Vernon, 464, 516, 522; Houdon statue, 504.
Hunter, William, Washington's affairs, 387, 388; letter to, 388.
Hunting, horn, 384, 429. See also Dogs.
Huntingdon, Selina (Shirley) Hastings, countess of, Indian and immi-
gration plan, Washington's com,ment, 41-44, 68-70, 87-89, 180;
letters to, 86, 180.
Huntington Library, material from, 132, 133 n.
Hutchins, Thomas, map, n; letter to, 525; Indian vocabularies, 525.
INDEX 549
Immigration, Lady Huntingdon's plan, 42-44, 68-70, 87-89, 95, 180;
America as asylum, 120; western settlement, 205, 206.
Implements, agricultural, 507, 511.
Impressment, vessels, New York campaign, 325.
Inches, Samuel, inspection of British embarkations, 122.
Indians, negotiation with western, treaty, 2, 10, 106-109, 204, 251; men-
ace of western, and Washington's tour, 3; states and affairs, 10;
Lady Huntingdon's plan, Washington's comment, 41-44, 68-70,
87-89, 180; unrest, British intrigue and frontier posts, 246, 251, 350,
423, 521 ; vocabularies, 425, 525. See also Iroquois.
Industry, 433, 506.
Internal improvements, survey of navigation, 11; spirit, 439. See also
Canals; Roads.
Ipsewassan, name for Dogue Run, 60.
Ireland, unrest, British oppression, 2, 322.
Iron works, Principio Company affairs, 8, 476.
Iroquois Indians, treaty, 2, 4, 9.
Jackson, , Washington's affairs, 271.
Jackson, William, Cincinnati, 275.
Jacob, John J., Cresap claim, 221.
James Navigation Company, authorization, 11, 32, 66, 68, 71, 78, 85, 89,
135; gift stock to Washington, 34-38, 72, 80, 85, 89-93, I3^> M^j
167, 214, 215, 279, 302-304, 359; foreign subscription, 75; subscrip-
tions, 146, 215, 267, 278; Washington and presidency, 215, 219, 264;
Washington's attitude and subscription, 219, 265, 392, 393; organi-
zation, 245; and Potomac Company work, 266, 307; work, 291, 312.
James River, as route, 31, 51, 205. See also preceding title.
Jamieson, Neil, letter to, 432; debt to Washington, 432.
Jane and Diana, 117.
Jay, Sir James, letter to, 41; Lady Huntingdon's plan, 41-44.
Jay, John, secretary for foreign affairs, Lady Huntingdon's plan, 43; let-
ters to, 283, 430, 501; return and appointment, 283; Littlepage affair.
403, 423, 431; on crisis, 502.
Jefferson, Thomas, letters to, 77, 278, 504; mission, arrival, 77; Potomac
Company, 79, 80; gift stock for Washington, letter, 80, 81 n; coin-
age, 233; Houdon, 278, 504; Washington's opinion, 424; engineer
for internal improvements, 440; L'Enfant and Cincinnati eagles,
letter, 447*2, 504.
Jefferson Papers, material from, 81 n, 281 n, 50672.
550 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Jenifer, Daniel of St. Thomas, Principio Company affairs, 8; loan cer-
tificates, 123, 130, 131; letters to, 130, 449; work as intendant, 449.
Jenny, Isaac, land lease, 367, 376.
Johns, John, Washington's affair, 57.
Johnson, Jonathan, land lease, 272.
Johnson, Thomas, letters to, 31, 260, 364, 480; Potomac Company, 31,
207, 245, 260, 261, 364, 365, 375, 480; Washington's gift, 365.
Johnston, George, land, 461, 466, 467, 499.
Jones, Gabriel, Washington visits, no.
Jones, John, Washington's affairs, 294.
Jones, John Paul, letter to, 325; Cincinnati, 325, 326.
Jones, Joseph, letter to, 443; Virginia and continental impost, 443.
Jones, Walter, Annapolis Convention, 422/2.
Keith, Maj. James, annulment of court-martial sentence, 94, 95; letter
to, 94.
Kennedy, David, account, 391.
Kentucky, Filson's history, 30, 100; statehood, Washington's opinion,
279, 328; free navigation of the Mississippi, 461, 484.
Kirwins, Peter, shipmaster, cargo, flour, 443, 524.
Knight, Job, shipmaster, 297 n.
Knight, Dr. John, bears letter, 293.
Knox, Henry, letters to, 3, 23, 91, 166, 297 n, 350, 447, 526; Washington
on relations, 3, 23; Maine, 5; lime for Mount Vernon, 25, 92, 167,
350; Cincinnati, 59, 244, 447, 505; Sans Souci Club controversy, 93;
road surfacing, 94; secretary at war, 166; Washington's gift im-
provement stock, letter, 167, 167/2; jackass, 297/2; Canadian officer,
526.
Kortright, Lawrence, letter to, 324; claim, 325.
Labor, prisoners, 389. See also Servants; Slaves; Wages.
La Brede, Marquis de. See Montesquieu.
Lafayette, Marie Adrienne, marquise de, letter to, 417; invitation to
Mount Vernon, 418, 419.
Lafayette, Marie Joseph P. Y. R. G. du Motier, marquis de, movements,
5, 14; letters to, 6, 17, 71, 132, 140, 205, 242, 308, 420, 456, 518;
departure, Washington on relations, 7, 125, 206, 424; and heirs
naturalized in Maryland and Virginia, 18; reception, 26; asses, 74,
209, 244, 309, 423; Potomac Company, engineer, 73, 75, 423, 440;
cipher, 75, 242; Duche, 132; La Serre, 139, 140; German tour, 209,
INDEX 551
308, 420; hounds, 209, 233, 240, 243, 425; tree seeds for Versailles,
209; family portraits for Mount Vernon, 210; gift for Custis chil-
dren, 225, 418; services and history of Revolution, 242; and renewal
of war, 243; whale oil, 244; copy of correspondence, 245, 424; New-
enham, 324; Barren Hill, 345; Yorktown, command of troops with
Grasse, 345; emancipation project, 424; Charton's plan, 438; L'En-
fant and Cincinnati eagles, 447 n, 505; hams from Mount Vernon,
457; peach brandy, 457; Du Plessis, 487, 521; Franco- American in-
terests, 520.
La Luzerne, Anne Cesar, chevalier de, letters to, 1, 250, 499; at court,
Washington, 1 ; Washington on relations, correspondence, 342, 500;
Charton's plan, 438.
Lamar, Hill, Bissett & Co., letters to, 247, 507; wine for Mount Vernon,
247, 507.
Lamart, Lewis, land lease, account, 268, 378.
Lamb, John, Barbary negotiations, 433.
Lamont, ^Eneas, letter to, 45; poems dedicated to Washington, 45, 46,
58, 142.
Land, Washington's tour of holdings, 3, 295; Pennsylvania, squatters,
suit, leases, mill, 4, 39, 110-115, 128, 192-196, 200, 216, 220, 239,
261-263, 293-295, 347, 488-490, 492; from Clifton estate, 29; leases,
tenants, rents, problems, 62, 212, 236, 268-271, 341, 342, 353-356,
3^7? 375-378, 390; frontier, and Lady Huntingdon's plan, 89; value
on Monongahela, 119; New York, 134; adverse claim to frontier,
155-157, 221, 480; policy respecting frontier, leases, rents, 199, 293,
393, 434-438; Winchester lot, 214; Great Meadows, lease, 272;
Round Bottom, 295; adverse claims on upper Potomac, 367, 376,
461, 462, 466, 467, 498; from Mercer estate, 372, 432 «; no tenants
owning adjacent property, 391; tenants to live on lease, 391, 395;
sale price of frontier and Pennsylvania, 437, 483, 490; map of fron-
tier, 483. See also Building; Dismal Swamp Company; Estates;
Mount Vernon.
Language, Indian vocabularies, 425, 525.
La Serre (Terre), Chevalier de, letter to, 139; introductions, consulate,
139, 140.
Laurens, Henry, Clarke's gift to Washington, 40.
Laurens, Lieut. Col. John, Washington on character, 96.
Lauzun, Armand Louis de Gontaut Biron, due de, letter to, 494;
Michaux, 494.
Lawns. See Grass seed.
Laws, new Virginia code, 335.
552 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Lawson, James, ditching agreement, 516H.
Lawyers, state restriction on practice, 133.
Lea & Febiger, acknowledgment to, 136 n.
Lear, Tobias, engagement as private secretary, wages, 379, 405, 409; let-
ters written by, 430 n, 448 n, 449"; Washington's comment, 455,
469; law studies, 455.
Leather, for slaves' shoes, price, 492, 524 n.
Le Barbier, J. L., jr., drama, 230, 274; letter to, 274.
Le Chaston. See Charton.
Lee, Arthur, letter to, 106; Indian negotiations, 106; bears letter, 409.
Lee, Charles, Potomac Company, 33; Washington's legal affairs, 61, 76;
letter to, 76; career, j6n; Alexandria Academy, 356 n; Lear, 455.
Lee, Gen. Charles, papers against Washington, 162; estate, Fraunces's
claim, 197; Washington's account, 197.
Lee, Hannah, Mount Vernon, 232.
Lee, Henry, bears letter, 303; letters to, 401, 459, 483; Washington's
affairs, 484; navigation of the Mississippi, 484.
Lee, Ludwell, before Fairfax County court, 1750.
Lee, Mary, Mount Vernon, 232.
Lee, Richard Henry, president of Congress, 10; Memoirs, ij^n; Lady
Huntingdon's plan, 180; ill, 230; Virginia and paper money, 230;
Potomac Company, 232. See also President of Congress.
Lee, Thomas Sim, Potomac Company, 207, 245, 260, 261, 480; letter to,
260; Washington's gift, 365.
Lee, William (Billy), as personal servant, 464.
Lemons, for Mount Vernon, 315.
L'Enfant, Pierre Charles, Cincinnati eagles, 59, 447, 504.
Leningrad Historical Museum, material from, 170 n.
Lent, DeWitt C, Washington paper, 127 s.
Lewis, Fielding, Washington's accounts, 249, 404; Fairfax affairs, 475.
Lewis, Robert, & Sons, miller for Mount Vernon, 56-58, 129, 130, 153,
428, 429; letters to, 57, 129, 153, 428.
Lewis, Thomas, office, 113; western settlement, 392.
Liberge de Granchain de Semerville. See Granchain.
Library of Congress, Jefferson Papers, 81 «; House of Representatives
Collection, 190 n; Rochambeau Papers, 339 n.
Life, Washington's philosophy, 516.
Lime, from New England, 25, 92, 167, 350; oyster shells, 92.
Lime trees, for Mount Vernon, 134.
INDEX 553
Lincoln, Benjamin, letters to, 64, 379, 405, 412, 454; gift, 64; vessel be-
fore Mount Vernon, 346; Lear, 379, 409, 455; freshening salt water,
380; Gordon's subscription papers, 412, 455.
Linen, gift, 392; for Mount Vernon, 430.
Liquor, arrack for Mount Vernon, 223 n; peach brandy, 457. See also
Rum; Wine.
Literature. See Biography; Books; Drama; Poetry.
Little Falls Quarter, Va., corn, 395.
Littlepage, , shipmaster, 308.
Littlepage, Lewis, Jay controversy, 403, 423, 431.
Livingston, Robert R., cipher, 75.
Lloyd, Edward, letter to, 143 n.
Loan office certificates, Washington's holdings, list, 22, 123, 130, 131,
211; payment, 366.
Long Island Historical Society, material from, 44 n; material from
Memoirs, 401 n.
Longchamps, Chevalier de, Barbe-Marbois affair, 227, 243.
Lott, Abraham, Washington's compliments, 165.
Loudoun County, Va., Washington's land, adverse claim, 367, 368, 376.
Louis XV of France, Cozette's portrait, 462.
Louis XVI of France, interest in Washington, 1-3.
Louisville, as site for post, 168, 169.
Loyalists, Virginia confiscations, Briston case, conduct, 82, 448; Rutgers
v. Waddington, 124, 281; Huddy reprisal, 450-452, 481.
Lumber, for Mount Vernon, 150, 199; cypress for palings, 465.
Lyles, William, & Co., letters to, 380, 382; Washington's affairs, 380-382.
Maasdam. See Duyn.
Macaulay Graham, Catherine (Sawbridge), Mount Vernon, Washing-
ton's comment, 159, 169, 174; letter to, 370; mutual compliments,
37°> 371-
MacCarthy, Eugene, Cincinnati, 325, 326.
McCormick, George, Washington's Pennsylvania lands, 488.
McCrane, , land lease, 499.
McDonald, Angus, Fairfax affairs, 475.
McDougall, Alexander, death, 506, 521; paper money, 506.
McHenry, James, letter to, 227; powers of Congress, 228.
Mclver, Charles, letters to, 95, 456; immigration plan, 95; Washington
and patronage, 456.
554 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
McKay, Dr. , Washington's Winchester lot, 214.
McKean, Thomas, letter to, 142; Pine, 142.
McKieinan, Charles, bears letter, 348; letter to, 348 n.
McMechen, James, Rumsey's boat, 107.
Madeira, supplies for Mount Vernon, 315; consul, 316. See also Wine.
Madison, James, letters to, 18, 302, 335; Potomac Company, 34, 337, 338;
Washington's gift improvement stock, 302-304; Annapolis Conven-
tion, 422 n.
Magnolia, stallion, 454.
Magnolias, seeds for Mount Vernon, 28, 29.
Manager, English, for Mount Vernon farms, requirements, 185-187.
See also Bloxham.
Mangel-wurzel, seed, 321.
Manley, Harrison, land, 60.
Manley, John, land, 76, 77.
Mantels, Vaughan's, 63, 237.
Maps, need, of West, 30; Filson's Kentucky, 100; Washington's frontier
lands, 483.
Marriage, Washington's attitude and advice, 15, 152, 154.
Marshalship, Washington and French, 46.
Marshall, Thomas, tree seeds for Mount Vernon, 209.
Martin, Luther, Cresap claim, 480.
Maryland, Potomac Company authorization, 11, 14-22, 24, 29, 31, 46,
64, 66, 6y, 71, 78, 84, 89, 92, 135, 267, 337-341, 364; public school,
27; naturalization of Lafayette, 18 n; loan certificates, 123, 130, 131;
Chesapeake-Delaware Canal, 337, 440; Jenifer as intendant, 450.
Maryland, governor of. See Paca, William.
Maryland State House, material from, 123 «.
Mason, George, letters to, 8, 285; loan to J. A. Washington, 8, 9; religious
freedom, 285; illness, 285; Ohio Company, 415; Annapolis Conven-
tion, 422 n.
Massachusetts Eighth Regiment, officer, 94 n.
Massachusetts Historical Society, material from, 26, 94, 169, 351, 448.
Massachusetts Ninth Regiment, officer, 91 n.
Massey, , declines appointment, 260, 265, 302.
Mauduit du Plessis, Chev. Thomas Antoine, letter to, 487; return to
America, Washington's welcome, 487, 488; Mount Vernon, 517,
521; to settle in Georgia, 517.
Maumee River, as route, 11.
INDEX 555
May, 63.
Menonville, Frangois Louis Thibaut, comte de, Washington's regards,
417.
Mercer, George, estate, Washington's affairs, 218, 372, 43272, 515.
Mercer, James, father's estate, 118; letter to, 371; brother's estate, 371;
illness, 372; Gordon's subscription papers, 411.
Mercer, John, estate, debt to Washington, 118, 362, 363, 373, 389.
Mercer, John Francis, letters to, 117, 362, 373, 389, 515; father's estate,
payment to Washington, 118, 362, 363, 373, 389; brother's estate,
218; Pine, 388, 389.
Miami River, as route, 11.
Michaux, Andre, Mount Vernon, Washington and tour, 494.
Military art, Washington's interest in European, 210.
Militia, proper establishment, 518.
Miller, Philip, on raising trees, 135.
Miller. See Flour mills.
Millers Run, Pa., Washington's land, squatters, ejectment, 4, 39, 110-
115, 192-196, 200, 216, 220, 239, 261-264, 294, 347, 488-492.
Mineral land, reservation of public, 11.
Minor, William, letter to, 154; Washington's account, 154, 165, 166.
Mirabeau, Honore Gabriel Riquetti, comte de, Cincinnati, 327, 350.
Mississippi River, free navigation, Washington's comment, 109, 169,
205, 207, 231, 256, 460, 484.
Mitchell, Henry, Washington's account, 404.
Molasses, for Mount Vernon, 381, 383.
Monarchy, sentiment for, 503.
Money, coinage, 233, 246, 251; value of dollar in shillings, 299.
Monocacy River, as route, 53, 312.
Monongahela River, as route, 50, 119, 393; value of land, 119.
Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de, letters to, iSn, 226;
expected visit, 226.
Montgomerie, Thomas, letters to, 177, 178; private secretaryship, 177-
180, 190.
Moody, Benjamin, Colvill estate, 481 n.
Moody, Thomas, Colvill estate, 48m.
Moore, Hannah, letter to, 91; Savage estate, 91, 10 1.
Morgan, A. S., letter possessed by, 525 n.
Morgan, Charles, Washington's western lands, 294.
556 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Morgan, Daniel, Washington's affairs, 128, 391.
Morgan, George, letter to, 52572.
Morgan, Thomas ( ?), on barnyards, 441.
Morgan Library, material from, 326.
Morocco. See Barbary.
Morris, Capt. , hunting horn for Washington, 429.
Morris, Gouverneur, Pine, 141 n; bears letter, 199.
Morris, Robert, letters to, 48, 29772, 400, 407; Potomac Company, 48-55;
cipher, 7572; housekeeper, 222; jackass, 29772; loan, 400, 401.
Morton, Mrs. Andrew, home, 83.
Moultrie, Gov. William, letters to, 4472, 439, 458; Castiglioni, 4472;
Santee Canal, 439, 458.
Mount Vernon, Va., letters from, 1-17, 22-528; trees and shrubs, seeds,
6, 28, 29, 38, 121, 134, 181, 182, 225, 396, 406, 469; books, 22, 100,
384, 429, 459, 522, 524; lime, 25, 92, 167, 350; fertilizer, plaster of
Paris, river mud, 39, 40, 271, 272, 296, 306; clover and grass seed,
46, 55, 56, 141, 198, 235, 267, 368, 377, 384, 429, 471, 499; news-
papers, 56, 104, 136, 142, 211, 349, 430; Dulany exchange of land,
60, 61, 76, 77; mantels, 63, 237; deer and park, 86, 221, 314, 468;
walks and driveways, surfacing, 94; vines, 135, 315, 433, 506; in-
terior finishing, stucco, banquet room, terms, 146, 147, 150, 175,
237~239> 263> 324> 33°~333> 369> 37°> 458; supplies, provisions, 147,
192, 22372, 237, 315, 369, 375, 381-383, 427, 492; artisans, white ser-
vants, 171, 317, 36972; flagstones, 171, 172, 317, 426, 453; leaks, cop-
pering, 175, 349; practical English farmer, Blcxham, 185-187, 313,
444-446, 469, 509, 510, 513; housekeeper, 222, 256-258; tableware,
22372, 23872; cloth, 22372, 224, 238, 264, 430; arrack, rum, 22372, 316,
327; wine, 224, 225, 247, 403, 433, 434, 506, 507; slave supplies, 249,
430, 492, 52472; seed wheat, 306, 483; superintendent, duties, 318,
363, 364, 411; record of farm work, reports, 32672, 364; flowers, 346;
scarcity, purchase of forage, corn, 348, 355, 363, 366, 378, 381,
395; taxes, 364, 414; buckwheat and flaxseed, 385, 411; fishery, 389;
sheep, 427, 454, 479; window glass, 430; palings, 465; Washing-
ton's attachment, 468, 504; Washington as own steward, 469; un-
bidden and unintroduced visitors, 470; plain living, 470; wallpaper,
496; tools and seed from Young, 507-509, 511; ditching, 51672;
window curtains, 52472. See also Flour mills.
Moyes, Dr. , Mount Vernon, 163.
Moylan, Stephen, Mount Vernon, 142.
Moyston, Edward, housekeeper for Mount Vernon, 222, 257.
Mud, as fertilizer, 271, 272, 296, 306.
INDEX 557
Mules, usefulness, 244. See also Asses.
Murray, John, & Co., letter to, 389; herring contract, 389.
Muse, Battaile, letters to, 62, 212, 235, 267, 341, 353, 367, 375, 390, 425,
478, 483, 498; Washington's lands, agency, 62, 212-214, 23^' 2^8-
Vh 34x> 342> 353-356, 367, 368, 375~378> 39°> 39J> 478, 498> 5J5;
Fairfax agency, 83, 313, 499; power of attorney, 270; wheat for
Washington's mill, flour, 235, 236, 356, 425, 478, 498; clover seed,
267, 368, 377, 499; butter, 369, 375; wheat seed, 483.
Muse, George, son, 83.
Muskingum River, as route, 50.
Muslin, for Mount Vernon, 223 n, 238, 264.
Nankeen, for Mount Vernon, 223 n, 224.
Navigation, Rumsey's boat, 107, 160, 374, 375; Bush well's submarine,
280; Virginia port bill, 336; making salt water potable, 380. See
also Internal improvements.
Netherlands, Austrian crisis, 1, 98, 124, 145, 170, 174, 202, 231, 339.
Neufville, John de, letter to, 258; son at Mount Vernon, 259; American
accounts, 259; Dismal Swamp loan, German laborers, 259, 286; in
America, 286.
Neville, , appointment, 260, 302.
New England, Cincinnati, 5. See also states by name.
New Hampshire, Belknap's history, 22.
New Orleans, closure, 109, 205. See also Mississippi River.
New York, Iroquois treaty, 2, 4, 9, British debts, 10; confederate impost,
124, 127, 421, 505; loyalists, Rutgers v. Waddington, 124, 281;
Washington's lands, 134. See also next titles.
New York, governor of. See Clinton, George.
New York campaign, Fort Washington, 97; impressment of vessels, 325.
New York City, Congress at, 74; inspection of British embarkations,
121, 283; freedom of city to Washington, 123, 125-127.
New York Historical Society, material from, 108, 125 (two), 127, 141 n.
New York Public Library, material from, 216, 359, 410.
Newenham, Sir Edward, letters to, 115, 322, 396, 457; proposed visit to
America, advice on travel facilities, 115-117, 396, 458; Irish rights,
322, 323; aeronautics, 323; American portraits, 324; publications
from, 324; workmen for Mount Vernon, 331, 458; Bibby, 348; cor-
respondence, 396.
Newspapers, for Mount Vernon, irregular, 56, 104, 136, 142, 211, 349;
Carey's, 103, 104; unread, discontinued, 419, 430.
558 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Newton, Thomas, jr., Washington's affairs, flour, 29, 248, 404, 432, 443,
524; letters to, 248, 403, 443, 524.
Nicholas, George, Fairfax affairs, 474-476, 499.
Nicholas, Robert Carter, Fairfax affairs, 475.
Norfolk, Va., Washington's flour, 404.
North Carolina, travel conditions, 28, 116; internal improvements, Dis-
mal Swamp, 68, 72, 78, 279, 302, 312, 333, 339.
Northeastern boundary, doubt, 93.
Northwest, Indian treaty, 10, 106-109, 204> 25x5 unauthorized surveys,
speculation, 1 1 ; regulated or unregulated settlement, compact setde-
ment, 12, 106, 108, 109, 168, 204; Connecticut cession and reserve,
486, 486 n. See also Public lands; West.
Nymph, accident, 6, 17.
Oaks, acorns of live, for Mount Vernon, 28, 29.
Oats, purchase, 348, 363, 366, 378.
O'Donnell, John, ship from China, 238, 263.
Officers, post-bellum relief, 104; Washington and endorsement of candi-
dacy, 241.
Ogle, Benjamin, letter to, 221; deer for Mount Vernon, 221, 468.
Ohio Company, Washington and affairs, 415.
Ohio River, proposed post at falls, 168.
Oilliamson, Marie Gabriel Eleanor, comte d', hounds for Mount Ver-
non, 243, 245; letter to, 245.
O'Neale, Bernard, Washington at house, 217 n.
Onions, for Mount Vernon, 315.
Osnaburgs, for Mount Vernon, 492.
Osborne, Francis G. See Carmarthen.
Osborne, Richard, land, 76.
Osnaburgs, for Mount Vernon, 492.
Oswald, Eleazer, newspaper for Mount Vernon, 349, 430.
Otis & Henley, clothing for headquarters, Washington and account,
252, 253.
Otto, Louis Guillaume, letter to, 342; Washington's welcome, 342, 343.
Oysters, lime from shells, 92; preserved, for Mount Vernon, 427.
Paca, Gov. William, letters to, 14 n, 46, 143; Potomac Company, 34, 46;
Pine, 143.
Packard, , shipmaster, 233 n, 240.
INDEX 559
Paduasoy, for Mount Vernon, 223 n.
Page, John, Filson's work, 101; letter to, 286; Washington on relations,
286; Dismal Swamp Company, 286.
Paint, for Mount Vernon, 492.
Palatines, servants, 386.
Palings, for Mount Vernon, 465.
Palmer, , missing letter for, 94.
Palmetto, seeds for Mount Vernon, 182, 406.
Paper money, Virginia contest, 230, 232, 336; evil, 505, 506, 517.
Papers, disorder of Washington's private, 84, 148, 472; and history of
Revolution, 203.
Paris Archives, Affaires Etrangeres, Etats Unis, material from, 343 n.
Parker, Daniel, Washington's affair, 16; inspector of British embarka-
tions, 121, 283.
Parker, Josiah, G. A. Washington, 27.
Parry, Gov. David, letter to, 153; G. A. Washington, 153.
Pay and allowances, certificates, interest arrears, 495, 515.
Peace, prospects in Europe, 1; boundaries, 93; slaves, 121; inspection of
embarkations, 121, 283; loyalists, 124; mutual incriminations, 486,
487, 493, 501-503; commerce and internationalism, 520, 521. See
also British debts; Frontier posts; War.
Peacey, William, Bloxham, 469, 509, 510, 513; letter to, 509.
Pearce, , shipmaster, jackass account, 301, 385, 400.
Peggy, 433-
Pennock & Skipwith, Washington's affairs, 404.
Pennsylvania, Washington's land, squatters, mill, 4, 39, 57, 110-115,
192-196, 200, 211, 216, 220, 239, 261-264, 272, 293-295, 347, 488-
492; western route, 51, 393; and Potomac Company, 67, 78, 337;
state Cincinnati, 239; and Chesapeake-Delaware Canal, 337; Union
Canal, 394, 439.
Pennsylvania Mercury, to Mount Vernon, 430.
Pennsylvania Packet, to Mount Vernon, irregularity, 56, 104, 136, 142,
211, 349, 430; to headquarters, 384.
Pennsylvania Supreme Council, Franklin, 308, 338.
Pennsylvania Third Regiment, officer, 59 n.
Perry, , lambs for Mount Vernon, 479.
Peyton, Craven, Fairfax affairs, 474; death, 477.
Philadelphia, tavern, 388; Quakers and slaves of visitors, 407, 408.
Philadelphia campaign, Barren Hill, 345.
560 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Philadelphia Independent Gazetteer, to Mount Vernon, 349 n.
Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, honorary mem-
bership for Washington, 200; usefulness, 201, 291; premiums, 367,
441.
Piazza. See Flagstones.
Pike, Nicholas, letter to, 463; arithmetic, dedication declined, 463, 464.
Pine, Robert Edge, Washington portraits, payment, 141-143, 151, 373,
387, 388; project, 143, 183; introduction, 143; letter to, 386; success,
468.
Pine trees, seeds for Mount Vernon, 6, 134.
Pintard, John Marsden, letters to, 315, 433, 506; at Madeira, horticul-
tural articles, 433, 506; business connection, 507.
Plaster of Paris, for Mount Vernon, 39, 40.
Plater, George, letter to, 8; Principio Company, 8; landing, 147.
Plows, from England, 511; inquiry on plowman, 513.
Poetry, Lamont's, 45, 46, 58, 142; Mme. Van Winter's, 119, 120, 287,
288; Humphreys's, 305, 516, 522, 523; Dwight's, 399, 407, 409.
Pohick Church, incumbent, 527.
Point Pleasant, W. Va., as site for post, 168.
Poole, Lieut. Thomas, claim, 296 n.
Porter, , introduction, 64.
Portraits, silhouette of Washington, 96; Du Simitiere's, of officers, 96;
Du Simitiere's Washington, 96; Washington on sitting, 140; Pine's
Washington, 141-143, 151, 373, 387, 388; Lafayette family, 210;
Greene, 324; Louis XV, 462. See also Bust; Statue.
Posey, John, land, 76, 77; land rights, Washington's purchase, 113, 193,
489; and son's conduct, 166.
Posey, Lawrence, conduct, 154, 165.
Post-office, conditions, 27, 131, 369, 370.
Potain, , balloon, 323.
Potomac, 444.
Potomac Navigation Company, Maryland and Virginia authorization,
11, 14-22, 24, 27-29, 31, 32, 46, 64, 66, 6y, 71, 78, 84, 89, 92, 135,
267, 364; tools, 18, 48; state contributions, 19, 31; Washington's
enthusiasm, 24, 31, 49, 51, 75, 79, 119, 135, 254, 291; subscriptions,
3J-34> 37> 65> 73> 78> I23> r32> J43> l84> 207> 2I9> 2D3> 2785 organ-
ization, 32-34, 143, 145, 148, 173, 174; gift stock to Washington,
34-38.5 72> 8o> 85> 89~93> i3?» x46> l67> 2I4> 2I5> ^1% 302-3°4> 3595
Morris and interest, Washington on advantages, 48-55; engineer,
73, 80, 85, 160, 184, 207, 255, 398, 423; plan, 73, 265, 266; foreign
INDEX 561
subscriptions, 75, 79; meetings, time, 179, 217/2, 480; work, progress,
184, 207, 211, 234, 245, 260, 265, 312, 345, 401; manager, Rumsey,
189, 211; labor, wages, slaves, white servants, prisoners, 189, 211,
260, 265, 267, 287, 365, 389, 453; directors, Washington president,
207; directors' survey, 215, 217/z, 245; Washington's subscription,
219; and James Company, 219, 266, 307; Great Falls Canal, depth,
261, 265, 266, 292, 329, 337-341, 364, 397, 398, 402; Johnson's serv-
ices, estimates, 365, 375; payment by subscribers, 396; spring flood,
453> 459-
Potomac River, plans for improvement, portages, 12, 67, 71, 78; as route,
31, 50, 205; mud from, as fertilizer, 271, 272, 296, 306; forks, town
site, 415. See also preceding title.
Powel, Samuel, letters to, 163, 200, 306, 367, 400, 441; Moyes, 163; Van-
couver, 163; agricultural society, 200, 367, 441; seed wheat for
Mount Vernon, 306; loan, 400, 401; invitation to Mount Vernon,
442.
President of Congress, letters to, 9, 67, 108, 173, 192, 230; Lee, 10.
Price, Richard, on Washington, 63; on powers of Congress, 174.
Prices, wheat, 235, 236; butter, 369, 375; flour, 404, 425; Madeira, 507.
Principio Company, affairs, 8, 476.
Prisoners, labor, 389.
Private secretary, need, search, requirements, 23, 65, 70, 149, 157, 158,
T-n-^1% 3°9-3I2> 3J5> 3565 shaw> i77-l8o> ^9°* l9h 3575 Lear>
379, 405, 409, 469.
Proclamation of 1763, military grants beyond line, 196, 220, 261.
Providence, interposition, 120, 126.
Provisions, for Mount Vernon, 223 n, 237, 315, 369, 375, 381-383, 427,
492.
Prussia, American treaty, liberality, 493, 521.
Public affairs, Washington's attitude, 503, 515, 517.
Public debt. See Loan office certificates; Paper money.
Public lands, reservation of mineral land and salt springs, 11; policy,
price, 12, 106, 108, 109; ordinance of 1785, Washington's comment,
137, 138, 172-174, 204, 206, 208, 234, 251, 486; soldiers' claims, 496.
Pursignan. See Genevy de Pursignan.
Purviance, Samuel, letter to, 392; western lands, 392.
Quakers, Washington's criticism of slavery interference, 407, 408.
Rack, Edmund, farmer for Mount Vernon, 513.
Ramsay, David, letter to, 403; Revolution of South Carolina, 403.
562 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Ramsay, William, letter to, 341/2.
Rappahannock River, as route, 334, 337.
Randolph, Lieut. Gov. Beverley, letter to, 15; Potomac Company, 15.
Randolph, Edmund, letters to, 109, 214, 218, 264, 307, 480; Washing-
ton's legal affairs, no, 220, 480; James Company, 215, 219, 264,
266, 307; Annapolis Convention, 422//; illness, 480.
Ranger, i^n.
Rawlins, John, letters to, 237, 332; work at Mount Vernon, terms, 237-
239> 2D3> 330-333. 369> 37°> 4585 bears letter> a63-
Read, Jacob, Mount Vernon, 121.
Real estate. See Building; Land.
Rector, Charles, Chattins Run land, 356.
Religion. See next title; Providence; Theological seminary.
Religious freedom, Virginia bill for assessment, 285.
Rendon, Francisco, letter to, 360; favor, 361.
Representative government, necessity of experience to reforms, 323, 431;
and powers of Congress, 502.
Reprisal, Huddy case, 450-452, 481.
Requisitions, failure, 3, 503; future, 515.
Reynolds, , miller, 154.
Reynolds, , lambs for Mount Vernon, 454, 479.
Rhode Island, radicalism, paper money, 517.
Rice, Ma]. Nathan, gift, 64.
Richard, George, printing, 33.
Richards, Edmund, letter to, 163; fictitious claim, 163, 343, 344.
Richards, Richard, supposed will, 163, 343.
Richmond, Christopher, letters to, 123, 143; loan certificates, 123, 131;
Potomac Company, 143.
Richmond, Va., Washington at, 432 n.
Ridout, John, introduction, i8«.
Ridout, Thomas, articles for Mount Vernon, 210, 224, 434; letters to,
224, 433-
Riquetti, Honore Gabriel. See Mirabeau.
Rives, Dr. William C, acknowledgment to, 127.
Roads, surfacing Mount Vernon, 94; and river improvement, 334; own
improvement, financing, 334, 335.
Roanoke River, as route, 337.
Roberdeau, Daniel, as arbitrator, 166.
INDEX 563
Roberts, William, miller, ability and character, 57, 129, 153, 428.
Robinson, Sanderson and Rumney, flagstones, 426, 453.
Rochambeau, Jean Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de, Swan, 91;
letters to, 91 n, 255, 338, 492; Washington on relations and corre-
spondence, 255, 338, 492; Cincinnati, 273; Washington on relations
with army, 342; L'Enfant and Cincinnati eagles, 447 n; Asgill
affair, 452.
Rochambeau Papers, material from, 339 n, 494 n.
Rogers, Nicholas, Pine, 388.
Ronald, William, Annapolis Convention, 422 n.
Roots of scarcity. See Mangel-wurzel.
Roper, , clover seed, 377.
Rosenbach, Abraham S. W., acknowledgments to, 481 n, 5i$n.
Ross, David, Annapolis Convention, 422 n.
Round Bottom, W. Va., Washington's land, 128, 155-157, 221, 295, 480.
Rouvroy, Claude Anne de. See Saint-Simon.
Royal Fuzileers, British, officer, 347/2.
Royal Gift. See Asses.
Rum, for Mount Vernon, 316, 327, 381.
Rumney, John, letters to, 170, 317, 426, 453; joiner and flagstones for
Mount Vernon, 171, 172, 317, 426, 453.
Rumsey, James, Washington's affairs, house at Bath, 38, 159, 375; me-
chanical boat, 73, 107, 160, 374, 375; letters to, 159, 188, 374; man-
ager for Potomac Company, 189, 211, 375; plan for upstream navi-
gation, 265, 266.
Rutgers v. Waddington, 124, 281.
Rutherford, , in America, 117.
Rutherford, Robert, account, 391.
Ryan, Dennis, Rumsey, 38, no, 120, 159.
St. Clair, Arthur, letter to, 239, civil appointment, 240.
St. Joseph River, as route, n.
Saint-Simon-Montblern, Claude Anne de Rouvroy, marquis de, Cin-
cinnati, 243, 416; letter to, 416.
Salary. See Wages.
Salt, for fish, 389, 390.
Salt springs, reservation on public land, n.
Sanderson, Robert, Washington's affairs, 171; in America, 426; flag-
stones, 453.
564 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Sans Souci Club, Boston, Washington on controversy, 93.
Santee Canal, construction, 439, 458.
Sargent, Ma]. Winthrop, certificate of service, 167.
Savage, George, oats for Mount Vernon, 366, 378, 381; letter to, 381.
Savage, Margaret, will, estate, 91, 101, 413, 414.
Savage, Dr. William, and wife, estate, 102, 103, 413.
Schaw, John, Balfour and Barnard estate, 432.
Scott, , of West Indies, Mount Vernon, 48.
Scott, Robert, land claim, 262, 367, 376.
Searle, John, & Co., wine for Mount Vernon, 433, 506, 507.
Sears, Col. Ichabod, Hester affair, 325.
Seat of government, Delaware River site, Washington's comment, 70,
74, 172; New York as temporary, 74.
Second Dragoons, officer, 296/2.
Secondat, Jean Baptiste, baron de, letter to, 225; wine and walnuts for
Mount Vernon, 225.
Sectionalism, and commercial powers, 228.
Sedgwick, John, letter to, 217; Mercer estate, 217, 218.
Seneca Falls, work at, 211, 234, 260.
Senff, Christian, bears letter, 494.
Servants, white, artisans for Mount Vernon, 171, 317; for Potomac Com-
pany, 260, 453; for Dismal Swamp Company, 286, 386; Washing-
ton's examination of cargo, 467.
Sever, Lieut. James, certificate, 91; service, 91 n.
Shaffer, Dr. P. T. B., letter possessed by, 300/7.
Shaw, Sarah (Biddle| Penrose), marriage, 56.
Shaw, William, private secretaryship, 177-180, 190, 191, 357, 385, 388;
letter to, 190; letter written by, 369/2.
Shawnee Indians, and treaty, 108; vocabulary, 425/2.
Sheal, Dr. Hugh, death, 442.
Sheep, ewe lambs for Mount Vernon, 427, 454, 479.
Sheffield, John B. Holyroyd, earl of, on United States, 184.
Shenandoah Falls, improvement, 211, 234.
Shenandoah River, as route, 52, 312, 334, 337.
Shiell. See Sheal.
Shoes, for slaves, leather, 249, 492; order, boots, 383, 429.
Shreve, Israel, letter to, 199; Washington's frontier lands, 199.
Silhouettes, Washington, 96.
INDEX 565
Silver, plate for Mount Vernon, 16.
Simms, Charles, Potomac Company, 329, 339; letter to, 339.
Simpson, Gilbert, Washington's Pennsylvania land and mill, accounts,
57, 211, 293-295; government account, 4290, 464, 491.
Sitgreaves, John, Mount Vernon, bears letter, 164.
Slade Tavern, 388.
Slavery, Washington on Quaker interference, 407, 408; Washington
and abolition, 408, 424; Lafayette's emancipation plan, 424. See
also next title.
Slaves, carried off by British, list, 121, 283; shoes, 249, 492; on Washing-
ton's western lands, 294, 295; work for Potomac Company, hire,
260, 265, 365; tailor, hire, 414; blankets, 430, 492; osnaburgs, 492.
Smallwood, William, lambs for Mount Vernon, 479.
Smith, , shipmaster, 434.
Smith, Isaac & William, bill of exchange, 399.
Smith, John, on Hite's land, 466.
Smith, Lloyd W., acknowledgment to, 356 n.
Smith, Melancton, letter to, 16; Washington's affairs, 16.
Smith, Meriwether, Annapolis Convention, 422 n.
Smith, Thomas, Washington's legal affairs, eviction of squatters, no,
128, 192-196, 200, 216, 239, 261-264, 347, 414, 415, 488-490, 492;
letters to, 192, 261, 346, 414, 488.
Smith, William Stephens, inspection of British embarkations, 121, 283.
Snickers, Edward, Washington's land leases, 212.
South Carolina, travel conditions, 116; Santee Canal, 439, 458.
South Carolina First Regiment, officers, 59 n.
South Carolina Society for Promoting Agriculture, Washington's hon-
orary membership, 394.
Spaight, Richard Dobbs, seed wheat for Mount Vernon, 307.
Spain, jackass from king, 160, 161, 208, 244, 296-302, 309, 360-362,
373, 399, 409, 423, 426, 528. See also Mississippi River.
Spencer, Nicholas land patent, 60, 76.
Sprigg, Richard, Washington's regards, 374; letter to, 470; affairs with
Washington, 470, 471.
Spruce, seeds, 6.
Squatters, on Washington's Pennsylvania lands, eviction, 4, 39, no, 128,
192-196, 200, 216, 220, 239, 261-264, 347' 488-490, 492.
Stack, Capt. Edward, Cincinnati, 325, 326.
Stages, facilities, 116.
566 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Stair, , shoes for Washington, 383, 429.
Statute, Houdon's Washington, 277, 278, 282, 288, 305, 308, 504.
Statehood, Kentucky, 279, 328.
States, derelict, 3; selfishness and disunion, 5, 402, 431; conditions, 323.
See also Union.
Steel, Alexander, letter to, 442; Dr. Sheal, 442; relief, 442.
Stelle, Benjamin, liquidation of war accounts, 211, 491.
Stephen, Adam, Fairfax affairs, 475.
Stephens, , land patent near Mount Vernon, 76.
Stephenson, John, Washington's case against squatters, 128.
Stephenson, Marcus, Washington's case against squatters, 128.
Sterne, Laurence, on consolation, 384.
Steuben, Gen. Frederick W. A. H. F., baron von, Du Simitiere's por-
trait, 96; relief, 352.
Stoddart, , advice, 396.
Stoddert, Benjamin, Washington's nephews, 319.
Stone, Thomas, bears letter, 117; letter to, 340; Potomac Company, 340.
Stonemasons, white servants, 453.
Stuart, David, Gordon, 15; letters to, 159, 328, 339, 348, 366, 378; Mrs.
Macaulay Graham, 159; Washington at house, 21 772; Potomac
Company, 260, 261, 339; legislature, 328, 329; grain for Mount
Vernon, 348, 366, 378; Custis plantations, 378; child, 378; move-
ments, 404.
Stuart, Eleanor (Calvert|Custis), health, 329.
Stucco, finish at Mount Vernon, 237, 324, 370.
Submarine, Bushnell's, 280.
Suffren de Saint-Tropez, Adm. Pierre Andre de, asses, 244.
Sugar, for Mount Vernon, 492.
Susquehanna River, as route, 51, 394; canal, 394, 439.
Suter, John, tavern, 217 n.
Swan, John, for France, introductions, 91, 253; letter to, 150; Colvill
estate, 150, 151.
Sweet, Forest G., acknowledgment to, 510/2.
Tailor, slave, hire, 414.
Tallmadge, Benjamin, cipher, 75 w.
Taverns, Maryland, 21772; Pennsylvania, 388.
Taxes, payment by tenants, 62, 376; Mount Vernon, 364, 414.
Tayloe, John, Mercer estate, 218.
INDEX 567
Taylor, George, jr., bears letters, 281-283; letter to, 427.
Taylor, Dr. James, wine for Mount Vernon, 248.
Taylor, Jesse, bill of exchange, 385.
Tea, for Mount Vernon, 223 n, 492.
Tellez, Pedro, brings jackass, return, pass, reward, 297 22, 359-362; bears
letters, 360, 361.
Tharp, Richard, work at Mount Vernon, 324, 458.
Theological seminary, Virginia, 32.
Thomas, Lewis, land, 461, 466, 467, 499.
Thomas, Richard, letter to, 343; fictitious claim, 343, 344.
Thompson, John, land lease, 268, 355.
Thomson, Charles, letter to, 121; papers on British embarkations, 121.
Thomson, Mrs. John A., letter possessed by, 396 22.
Throckmorton, Jonathan, bears letter, 466.
Throckmorton, Ogden (Albion?), marriage, 314.
Tilghman, James, letters to, 450, 481; Colvill estate, 481, 482.
Tilghman, Tench, letters to, 148, 15072, 157, 199, 223, 238, 263, 29772, 330,
347, 369; Colvill estate, 148; Washington on relations, 149; private
secretary for Washington, 149, 157, 158; Washington's affairs, 150,
199, 200, 223, 224, 238, 239, 330, 331, 369, 370; jackass, 29722; mules,
331; death, Washington's tribute, 417, 450, 506, 521; Asgill affair,
45°-452> 48x-
Tilghman, Thomas Ringgold, letters to, 417, 449; Washington's affairs,
449.
Tobacco, freight, 54; not a Mount Vernon crop, 186; French trade, 520.
Toby Creek, Pa., as route, 51.
Toner Transcripts, material from, 47822, 48322.
Tools. See Implements.
Transportation, uncertainty, 14; Virginia western routes, 50, 51, 119,
205, 312, 334, 337, 392, 393. See also Navigation; Roads; Travel.
Travel, Washington and trip to France, 1, 419, 514; Washington's
frontier tour, 3, 295; Washington and possible eastern tour, 26, 291;
conditions, 28, 116; foreigners in America, 4422, 48, 119, 494; Wash-
ington and southern tour, 182; Chastellux's work, 522.
Treaties, Indian, 2, 4, 9, 106-109, 204, 251; Barbary negotiations, 403,
433> 5°75 Prussian, 493, 521.
Trees and shrubs, for Mount Vernon, seeds, 6, 28, 29, 38, 121, 134, 181,
182, 225, 315, 396, 406, 469, 506; seeds for Versailles, 209; for New
England, 346.
568 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Trumbull, Gov. Jonathan, Bushnell's submarine, 280; Washington's
tribute, 283, 284; printed tribute, 406.
Trumbull, Jonathan, jr., letters to, 283, 406; proposed tour, 406.
Tucker, St. George, Annapolis Convention, 422/7.
Turner, Maj. George, Cincinnati, 59; service, 59 n.
Turnip seeds, from England, 512.
Tutor, for Custis children, 158, 177, 309-312, 315, 356, 379, 405, 409, 469.
Union, West and commercial connection, 4, 35, 64, 72, 79, 204, 205, 207,
218, 231, 291, 460; feebleness and dissensions, decline, 5, 73, 431;
and European war threat, 66; lesson of evil experiences, 174, 183,
184, 208, 323, 431; jealousy and imaginary evils, 228; Noah Web-
ster's proposals, 359; Annapolis Convention, 422; futility, 290; and
foreign relations, 290, 403; consequences of youthfulness, 500;
economic progress, 500, 505; crisis, 502-504. See also Continental
Congress; States.
Union Canal. See Susquehanna River.
Vail, Robert W. G., acknowledgments to, 67 n, $o6n.
Valk, Berger & Schouter, white servants, 386.
Vancouver, Charles, Washington declines patronage and dedication,
163, 188; letter to, 188.
Vandrillon, , letter to, 226; Cincinnati, 226.
Van Home, Mrs. , Washington's compliments, 125.
Varick, Richard, letter to, 281; illness, 281.
Vaughan, Benjamin, letter to, 62.
Vaughan, Charles, letter to, 316; gift of flour to, 316, 327.
Vaughan, Samuel, letters to, 63, 326; mantel, 63; rum for Mount Ver-
non, 316, 327; Mirabeau's Cincinnati pamphlet, 326.
Vergennes, Charles Gravier, comte de, Washington and introduction
to, 139.
Versailles, seeds of American trees, 209.
Vineyard. See Grapes.
Violet, , land patent near Mount Vernon, 76.
Viomenil, Charles Joseph Hyacinthe du Houx, comte de, letter to, 252 n.
Virginia, British debts, 10; authorization of Potomac and James com-
panies, 11, 20-22, 27, 29, 31, 32, 46, 64, 66-68, 71, 78, 84, 89, 92, 135,
337-341, 365; naturalization of Lafayette, 18; theological seminary,
32; gift improvement stock for Washington, 34-38, 72, 80, 85,
89-93, r3^> M^j J67> 214, 215, 279, 302-304, 359; western routes,
INDEX 569
advantages, 50, 51, 119, 205, 312, 334, 337, 392, 393; Dismal Swamp
Canal, 68, 72, 78, 176, 279, 302, 312, 333, 337; loyalist property, 82,
448; travel facilities, 116; paper money, 230, 232, 336, 517; religious
assessment, 285; road improvement, financing, 334, 335; new code,
335; ports and assizes, 336; commercial power to Congress, 336;
appeal of Congress on impost, 443; agricultural system, 511. See also
next titles; Kentucky.
Virginia, governor of. See Henry, Patrick.
Virginia Gazette, 120 n.
Virginia General Assembly, letter to, 20; important matters before, 328;
journals, 329.
Virginia Journal and Alexandria Advertiser, 33 n.
Virginia State Library, material from, 335.
Vocabularies, Indian, 425, 525.
Virwins, Peter. See Kirwins.
Vogels, , in America, 119.
Wadsworth, Jeremiah, Cincinnati, 169, 344; letter to, 29772; jackass,
297 72.
Wages, private secretary, 157, 310, 311, 405; housekeeper, 258; Potomac
Company, 267; farmer, 446.
Walker, Dr. John, letter to, 127; Dismal Swamp Company, 127.
Walks, Mount Vernon, surfacing, 94.
Wallace, , shipmaster, 457.
Wallpaper, for Mount Vernon, 496.
Walnuts, for Mount Vernon, 225.
War, Washington's sentiments, 202, 206, 251, 254, 256, 289, 493.
War, secretary at, Knox, 166.
Ward, Col. Joseph(?), marriage, 15.
Warren, James, letter to, 289; Washington on relations, 289.
Washington, Bushrod, letters to, 38, 120, 409; uncle's affairs, 38, 39; and
visit to France, 75; law office, no; marriage, 292.
Washington, Charles, letter to, 131; nephews, 132.
Washington, Elizabeth (Foote), 187.
Washington, Frances (Bassett), portrait, 387. See also Bassett, Frances.
Washington, George, movements, 6/z, 14, 15, 32, 77, 121, 136, 139/2, 179,
215, 217, 256, 432 n; as judge, 14; on marriage, 15, 152, 514; burden
of correspondence, lack of exercise, 23, 65, 70, 83, 84, 149, 518; and
memoirs and biography, 98-100, 203, 305, 523; and French mar-
570 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
shalship, 46; on war, 202, 206, 251, 254, 256, 289, 493; caution in
recommendations, 455, 456; and public affairs, 503, 515, 517; phi-
losophy of life, 516. See also Business; Commander in chief;
Finances; Gifts; Honors; Land; Papers.
Washington, George Augustine, letter to, 27; travel for health, 27, 67,
131, 153, 181, 198, 210; Mount Vernon, as home, superintendency,
144, 152, 318, 363, 364; bears letters, 144, 181, 182; marriage, 152,
181, 183, 210, 309, 313, 346; Lafayette's correspondence, 245, 309;
record of Mount Vernon farm work, 326 n.
Washington, George Steptoe, education, 132, 178, 217, 319, 320; visit to
mother, 131.
Washington, Hannah (Fairfax), 313.
Washington, John, immigrant, land patent, 60, 76.
Washington, John Augustine, loan, 8, 9; overseer, 391, 395; letter to,
395; Mount Vernon, 409.
Washington, Lawrence Augustine, education, 132, 178, 217, 319, 320.
Washington, Lund, daughter, 15; Mount Vernon affairs, employment
continued, 39, 187, 306, 318, 363, 364, 385, 411; marriage, 187;
letters to, 318, 363; Washington's confidence, 319; Washington's
leased lands, 354; purchase of oats, 378; Fairfax affairs, 474.
Washington, Martha, health, 46, 98, 210, 282, 292; flax, 62; Arrot, 277;
watch, 326, 496; and trip to France, 419; hams for Lafayette, 457.
Washington, Mary, Lafayette, 419.
Washington, Mildred, marriage, 313.
Washington, Samuel, estate and brother's rents, 342.
Washington, Thornton, letter to, 466; land and Hite award, 466, 467;
white servant, 467.
Washington, William, Washington's affairs, 27, 28; letters to, 181, 405;
G. A. Washington, 181; seeds of trees and plants for Mount Vernon,
181, 406.
Washington, William Augustine, Principio Company, 8; Ohio Com-
pany, 415.
Washington Bottom, Pa., Washington's mill and land, accounts, 57,
211, 293-295, 429, 490, 491.
Washington County, Pa. See Millers Run.
Watch, for Mrs. Washington, 326, 496.
Water, freshening salt, 380.
Watson, Josiah, bill of exchange, 41272; Tilghman, 417; Colvill estate,
481 n.
Watts, Richard, land lease, 269.
INDEX 571
Wayles, , butter for Mount Vernon, 369.
Weather, unusual warmth in winter, 371; excessive rain, 405, 459, 479.
Webster, Noah, letters to, 216, 358, 409; patronage of works, 216; intro-
duction, 308 n; tutor for Mount Vernon, 356, 409; proposals on
Union, 359; gift, 409; lectures, 410.
Weedon, George, letter to, 201; Cincinnati, 201.
Weissenfels, Frederick, letters to, 104, 127; relief, certificate of service,
104, 127 n.
Welch, Wakelin, letters to, 326, 496, 507, 508; Washington's English
affairs, 326, 426, 496, 507-509, 511, 512; British debts and interest,
497-
West, Benjamin, Houdon's Washington, 504.
West, John, Colvill estate, 150, 481.
West, Rev. William, Colvill estate, 149, 450.
West, commerce and Union, 4, 35, 64, 72, 79, 204, 205, 207, 218, 231,
291, 460; need of map, 30; Virginia routes to, advantages, 50, 51,
119, 205, 312, 334, 337, 392, 393. See also Internal improvements;
Kentucky; Mississippi River; Northwest.
West Indies, British restrictions on American commerce, 161, 184, 207,
229, 235, 250, 316, 339, 501.
Western claims, Connecticut cession and reserve, 486, 4860.
Whale oil, French, concession, 244, 520.
Wheat, freight, 54; Washington's purchase, price, 235, 236; special seed,
culture, 306, 483; short crop, 515. See also Flour mill.
White, Alexander, letter to, 196; Lee estate, 196, 197; career, 196/z;
Mercer estate, 363.
Whiting, Henry, land lease, 62.
Whitney, John, shipmaster, 381.
Williams, , from France, 210.
Williams, , land lease, 356.
Williams, Jacob, Washington's accounts, 249.
Williams, Otho Holland, letters to, 59, 275; Cincinnati, 59, 244, 275, 276.
Williamson, Hugh, letter to, 107; Rumsey's boat, 107.
Willis, , removal to Georgia, 477.
Wilson, James, Washington's suit against squatters, 195.
Wilson, Rev . James, and position, 527.
Wilson, William, Washington's affairs, 39.
Winchester, Va., Washington's lot, 214.
Window curtains, redyed, 524/2.
572 WRITINGS OF WASHINGTON
Window glass, for Mount Vernon, 430.
Wine, for Mount Vernon, 224, 225, 247, 403, 433, 434, 506, 507; adulter-
ation in transit, 247.
Winsor, Joseph, land lease, 212.
Winter, Lucretia Wilhemine van, letters to, 119, 287; poem, 119, 120,
287, 288.
Witherspoon, Rev. John, letters to, 98, 526; biography of Washington,
98-100; position for minister, 527.
Worcester College, Ohio, material from, 1040.
Wormley, Ralph, clover seed, 214, 235, 368; favor, 218.
Wright, Joseph, bust of Washington, 44, 45, 56, letter to, 45.
Wright, Patience, letter to, 44; and portrait of Washington, 44.
Wuibert de Mezieres, Antoine Felix, letter to, 495; pay certificate, 495;
Cincinnati, 496.
Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, material from, 141 n.
Yew, for Mount Vernon, 38.
York River, as route, 334, 337.
Yorktown campaign, troops with Grasse, 345.
Youghiogheny River, as route, 13, 19, 30, 50, 119, 312, 393.
Young, Arthur, works for Mount Vernon, 429, 459, 484; agricultural
seeds and tools for Mount Vernon, 507-509, 511, 512; letter to, 510;
agricultural reform in America, 511.
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